Suchergebnisse

In spite of the growing academic interest in party law in Latin America, we still lack a comprehensive account of how party regulatory frameworks evolved from the time of transitions to the present. This paper aims to fill this gap. In doing so, it makes a double contribution to the field of party regulation. On the one hand, it systematizes, for the first time, all the reforms adopted in Latin America over the last four decades. On the other hand, it introduces a theoretical innovation by using the concept of normative paradigms to analyze a process of legislative change. The main argument of this article is that a permissive paradigm was gradually but overwhelmingly replaced by a prescriptive approach, which conceives parties as semi-state institutions. This shift sheds light on the changing linkages between parties and the state in Latin America.

Much academic interest has been given to the relationship of Islam with extremism, with such relationship being too often articulated in terms of religiosity as the main predictive factor, and a language of normativity positing that extremism is the negative manifestation and excess of Muslim discourses. This systematic review attempts to account for such normative assumptions by looking at the predictive ability of psychosocial and environmental factors related to social identity processes, in addition to the predictive ability of religiosity in accounting for Islamic extremism. Two search rounds were performed using several databases for peer reviewed English language articles, of all types of research designs, between 2012 and 2023 defining Islamic or Muslim extremism as a deviation from the dominant Eurocentric normative definition and delineating its predictors. The review revealed a differing account regarding the roots of Muslim extremism in which exclusion from the modern world-system—framed in terms of perceived threat, deprivation, discrimination, and oppression—is highlighted, while religiosity had predominantly insignificant effects. The paper calls for a reconsideration of extremism among Muslims away from the normative paradigm set forth by the modern world-system.

Abstract.This article addresses the challenge of ethnicity and particularly of secessionist conflict by trying to outline an international normative framework more conducive to conflict settlement. The working hypothesis is that accommodation through dialogue, in spite of its risks, offers the only way forward in situations of politicised ethnicity. The existing international nonnative regime (with its ban on secession and no opening for autonomy) is insufficient for managing and resolving such conflicts, while its revolutionary antipode, 'national' self‐determination, is a frightening prospect. Three alternatives are explored: partial recasting with emphasis on devolution; a secessionist option for some federations; and secessionist self‐ determination for tormented minorities within well‐defined criteria. The advantages as well as the drawbacks of unilateral (secessionist) self‐detennination are explored in detail.

In the 1920s the Polish legislature adopted a whole range of normative acts focused on the protection of the Polish language and on sworn translators practicing in official contexts. In accordance with statutory law, since 2004 sworn translators have been considered a profession commanding public trust. Among the many professional duties associated with sworn translators' performance, the regulations emphasize the duty to translate both spoken discourse and written texts with precision and faithfulness, and make sworn translators liable to disciplinary sanctions for poor quality work. The principles and rules for practicing the profession of sworn translator are enumerated in the Professional Sworn Translator's Code of 2018.

In the 1920s the Polish legislature adopted a whole range of normative acts focused on the protection of the Polish language and on sworn translators practicing in official contexts. In accordance with statutory law, since 2004 sworn translators have been considered a profession commanding public trust. Among the many professional duties associated with sworn translators' performance, the regulations emphasize the duty to translate both spoken discourse and written texts with precision and faithfulness, and make sworn translators liable to disciplinary sanctions for poor quality work. The principles and rules for practicing the profession of sworn translator are enumerated in the Professional Sworn Translator's Code of 2018.

Der Autor identifiziert vier zentrale Gerechtigkeitsparadigmen im sozialpolitischen Diskurs der Bundesrepublik, die sich durch unterschiedliche normative Gehalte, Geltungsbereiche und Bezugsgruppen unterscheiden: Das Paradigma der "Bedarfsgerechtigkeit" verweist auf soziale Mangellagen, Marginalisierungen und Benachteiligungen, die durch wohlfahrtsstaatliche Maßnahmen bekämpft werden sollen. Das Paradigma der "Leistungsgerechtigkeit" bezieht sich auf marktbezogene oder marktkonforme Elemente der sozialen Sicherung. Die Idee der "produktivistischen Gerechtigkeit" entspringt der Vorstellung, dass sich durch eine Vergrößerung von Marktungleichheiten Produktivitätsgewinne erzielen lassen, die langfristig auch der Mehrheit der Bevölkerung zugute kommen. Schließlich wird mit der Rede von der "Teilhabegerechtigkeit" ein neuer Trend markiert, der eine Neuorientierung des bundesdeutschen Sozialstaats in Bezug auf die verschiedenen Formen von sozialer Anerkennung und Partizipation notwendig erscheinen lässt. Der Autor vertritt die These, dass gegenwärtig eine Verstärkung normativer Konflikte stattfindet, wobei die produktivistischen Gerechtigkeitsvorstellungen sowie die Leistungs- und Teilhabegerechtigkeit stärker in den Vordergrund treten. (ICI2)