Suchergebnisse

The subject of a formerly strong norm's death is not often in the limelight of political science research. This paper investigates successful norm challenges and analyses the conditions that lead to the abolition of norms rather than to limitations of the norms. It presents a theoretical account of norm challenges and develops hypotheses on mechanisms, success and outcomes. Six illustrative case studies show that norm contestations take place through non-compliance when norms are not embedded in international negotiation systems, while norm contestations through negotiation are frequently the case if norms are embedded in international regimes or organizations. Irrespective of the institutional context, the strength of norm challengers relative to norm proponents impacts the prospects for successful normative change. If norm challengers are stronger than the actors defending the status quo, the outcome of norm challenges is influenced by the combination of norm precision and the stability of the normative environment. If the broader context undergoes change while the contested norm is precise, norms cannot be reinterpreted to accommodate norm change. As a result, in such instances, norms die. By contrast, vague norms in combination with stable environments are not abolished after being subject to strong challenges, but are merely reinterpreted in a manner delimiting their applicatory scope.

L'énoncé de « pratiques à risque » et de pathologies à propos du « transsexualisme » tend à maintenir le contexte d'une norme de santé sur la base d'une majorité « normale » expurgée des singularités minoritaires et générant des politiques ciblées mais conditionnelles, délivrées à partir d'expertises. Leur justification économique permet de dissimuler la violence des dimensions idéologiques qui s'affrontent de part et d'autre du « sain » et du « pathologique ». Les trans sont au centre de ces deux conceptions et semblent en payer le prix. D'un côté une vision tolérante (luttes contre les discriminations, égalité des droits) de l'autre une vision pathologisante conditionnant le cadre de la prise en charge et composant une « prise en charge » définie à partir d'une conception psychopathologiste protégée par un « bouclier thérapeutique » et les normes binaires de genre.

In this article, we analyze the emergence of a global security norm of the COVID-19 epidemic as a threat to international security. This crisis is one of the gravest crises that humanity has experienced since the end of World War II in terms of the number of people infected and died, but also in terms of the economic consequences. Here, we provide a framework for understanding the securitization of the COVID-19 epidemic as an international norm defined and promoted by the World Health Organization as a norm entrepreneur, and cascaded down to the level of member states. We identify the actors who developed the main strategic prescriptions of the security norm and the international mechanisms that promoted the cascading of its contents throughout the international system. We further develop the notion of primary and secondary norms, which explain the striking differences amongst industrialized states with regard to the contents, scope, and implementation timeline of the various measures aiming to curb the spread of the virus.