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Nouns of Assembly: In his third solo exhibition at Sutton Gallery, Simon Terrill brings together a triptych of photographs plus a sculpture and a text piece running the length of the gallery walls. He aligns fantasy architecture of the funfair with the utopian proposition of the unrealised monument that is Tatlin's Tower. Terrill's continued exploration of gathering and crowding is extended into spaces that are presented under a utilitarian and political guise. Catalogue text by Dr Josephine Kane, Tutor in History of Design at the Royal College of Art, London.

Tshivenda is one of the official languages of South Africa, mostly spoken in Limpopo Province at Vhembe District. From 1994, when the Republic of South Africa became a democratic government, speakers of the Tshivenda language spread to all nine provinces of South Africa. Tshivenda has different word categories, like nouns, verbs, adjectives and many more. When words are looked up in dictionaries, one should know what types of categories are given, e.g. their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. If this is not clearly represented one would not be able to use such a dictionary. This paper seeks to investigate how nouns are lemmatised in Tshivenda dictionaries. Attention is given to word and stem lemmatisation. It also looks at the lemmatisation of singular and plural nouns, and the lemmatisation of deverbative and diminutive nouns. This will be accomplished by analysing published Tshivenda dictionaries in circulation. ; Die lemmatisering van substantiewe in Tshivenda woordeboeke.Tshivenda is een van die amptelike tale van Suid-Afrika wat hoofsaaklik in die Vhembe-distrik van die Limpopoprovinsie gepraat word. Sedert 1994, toe die Republiek van Suid-Afrika 'n demokratiese regering gekry het, het sprekers van Tshivenda na al nege provinsies van Suid-Afrika versprei. Tshivenda het verskeie woordsoorte, soos substantiewe, werkwoorde, adjektiewe en so meer. Wanneer woorde in woordeboeke nageslaan word, moet 'n mens weet watter datatipes aangebied word, bv. spelling, uitspraak en betekenis. As dit nie duidelik weergegee word nie, sal 'n mens nie in staat wees om so 'n woordeboek te gebruik nie. Hierdie artikel wil ondersoek hoe substantiewe in Tshivenda woordeboeke gelemmatiseer word. Daar word aandag geskenk aan woord- en stamlemmatisering. Daar word ook gekyk na die lemmatisering van enkel- en meervoudige substantiewe, asook die lemmatisering van deverbatiewe en diminutiewe substantiewe. Dit word gedoen deur bestaande Tshivenda woordeboeke te ondersoek.

Many event monitoring systems rely on counting known keywords in streaming text data to detect sudden spikes in frequency. But the dynamic and conversational nature of Twitter makes it hard to select known keywords for monitoring. Here we consider a method of automatically finding noun phrases (NPs) as keywords for event monitoring in Twitter. Finding NPs has two aspects, identifying the boundaries for the subsequence of words which represent the NP, and classifying the NP to a specific broad category such as politics, sports, etc. To classify an NP, we define the feature vector for the NP using not just the words but also the author's behavior and social activities. Our results show that we can classify many NPs by using a sample of training data from a knowledge-base. © 2012 ACM.

Nowadays individuals as well as institutions are paying increasing attention to sentiment analysis. Companies are interested in what bloggers are saying about their products. Politicians are interested in how different news media are portraying them. Governments are interested in how foreign news media are representing their actions. An automatic method is thus needed that is capable of processing and analyzing the information. In my research proposing for the first time, an Adverb-adjective- noun combinations (AAN) based sentiment analysis technique deploying linguistic analysis of adverbs of degree, adjective and abstract noun. Here define a set of general axioms (based on a classification of adverbs of degree into five categories, classification of abstract noun in two categories) for opinion analysis. This has been a significant advancement from the previous research on this domain. There is currently no automated domain-independent sentiment classification tool, with high accuracy that does not need a manually-annotated corpus. Such a tool is needed for opinion search, recommendation, summarization and mining of the increasingly web opinionated content.Keywords: Sentiment analysis, Adverb-adjective-noun combination, adverbs of degree, abstract noun, domain-independent sentiment classification tool

El artículo presenta el trabajo para mejorar el parser superficial del euskara. El objetivo práctico del mismo, consiste en enriquecer dicho parser con la información lingüística pertinente para analizar secuencias que contienen un elemento nominal que instancia por medio de diversas estructuras sintácticas algún tipo de cuantificación de un segundo N. ; This paper reports on work in progress to improve shallow parsing for Basque. The practical goal of our work is to enrich the information of the shallow parser with linguistic information for analyzing sequences containing an N that instantiates a kind of quantification of the other nominal constituent, by means of some different syntactical structures. ; This research is supported by grants no. HUM2004-05658-C02-01, UPV 1/UPV 00113.310-H-15921/2004 and EHU06/16, HUM2004-05658-C02-01 and EHU06/16. Besides, acknowledgments to the support of the Government of the Basque Country to IXA group.

This paper is concerned with performative speech acts in European Union fisheries legislation with a view to relating the semantic analysis of directive and expressive speech act verbs to politeness strategies for the management of positive and negative face. The performative verbs used in directive and expressive speech acts belong to the semantic domain of communication verbs. The directive verbs occurring in the material are: appeal, authorize, call upon, conclude, invite, promise, request, urge and warn while the expressive verbs are: congratulate, express (gratitude), pay (tribute) and thank. The semantic analysis of directive verbs draws on Leech's framework for illocutionary verbs analysis (Leech, 1983: 218). The analysis suggests that the choice of directive and expressive speech act verbs and their co-occurrence with particular addressees are motivated by the socio-pragmatic situation. 30 Naval Engineering students from the UPM also learned how these speech act verbs are used in context in the subject English for Professional and Academic Communication (2011-2012).

This study is aimed to see the use of distribution of the English synonymous noun "Idea", finding the meanings of each word as well as explaining the semantic features in each synonymous word. The English synonymous nouns "Idea" are belief, notion, opinion, plan, and thought. The related data were collected from COCA using Corpus method with a concordance technique. Meanwhile, qualitative and quantitative method was used to analyze the data. The result of the analysis shows that Idea is most frequently used, then followed by plan, thought, opinion, belief, and notion. In terms of the semantic features, there are ten features on content; they are: suggestion, strong feeling, confidence/trust, assumption, impression, not a fact, judgment, detail, arrangement, and politics. In the circumstance point of view, there are three features, they are formal, common, and suddenly. Furthermore, in the reason there are 4 features, which are something/someone that has been highly trusted, uncertain and there are many options, something without doubt and well planned, and need a clear or scientific explanation.

This paper investigates the morpho-phonological differences between the members of related noun-verb pairs in Catalan Sign Language. Like parallel investigations in other sign languages, our experimental work provides evidence that the major differentiating factors between related nouns and verbs materialize in the movement component of signs and non-manual markers, thus providing empirical support to the hypothesis that most of noun-verb pairs have different morpho-phonological properties. We distinguish different types of movements, which we categorize into four regular morphological subgroups. We also take into account a fifth group that shows no apparent movement distinction. Concerning non-manual markers, we provide empirical evidence that nouns are mostly produced simultaneously with mouthing, in contrast to verbs, which in a smaller proportion are produced mainly with mouth gestures. Crucially, the fifth group presents the largest ratio of mouthing for nouns and even for verbs. We address these findings within an exo-skeletal theoretical syntactic approach (Borer 2005a,b, 2013, 2014). ; We acknowledge the financial support for our research. M.Teresa Espinal's contribution has been made possible by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER Funds (FFI2017-82547-P) and Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR634), as well as by an ICREA Academia fellowship. Josep Quer's contribution has been made possible by the SIGN-HUB project, which has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 693349, the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER Funds (FFI2015-68594-P), and the Government of the Generalitat de Catalunya (2017SGR1478).

Distributional semantics has very successfully modeled semantic phenomena at the word level, and recently interest has grown in extending it to capture the meaning of phrases via semantic composition. We present experiments in adjective-noun composition which (1) show that adjectival modification can be successfully modeled with distributional semantics, (2) show that composition models inspired by the semantics of higher-order predication fare better than those that perform simple feature union or intersection, (3) contrary to what the theoretical literature might lead one to expect, do not yield a distinction between intensional and non-intensional modification, and (4) suggest that head noun polysemy and whether the adjective corresponds to a typical attribute of the noun are relevant factors in the distributional representation of adjective phrases. ; We acknowledge the support of Spanish MICINN grant FFI2010-09464-E (McNally, Boleda), the ICREA Foundation (McNally), Catalan AGAUR grant 2010BP-A00070, MICINN grant TIN2009-14715-C04-04, EU grant PASCAL2, FP7-ICT-216886, the DARPA DEFT program under AFRL grant FA8750-13-2-0026 (Boleda) and the ERC under the 2011 Starting Independent Research Grant 283554 to the COMPOSES project (Baroni, Pham). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of DARPA, AFRL or the US government.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of derivative feminine nouns with suffix –ка, which is considered to be the most productive means of expressing modification of the word-formation category «femininity» in the Modern Russian language. The relevance of the study is due to what is happening in the present-day world especially the societal changes that led to the increased activity of existing correlates of the feminine gender and the emergence of a number of new female words according to the professional and social set-ups. The basis of this phenomenon is that women`s increased activity is stepping up in all spheres of public life: professional practice, science, culture, politics and so forth. Nowadays, global social changes are contributing to the emergence of new linguistic units and the Internet is getting the main communicative scope. The data of the Russian Reverse Dictionary and potential words that are functioning in the Russian media space are taken to present the material for research. Word-Forming bonds of the suffix –кА to motivated word stem are thoroughly described and the conclusion is drawn about the flexibility of this morpheme and its indifference to producing word. The peculiarities of functioning of the analyzed word-formative type are distinguished in modern Russian media space. The reasons of becoming the most popular suffix of producing feminisms-neologisms are listed.

Literature is a system of semantic markers which convey emotions as well. Sentences in literary texts, particularly poetic ones, are not merely a medium to convey a message. In literary language, there is not a one to one correspondence between words and their meaning. That is in literary texts, the words and consequently sentences do not have their common dictionary meaning. Rather, in many cases, they include the writers or poets intended meaning. For writers and poets, words are not simply means of conveying a message, but a scheme to create beauty and novel innovations. The poets to make more impression on their addressees usually create uncommon sentences in the language. To express their feelings and thoughts, they invert the poems internal word order or sort out the structural system of their poetic sentences counter to standard language. By creating marked words or sentences, they actually seek to communicate their audience artistically and innovatively. Sentence is the poets main instrument that according to traditional grammars definition consists of two parts: subject and predicate. However, in modern linguistics sentence is a set of noun and verb phrases that are joined together as a harmonious whole. Each of noun or verb phrases has a unique structure so that their internal order cannot be changed; however, poets make their utterance poetic by inverting these groups to create greater influence. By using content analysis method, an attempt is made in this article to analyze the internal orders of noun and verb phrases in contemporary poems. The author gratefully acknowledge the financial and other support of this research, provided by the Islamic Azad University. eslamshahr Branch, Tehran ,Iran

This paper analyzed the lexical density of the adjective and noun clauses in an English textbook for senior high school students in Indonesia. It aimed to discover whether or not the textbook was suitable for the students in terms of lexical density. The researchers employed a content analysis approach to analyze data. There were 116 sentences, containing adjective and noun clauses, which were investigated. The researchers implemented the lexical density theory and the lexical density indicators to determine the average level of the lexical density measurements. Results showed that there were three lexical density levels found in those adjective and noun clauses. The three levels were low, medium, and high. The average level of the lexical density obtained from the adjective and noun clauses in the textbook was 47%, which was categorized as low lexical density. Thus, the researchers concluded that the English textbook for the tenth-grade students published by the Indonesian Government was appropriate for the students.

This paper analyzed the lexical density of the adjective and noun clauses in an English textbook for senior high school students in Indonesia. It aimed to discover whether or not the textbook was suitable for the students in terms of lexical density. The researchers employed a content analysis approach to analyze data. There were 116 sentences, containing adjective and noun clauses, which were investigated. The researchers implemented the lexical density theory and the lexical density indicators to determine the average level of the lexical density measurements. Results showed that there were three lexical density levels found in those adjective and noun clauses. The three levels were low, medium, and high. The average level of the lexical density obtained from the adjective and noun clauses in the textbook was 47%, which was categorized as low lexical density. Thus, the researchers concluded that the English textbook for the tenth-grade students published by the Indonesian Government was appropriate for the students.

Resilience is a "new" term creeping into military directives, but what does it mean and how do we use it to guide decisions?

This work describes the historical and cultural information contained in the proper name Smolensk. Due to high linguistic and cultural value, any proper noun is one of the core language identifiers of culture and carrier of background knowledge of a linguistic personality. In this work, the source of the nationwide background knowledge was the Russian National Corpus (RNC) having 1,790 contexts with the proper noun Smolensk in various forms. The analysis of these contexts showed that they quite fully and exactly represent historical and cultural information related to the proper noun Smolensk. That information may be presented as a text which can be used in making of local linguistic and historical dictionaries, reference books and training materials, as well as in teaching practice in order to let native speakers and foreigners form background knowledge about Smolensk. Besides, the Smolensk-related background knowledge presented in the RNC was compared with regional onomastic background knowledge of contemporary residents of Smolensk that was revealed through the large-scale associative experiment (with 1,650 respondents); as a result, we have made an electronic Database including 1,212 reactions (13,471 uses) on the stimulus Smolensk Region. Among the Smolensk-related background knowledge in the RNC and in background knowledge of Smolensk residents, the most important information is that related to the military history of Smolensk land the westernmost frontier of Russia in the history of our home country. The approach proposed in this work can be used for analysis of other regional onomastic arrays, which may in the future form the basis for a sub-corpus of regional proper nouns with high linguistic and cultural value contributing to formation of background knowledge about Russia through the knowledge about its regions.