Suchergebnisse

Work accidents became a matter of societal concern in the progressive era of Woodrow Wilson. When other contingencies of modern life were brought under social security in the New Deal reforms of the 1930s, work accident legislation remained separate. Despite low benefits & imperfect insurance arrangements, the workers' compensation legislation does help internalize the costs of accidents. However, internalization of costs is only one remedy; others are regulation & broader community responsibility. Regulation poses problems, & broader community responsibility may evade the issues involved in finding the tradeoff of production & health which would maximize social welfare. Modified HA.

Work accidents became a matter of societal concern in the Progressive era of Woodrow Wilson. When other contingencies of modern life were brought under social security in the New Deal reforms of the 1930s, work accident legislation remained separate. One possible reason was that work accidents can be controlled within industrial and chance limits. But control does not imply elimination since a risk-free environment would paralyze production. In spite of imper fections caused by low benefits and imperfect insurance arrangements, the workers' compensation legislation does help internalize the costs of accidents, but internalization of costs is only one remedy. Regulation and a much broader community responsibility are others. It is argued that regulation poses greater problems and that broader com munity responsibility may evade the issues involved in choosing the appropriate tradeoff point between production and health which will maximize social welfare.

IntroductionVenezuela has pioneered a preventive-focused and comprehensive movement for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Latin America. However, despite being an oil-rich country, it has some of the lowest salaries for their workers and highest levels of hyperinflation, devaluation, crime, and violence of the world.ObjectivesReview the current status and challenges on relevant aspects of OSH in Venezuela.MethodsReview of literature and documents from national governments, UN agencies, NGOs, and the Venezuelan government concerning OSH and related topics since 1986.ResultsReformed in 2005, the Organic Law on Prevention, Conditions and Environment (LOPCYMAT) was a fundamental moment of change for OSH. Factors which have impacted OSH the strongest are (i) the creation of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (INPSASEL) and (ii) the socioeconomic crisis Venezuela is going through.Venezuela's laws are innovative and yet non-compliance is enormous. Almost half of the population works in the informal sector. Following the International Labor Office projections, 5 people die per day in Venezuela due to occupational accidents or diseases, making health and safety at work a luxury rather than a right. The quality of life for the average worker has deteriorated, affecting not only health but the overall well-being of all Venezuelans. The political and socio-economic situation has led to a mass exodus of more than 1.6 million highly qualified and talented professionals. Many statistics concerning OSH are not updated and are unreliable regarding occupational accidents and diseases.ConclusionsThere is a substantial difference between what is written to protect individual Venezuelans in the workplace and the reality of workplace conditions. Substantial governmental actions are needed in the immediate future to improve occupational safety and health of Venezuelan workers.

Background: The occupational safety and health diagnostic (OSH) constitutes a first step for the design of national programs and ongoing reviews of existing regulations. The OSH diagnostic performed in Ecuador in 2011 is devastating due to the high labor accidents toll, the scarce official information, lack of high-level academic education, and insufficient research. Objective: To diagnose the current state of occupational safety and health in Ecuador from official sources of information. Methods: We examined the geographical situation, sociodemographic and public health data, legal regulations, statistics on occupational accidents and diseases, training and research on OSH in Ecuador between 2010 to 2015. The main sources of data and information were: national laws and regulations on OSH, conventions of the International Labor Organization, resolutions of the Andean Community of Nations, and official web pages of national public bodies. In addition, we analyzed the scientific production on OSH of authors with Ecuadorian affiliation, carried out in Ecuador, and published in journals indexed in the main scientific databases. Results: In Ecuador, the rate of employment is 94,3%, and 40% is recognized as adequate employment. The percentage of the working population covered by the social security has raised during the period of study, but it remains around 42% of this population. The country has ratified the 32 ILO OSH conventions and has adopted regional regulatory instruments. The national OSH legal body starts with the Constitution. A total of 99.156 occupational injuries and 2.733 occupational were notified, showing a significant increase from 2010 to 2015. Regarding fatal occupational accidents, 1.524 cases were notified. Training in OSH is focused on occupational risk prevention. Twelve scientific articles on OSH from authors of Ecuadorian affiliation and developed in a national context were identified. Conclusions: OSH status in Ecuador faces a persistent high toll of informal workers, an aging working population, an increase of work accidents, a scarce scientific evidence and an outdated legislation. The design of a OSH National Plan should become a priority in order to improve working conditions and health in Ecuador.

Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- I. PRECEPTS OF POLICY -- 2 Occupational Safety and Health as Public Health -- 3 Occupational Safety and Health as Environmental Health -- 4 Law and Governance -- 5 History of Occupational Safety and Health Policy -- 6 Policy Advocacy Through Argument -- II. IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICY -- 7 Standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act -- 8 Enforcement and the Occupational Safety and Health Act -- 9 Research and the Occupational Safety and Health Act -- 10 The Mine Safety and Health Act -- 11 Other Worker Protections and Exclusions -- 12 International Policy -- III. INSTRUMENTS OF POLICY -- 13 Workers' Compensation and Work as an Economic Activity -- 14 Right-to-Know and Privacy -- 15 Leadership and Ethics -- 16 Occupational Safety and Health Policy Analysis -- Appendix Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 -- Index.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Overview -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Constitution of the United States and Constitutional Law -- Chapter 2 Federal Court System -- Chapter 3 The Court Process and Procedures -- Chapter 4 State Courts -- Chapter 5 Criminal Law -- Chapter 6 Civil Liability -- Chapter 7 Case Law -- Chapter 8 Administrative Law -- Chapter 9 Occupational Safety and Health Act -- Chapter 10 OSHA Standards and Enforcement -- Chapter 11 Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (OSHRC) -- Chapter 12 OSHA Defenses -- Chapter 13 Evidence and OSHA's Variances -- Chapter 14 Workers' Compensation -- Chapter 15 Americans with Disabilities Act -- Appendix A: Occupational Safety And Health Act Of 1970 -- Appendix B: Selected State Laws -- Index.

Occupational Safety and Health Act / Marshall Lee Miller -- OSHA: the rulemaking process / Shontell Powell -- The duty to comply with standards / Arthur G. Sapper -- The general duty clause / William K. Doran and Matthew C. Cooper -- Recordkeeping / Melissa A. Bailey and Shontell Powell -- Employers' and employees' rights / Phillip B. Russell -- Refusal to work and whistleblower protection / Kenneth B. Siepman -- Hazard communication / John B. Flood and Zachary S. Stinson -- Voluntary safety and health self-audits / Margaret S. Lopez and Gwendolyn K. Nightengale -- Inspections and investigations / R. Lance Witcher -- Understanding and contesting citations / John F. Martin -- Criminal enforcement of violations / Marshall Lee Miller -- Judicial review of enforcement actions / Donelle R. Buratto -- Imminent danger inspections / Frank D. Davis

Safety professionals often encounter statistics in literature and are required to present findings or make decisions based on data analyses. This completely updated fourth edition is designed to provide safety professionals or those studying to become one with the basic methods and principles necessary to apply statistics properly.