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Today, we can find an online community to suit almost any interest we may have. And yet these communities carry an element of menace. The anonymity associated with online communities allows particularly vicious interplay, where people can pile on others with virtually zero consequences. Using current examples from the news and connecting this phenomenon to historical incidents like the Salem witch trials, this fascinating resource examines an interesting time in the world and grounds it with practical guidelines for being a responsible member of an online community

Die Modifikation von Originalprodukten durch den Endkunden hat sowohl positive als auch negative Facetten. Die Veränderung einzelner Teile oder auch des gesamten Produktes sowie dessen Zweckentfremdung bieten den Herstellern eine potenzielle Innovationsquelle. Durch die Zusammenarbeit mit diesen kreativen Endkunden kann das Unternehmen die Ideen ihrer Entwicklungsabteilungen ergänzen und somit kostengünstiger und kundenfreundlicher gestalten. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Bereitschaft des Unternehmens mit externen Partnern (Kunden) zu kooperieren. Trotz aller positiven Aspekte birgt die Produktmodifikation oftmals ein erhebliches Konfliktpotenzial. Aus Angst vor Reputationsschäden sowie der Verletzung von' Intellectual Property' - Rechten, verbieten Unternehmen häufig die Modifikation ihrer Produkte. Individuelle Geltungsbedürfnisse und Trotzreaktionen einzelner User oder einer ganzen Gemeinschaft führen in weiterer Folge mitunter zu einer Auflehnung gegenüber dem Unternehmen. Im Zeitalter des Web 2.0 entstehen immer häufiger virtuelle Communities, die sich mit dem Themenbereich Produktmodifikation beschäftigen. Nicht nur der Informationsaustausch der User untereinander, sondern auch die Verbreitung von Konflikten ist daher rascher denn je möglich. Die außerordentlich schnelle Diffusion von Informationen zwingt Unternehmen sich dieser Entwicklung anzupassen. Obwohl das Web 2.0 effizienteres Marketing ermöglicht und die Kommunikation mit modifizierenden Kunden deutlich vereinfacht, laufen Unternehmen Gefahr in Konfliktsituationen einen großen Imageschaden zu erleiden. Beispiele aus der Vergangenheit belegen, dass die Ausbreitung von Konflikten innerhalb kürzester Zeit auf globaler Ebene möglich ist und damit eine Bedrohung für Unternehmen darstellen können. Im Konflikt zwischen Unternehmen und sogenannten User Innovation Communities spielt die Vernetzung der User untereinander sowie die Struktur der Community eine große Rolle. So ist möglicherweise die Rollenaufteilung innerhalb des Netzwerkes für den Konfliktverlauf von großer Bedeutung. Das Verbot von Produktmodifikationen einer Community oder eines einzelnen angesehenen Users (Opinion Leader), kann eine Solidarisierung der anderen User eines Netzwerkes mit sich ziehen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wird der Einfluss von Communitystrukturen, Rollenbildern und Interessensgebieten sowie anderen Netzwerkparametern auf Kollektiv- und Individualebene untersucht. Nikolas Reeh wurde 1984 in Wien geboren. Sein Studium der internationalen Betriebswirtschaft schloss der Autor an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, im Jahr 2010, mit dem akademischen Grad Magister rer.soc.oec. erfolgreich ab. In Berührung kam der Autor mit dem Thema dieser Studie durch das Institut für Entrepreneurship und Innovation an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien, welches sich schwerpunktmäßig mit der Innovationskraft von Kunden beschäftigt. Während des Studiums arbeitete er an mehreren Business Plänen für junge Unternehmen und ist heute im Finanzsektor tätig. Nikolaus Sernetz wurde 1984 in Rio de Janeiro geboren. Im Sommer 2010 schloss er sein Studium der Internationalen Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien ab. Im Finanzbereich arbeitet er seither intensiv mit jungen Unternehmen der Internetbranche zusammen. Die hohe Affinität zum Start Up Bereich entwickelte sich im Rahmen der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Entrepreneurship und Innovation sowie der zahlreichen Projekte in dieser Branche.

Online communities (OCs) are a virtual organizational form in which knowledge collaboration can occur in unparalleled scale and scope, in ways not heretofore theorized. For example, collaboration can occur among people not known to each other, who share different interests and without dialogue. An exploration of this organizational form can fundamentally change how we theorize about knowledge collaboration among members of organizations. We argue that a fundamental characteristic of OCs that affords collaboration is their fluidity. This fluidity engenders a dynamic flow of resources in and out of the community—resources such as passion, time, identity, social disembodiment of ideas, socially ambiguous identities, and temporary convergence. With each resource comes both a negative and positive consequence, creating a tension that fluctuates with changes in the resource. We argue that the fluctuations in tensions can provide an opportunity for knowledge collaboration when the community responds to these tensions in ways that encourage interactions to be generative rather than constrained. After offering numerous examples of such generative responses, we suggest that this form of theorizing—induced by online communities—has implications for theorizing about the more general case of knowledge collaboration in organizations.

Large-scale online communities rely on computer-mediated communication between participants, enabling them to sustain interactions and exchange on a scale hitherto unknown. Yet little research has focused on how these online communities sustain themselves and how their interactions are structured. In this paper, we theorize and empirically measure the network exchange patterns of long-duration sustainable online communities. We propose that participation dynamics follow specific forms of social exchange: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, and preferential attachment. We integrate diverse findings about individual participation motivations by identifying how individual behavior manifests in network-level structures of online communities. We studied five online communities over 27 months and analyzed 38,483 interactions using exponential random graph (p*) models and mixed-effects analysis of covariance. In a test of competing models, we found that network exchange patterns in online community communication networks are characterized by direct reciprocity and indirect reciprocity patterns and, surprisingly, a tendency away from preferential attachment. Our findings undermine previous explanations that online exchange follows a power law distribution based on people wanting to connect to "popular" others in online communities. Our work contributes to theories of new organizational forms by identifying network exchange patterns that regulate participation and sustain online communities.

The chapter describes the basic tenets of online communities, their typology and their fundamental elements with a view of informing ways in which people can get to participate online, something that those individuals or organizations dealing with e-governance initiatives also aim at. A key consideration is the importance of socializing as an ingredient that motivates individuals and which can offer them a degree of freedom to discuss government related matters.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction: When Socialization Goes Wrong -- Chapter One: the Rise of Cyber Mobs -- Chapter Two: Harassment Types -- Chapter Three: Consequences of Cyber Attacks -- Chapter Four: Special Issues with Protected Groups -- Chapter Five: Combating Cyber Attacks -- Chapter Six: The Future of Cyber Harassment -- Notes -- Discussion Questions -- Organizations to Contact -- For More Information -- Index -- Picture Credits -- About the Author -- Back Cover.

With half of the world already connected to the Internet, we are facing a growing amount of information available online, that is expected to increase exponentially in the following years. Educational environments are transitioning from closed structures to open, collaborative environments, using technology to build virtual classrooms. In this paper we present a customized crawler dedicated to alternative knowledge building environments used for potential community inquiry, that is unique in its power to combine data extraction and indexing capabilities that facilitate discourse-driven community network analysis integrated into the ReaderBench framework. ; This study is part of the RAGE project. The RAGE project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 644187. This publication reflects only the author's view. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

With great potential benefit and possible harm, online social media platforms are transforming human society. Based on decades of deep exploration, distinguished scholar William Sims Bainbridge surveys our complex virtual society, harvesting insights about the future of our real world. Many pilot studies demonstrate valuable research methods and explanatory theories. Tracing membership interlocks between Facebook groups can chart the structure of a social movement, like the one devoted to future spaceflight development. Statistical data on the roles played by people in massively multiplayer online games illustrate the Silicon Law: information technology energizes both freedom and control, in a dynamic balance. The significance of open-source software suggests the traditional distinction between professional and amateur may fade, whereas web-based conflicts between religious and political groups imply that chasms are opening in civil society. This analysis of online space and the divergent communities is long overdue.

On the Internet, readers of Russian literature create online communities (fandoms), in which users experiment with classical literature and construct their own versions of source texts. Although each separate fandom is dedicated to a particular classical work, authors (ficwriters) compare different classical texts and construct a common artistic space based on those. The article deals with the content and boundaries of the online corpus of amateur works based on Russian classical literature. The research subject is fanfics in which artistic worlds of several classical works are combined (crossovers). There are distinguished two forms of modeling a common artistic space in fandoms dedicated to Russian classical literature: 1) through the character's outlook and transformation of the traditional loci; 2) through the narrator's outlook and creation of an unstable space. The first form involves separating space into 'public' and 'intimate'; the second form is based on the division of space into 'sacred' and 'ordinary'. To describe the connection of fanfics based on classical literature but published in different fandoms, we use the concept 'superfandom', which is a corpus of fanfics based on different classical works where texts are united by the types of transformation of original sources and by common strategies of readers' reception. This binary typology of space reflects the features of perception of Russian classical literature in communities originally created by popular literature fans. On the one hand, ficwriters regard classical literature as an object of honoring; on the other hand, they use the poetics of space from different classical sources to show their own artistic preferences, including acceptance or rejection of Russian classical literature.