The purpose of the paper is to study the actions undertaken by the European institutions, aiming at a larger openness of resources, such as cultural works, scientific publications and educational materials, as well as to examine the motivations and results thereof. The European Union, being the area of production of a significant number of works belonging to each of the aforementioned categories, views these resources as strategic to its development. Thus it has taken diverse measures in order to maintain an appropriate balance between the public (social) interests, understood as open access to the resources, and the private interests, prioritising the protection of the owner's rights. The paper demonstrates that these actions are not uniform due to a diverse character and standing of these resources in the economy. The first instruments regarding scientific and educational resources had been implemented ten years before the implementation of legislative measures concerning the cultural products. Hence the public interests, meaning users' access, were treated as more important than the private proprietary rights.
Multi-level governance is now an established field of public policy research. In this context there is a need to introduce two new concepts: substantiation of public policy goals and multi- level coordination of public policy goals. In the study based on this assumption a qualitative approach is used. Usefulness of these two concepts was proved by participatory action policy research on one specific goal substantiated and coordinated within Europe 2020 Strategy in the policy area of poverty. In the course of the research (2012-2015) the author was a representative of the network of social NGOs in the governmental body responsible for implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy in Poland. The main action research tool was an attempt to modify the goal of poverty reduction decided by the government in 2011. In that process rich data was generated, analyzed, interpreted and used for subsequent actions. The effect of the research is a deep insight and understanding of multi-level governance process in a specific policy area and a proposal for two new concepts. Emerging new research areas were proposed and discussed.
The purpose of the paper is to study the actions undertaken by the European institutions, aiming at a larger openness of resources, such as cultural works, scientific publications and educational materials, as well as to examine the motivations and results thereof. The European Union, being the area of production of a significant number of works belonging to each of the aforementioned categories, views these resources as strategic to its development. Thus it has taken diverse measures in order to maintain an appropriate balance between the public (social) interests, understood as open access to the resources, and the private interests, prioritising the protection of the owner's rights. The paper demonstrates that these actions are not uniform due to a diverse character and standing of these resources in the economy. The first instruments regarding scientific and educational resources had been implemented ten years before the implementation of legislative measures concerning the cultural products. Hence the public interests, meaning users' access, were treated as more important than the private proprietary rights. ; Celem artykułu jest analiza działań podejmowanych na poziomie UE, dotyczących otwierania cyfrowych zasobów, takich jak wytwory kultury, prace naukowe bądź materiały edukacyjne, wraz z rozpoznaniem ich motywów oraz skutków. Unia Europejska, w której tworzy się wiele dzieł należących do każdej z wymienionych dziedzin i która przyznaje, że są to zasoby strategiczne dla jej rozwoju, podejmuje działania w zakresie polityki publicznej w celu zachowania równowagi pomiędzy interesem publicznym (społecznym), czyli dostępem do owych zasobów, jak i interesem prywatnym, a więc prawami właścicieli. Ze względu na odmienny charakter i miejsce tych zasobów w gospodarce, działania te nie mają jednorodnego charakteru. Zasobami naukowymi i edukacyjnymi zajęto się około 10 lat wcześniej niż zasobami kultury. Również interes społeczny, czyli dostęp odbiorców, okazał się w ich wypadku ważniejszy niż prywatne prawa własności.
There is no law making without law writing. Creating an act of law means organizing (coding) a rule into a strictly designed form. That form and the knowledge of coding allows a reader to extract rules from statues. The knowledge necessary for law writing includes but is not limited to the following elements of acts of law: statues, directives, editing, text structure, rules for amending and unifying etc. Development of legislative techniques and quality control in law writing are necessary to provide high quality law that citizens can trust.
A Hundred Years of the Project Method in PolandThe text presents the development of the project method in Polish education throughout the last century. The project method was introduced into Poland after regaining independence, and it was implemented during the inter-war period (1918–1939) in some schools, both in urban and rural environments. Nevertheless, the method was at that time treated as a pedagogical novelty andexperiment, rather than a natural part of school life. After 1945, education, like other aspects ofsocio-political life, was influenced by the communist propaganda, and the project method, supporting autonomy, democracy and empowerment, was not promoted as a valuable educational approach. After 1989, when progressive trends appeared in Polish schools, the project method gained somepopularity but it was not until 2008 when it was granted national and formal recognition. Then, the new core curriculum was developed, and the project method became an obligatory part of school reality. The revival of the project method was connected with the alarming findings concerning social capital in Poland. In this situation, making students cooperate within projects seemed aremedy for the decreasing social capital. As the author points out, formal introduction of the method does not necessarily mean its effective accomplishment, which should be accompanied by spontaneity and authentic engagement. What is more, as the author shows, after decades of theabsence of this method in Poland, and the lack of the relevant socio-cultural background, teachers might find it difficult to implement a project so as to contribute to the increase of social capital. All these areas need further investigation. Nevertheless, the author hopes that the text will contribute tobetter understanding of contemporary challenges and opportunities related to the implementation of the idea of projects in Polish education. ; A Hundred Years of the Project Method in PolandThe text presents the development of the project method in Polish education throughout the last century. The project method was introduced into Poland after regaining independence, and it was implemented during the inter-war period (1918–1939) in some schools, both in urban and rural environments. Nevertheless, the method was at that time treated as a pedagogical novelty andexperiment, rather than a natural part of school life. After 1945, education, like other aspects of socio-political life, was influenced by the communist propaganda, and the project method, supporting autonomy, democracy and empowerment, was not promoted as a valuable educational approach.After 1989, when progressive trends appeared in Polish schools, the project method gained some popularity but it was not until 2008 when it was granted national and formal recognition. Then, the new core curriculum was developed, and the project method became an obligatory part of school reality. The revival of the project method was connected with the alarming findings concerningsocial capital in Poland. In this situation, making students cooperate within projects seemed a remedy for the decreasing social capital. As the author points out, formal introduction of the method does not necessarily mean its effective accomplishment, which should be accompanied by spontaneity and authentic engagement. What is more, as the author shows, after decades of theabsence of this method in Poland, and the lack of the relevant socio-cultural background, teachers might find it difficult to implement a project so as to contribute to the increase of social capital. All these areas need further investigation. Nevertheless, the author hopes that the text will contribute tobetter understanding of contemporary challenges and opportunities related to the implementation of the idea of projects in Polish education.
In the 21st century, information is golden. The question is whether in his book entitled Open Source Intelligence Techniques: Resources for Searching and Analyzing Online Information Michael Bazzell teaches us how to get it? This review answers this question by providing an objective overview on the publication. The introduction contains certain biographical information on the author, including information on his experience and its impact on the development of the open-source intelligence (OSINT). Next, the reviewer goes on to describe the solutions that M. Bazzell proposes to his readers, followed by the assessment of the work's goal and reasoning, the author's familiarity with the recent studies in the field, as well as the language of and the logic behind the statements. The review ends with a summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the publication and a clear view on the work.
W artykule zwraca się uwagę na zależność sposobu wyboru sędziów sądów konstytucyjnych w zależności od przypisywanego w danym porządku prawnym charakteru tych sądów. Jednak zawsze zwraca się uwagę, aby skład sądu był ustalany tak, aby jedna, przeważająca w parlamencie, siła polityczna nie miała decydującego wpływu na wybór składu sądu konstytucyjnego. Nieporozumieniem jest traktowanie sądu konstytucyjnego jako organu politycznego (trzeciej izby parlamentu, negatywnego ustawodawcy). Orzeczenia sądu konstytucyjnego mają mieć charakter kasacyjny, badając zgodność aktu normatywnego z konstytucją lub innymi aktami normatywnymi, sąd konstytucyjny nie bierze pod uwagę racjonalności i celowości przyjętych rozwiązań. W artykule proponuje się nowy sposób doboru kandydatów na stanowiska sędziów polskiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, który ma zapewnić, że będą się oni charakteryzować określonymi cechami: wyróżniać się wiedzą prawniczą, nieskazitelnością charakteru oraz świadomością niezawisłości. ; It is shown in the paper that the method of appointing judges to the Constitutional Tribunal depends on the character of the Tribunal ascribed to it by a specific legal order. And yet, care is always taken to ensure that the composition of the Constitutional Tribunal is not influenced by any political power. Treating the Constitutional Tribunal as a political organ (or a third chamber of the parliament, a negative legislator) is flawed. The Constitutional Tribunal can by its decisions strike down certain laws. When examining the compliance of a normative act with the constitution the court takes no account of the rationality or fitness for purpose of the solutions adopted. In this paper, a new way of selecting candidates for the office of judge of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal is proposed with a view to ensuring that a judge of the Constitutional Tribunal is distinguished by outstanding legal knowledge and impeccable character as well as being aware of judicial independence.
Over recent years, open access has developed very dynamically in the world. Many countries have implemented an open access policy and created different ways to publicize the results of scientific research. There are many rules and guidelines related to it, among others Plan S, which aims to implement from 2020 full and unrestricted access to publications resulting from the results of research financed from public funds. The introduction of such activities involves signing and, in particular, transforming existing contracts with publisher into agreements based on the principles of open access the so-called transformative agreements. Standards are created to support national consortia and libraries in negotiating the implementation of a new type of contract, eg. five negotiation rules with LIBER publishers (Ligue des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherche – Association of European Research Libraries). The aim of the paper is to present good practices and familiarize with activities implemented in the world in the implementation of open access strategies, in particular policies of selected European Union countries in negotiations with scientific publishers, which may become an inspiration for activities related to openness in science implemented in Poland. ; Przez ostatnie lata otwarty dostęp rozwijał się na świecie bardzo dynamicznie. Wiele krajów wdrożyło politykę otwartego dostępu i utworzyło różne ścieżki upubliczniania wyników badań naukowych. Powstało wiele zasad i wytycznych z tym związanych m.in. Plan S, którego celem jest wdrożenie od 2020 r. pełnego i nieograniczonego dostępu do publikacji powstających z wyników badań finansowanych ze środków publicznych. Z wprowadzeniem tego typu działań związane jest podpisywanie, a w szczególności przekształcanie dotychczasowych umów z wydawcami na umowy oparte na zasadach otwartego dostępu (ang. transformative agreements). Tworzone są standardy pozwalające na wsparcie konsorcjów krajowych i bibliotek w negocjowaniu wdrażania nowego typu umów np. pięć zasad negocjacji z wydawcami LIBER (Ligue des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherche – Stowarzyszenie Europejskich Bibliotek Naukowych). Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie dobrych praktyk i przybliżenie działań realizowanych na świecie w zakresie wprowadzania strategii otwartego dostępu, a zwłaszcza polityk wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej w negocjacjach z wydawcami naukowymi, które mogą stać się inspiracją do działań związanych z otwartością w nauce realizowanych w Polsce.
