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Abstract. In the present paper we propose a method for studying extreme-wave appearance based on the Higher-Order Spectral (HOS) technique proposed by West et al. (1987) and Dommermuth and Yue (1987). The enhanced HOS model we use is presented and validated on test cases. Investigations of freak-wave events appearing within long-time evolutions of 2-D and 3-D wavefields in open seas are then realized, and the results are discussed. Such events are obtained in our periodic-domain HOS model by using different kinds of configurations: either i) we impose an initial 3-D directional spectrum with the phases adjusted so as to form a focused forced event after a while, or ii) we let 2-D and 3-D wavefields defined by a directional wave spectrum evolve up to the natural appearance of freak waves. Finally, we investigate the influence of directionality on extreme wave events with an original study of the 3-D shape of the detected freak waves.

On May 26th, 2015, China published its 10th Defense White Paper which integrated 'open seas protection', along with 'offshore waters defense', into its naval strategy. This shift in naval strategy, albeit largely anticipated, raises a series of important questions about China's maritime ambitions. This article seeks to analyze the causes, nature and challenges of China's latest shift in naval strategy, and its implications for Sino-US maritime relations. The article argues that China's latest shift in naval strategy is a logical corollary of the tension between China's expanding global interests and its asymmetric approach to sea power, and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) provides the necessary stimulus and justification for such a shift. China's new naval strategy, the paper contends, denotes that it will develop a Mahanian blue-water navy and a basic network of overseas bases in the years ahead. Those two developments are expected to pose a series of significant challenges for China's foreign policy. The article argues that China's new naval strategy presents both challenges and opportunities for China and the world. To accomplish 'open seas protection', China will probably have to modify its policies on a range of issues, and moderate its competitive stance in the near seas. Although China's new naval strategy need not be interpreted in a competitive framework, it does present China with a stark choice: either it pursues more friendly attitudes towards its maritime ambitions by modifying its current policy, or it will be increasingly confronted by a coalition of hostile states. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

Over the years, Rustad's research expanded to encompass various fish- related projects, including freezing, salting, and the intricate dynamics of seafood quality during stress and slaughtering procedures. Today, she holds a professorship in biotechnology, with a primary focus on food science.
In this comprehensive discussion, Turid Rustad, professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology shares insights into her background in the realm of biotechnology and food science, the collaborative nature of her work, challenges in seafood processing, and her vision for the industry's future. Rustad's academic journey commenced in Trondheim, where she pursued a master's degree in technology, specialising in chemistry and biochemistry. Subsequently, her path led to a Ph.D. focused on drying capelin mince. Over the years, Rustad's research expanded to encompass various fish- related projects, including freezing, salting, and the intricate dynamics of seafood quality during stress and slaughtering procedures. Today, she holds a professorship in biotechnology, with a primary focus on food science.

This book aims to explain in some detail the characteristics of a war fought in narrow seas and to compare and contrast strategy and major operations in narrow seas and naval warfare in the open ocean.