Suchergebnisse

Much rhetoric has appeared over the last few yean about the
desirability of the basic-needs approach to development planning. The
basic-needs approach, however, hu remained more of a proclamation of
good intentions than a strategy for development. Operationalising it
poses certain difficulties. In this article, two novel ways of
transforming the basic-needs philosophy into concrete policies and
strategies are presented. The discussion consists of explanations of
planning tools entitled basic-needs activities and product path
analysis. Finally, some brief comments are offered on the use of popular
participation in a basic-needs strategy and possible trade-offs between
basic-needs satisfaction and growth.

Though the central concept in International Relations, not so much importance was yet attached to the operationalisation of national power.In his overview, the author distinguishes three conceptual approaches:1° exercised power (empiricaly observed, post facto); 2° status (what people think the power of a nation is); 3° potential power (indirect measure, operationalising the «elements of national power»).An operationalisation of exercised power is not yet available because of grave theoretical and practical difficulties. Indices of status are elaboratedbut the relevance of this concept seems to be low.Potential power, the most intresting approach is aften elaborated; the present-day operationalisations however don't correspond to what the «great theoretici» wrote about «the elements of national power».In most cases only one or a few indicators are included; most operationalisations don't deliver a rank ordening but only a stratification ...The author concludes research attention should be attached to the operationalisation of power, especially potential power.

1. The Social Construction of Science -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Theoretical Perspective Developed in this Book -- 2. What is Science? -- 2.1. The Need for Precise Definitions -- 2.2. Structure and Meaning in the Analysis of Science -- 2.3. Science and Its Sub-Universes of Meaning -- 2.4. Science as a System of Theoretical Production -- 2.5. Social Control in Science -- 2.6. Research -- 2.7. Types of Research: Basic Research vs. Practice Oriented Research -- 2.8. The Negotiation of Meaning in Science -- 2.9. Summary -- 3. Science and Professionalism -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Science and Professionalism -- 3.3. The Role of Autonomy in Science -- 3.4. Scientific Autonomy and Politics -- 3.5. The Inertia of Contemporary Science -- 3.6. The Professional Orientational Reference Group -- 3.7. The Context of Legitimation vs. the Context of Research -- 3.8. Professionalism and the Articulation of Beliefs in an Era of Resource Scarcity -- 4. Scientists Have Goals -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The 'Common-Sense' Notion of Goals in Scientific Research -- 4.3. The Institutional Context of Goal Direction in the Physical Sciences -- 4.4. The Political Receptivity of Scientific Fields -- 4.5. What is a Goal? -- 4.6. What Are the Goals of Science? An Australian Case Study -- 5. Cognitive and Social Dimensions in the Analysis of Science -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Cognitive and Social Institutionalisation -- 5.3. The Cognitive Field of a Scientist -- 5.4. Cognitive Structures in the Context of Research -- 5.5. Operationalising Social and Cognitive Concepts -- 5.6. Some Methodological Observations About My Own Research -- 6. Research and Its Legitimation: Two Cognitively Oriented Case Studies -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Some Methodological Details -- 6.3. Case Study 1: The Selective Surfaces Research Group (SSG) -- 6.4. Case Study 2: The Dopamine/Octopamine Research Group (DOG) -- 6.5. Comparing the Two Case Studies -- 7. General Conclusions -- 7.1. Suggestions for Future Work -- Notes -- Index of Names -- Index of Subjects.