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In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

In magistrate work an author is analyzing the core problems of concept of law. What is the law – the question that takes first place. While analyzing the first part of the work, the main concepts of law have been on main focus: natural law, positive law and legal realism. Investigation invokes the most famous law scientist from Lithuania and all over the world. Investigating and analyzing theory of Law operation. Law regulation and court judgments take the most important role in the work. Analyzing Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Statue, Civil Code of Lithuanian Republic, Criminal Code of Lithuanian Republic and other laws of Republic of Lithuania. Investigating important Court Rulings: Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Judgment, decisions of Lithuanian Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and other. In conclusion, the most important thing which we find in this investigation is that the understanding of core problems of concept of law can bring practical benefit for an everyday practical-lawyer.

In magistrate work an author is analyzing the core problems of concept of law. What is the law – the question that takes first place. While analyzing the first part of the work, the main concepts of law have been on main focus: natural law, positive law and legal realism. Investigation invokes the most famous law scientist from Lithuania and all over the world. Investigating and analyzing theory of Law operation. Law regulation and court judgments take the most important role in the work. Analyzing Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Statue, Civil Code of Lithuanian Republic, Criminal Code of Lithuanian Republic and other laws of Republic of Lithuania. Investigating important Court Rulings: Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Judgment, decisions of Lithuanian Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and other. In conclusion, the most important thing which we find in this investigation is that the understanding of core problems of concept of law can bring practical benefit for an everyday practical-lawyer.

In magistrate work an author is analyzing the core problems of concept of law. What is the law – the question that takes first place. While analyzing the first part of the work, the main concepts of law have been on main focus: natural law, positive law and legal realism. Investigation invokes the most famous law scientist from Lithuania and all over the world. Investigating and analyzing theory of Law operation. Law regulation and court judgments take the most important role in the work. Analyzing Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Statue, Civil Code of Lithuanian Republic, Criminal Code of Lithuanian Republic and other laws of Republic of Lithuania. Investigating important Court Rulings: Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Judgment, decisions of Lithuanian Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and other. In conclusion, the most important thing which we find in this investigation is that the understanding of core problems of concept of law can bring practical benefit for an everyday practical-lawyer.

In magistrate work an author is analyzing the core problems of concept of law. What is the law – the question that takes first place. While analyzing the first part of the work, the main concepts of law have been on main focus: natural law, positive law and legal realism. Investigation invokes the most famous law scientist from Lithuania and all over the world. Investigating and analyzing theory of Law operation. Law regulation and court judgments take the most important role in the work. Analyzing Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Statue, Civil Code of Lithuanian Republic, Criminal Code of Lithuanian Republic and other laws of Republic of Lithuania. Investigating important Court Rulings: Nurnberg's Military Tribunal Judgment, decisions of Lithuanian Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and other. In conclusion, the most important thing which we find in this investigation is that the understanding of core problems of concept of law can bring practical benefit for an everyday practical-lawyer.

New threats after the Cold War have imposed a claim for new instruments of prevention and defense, consequently changing security relations between states and their co-operational perspectives. The future of European security had become very obscure. Observing the complexity and multitude of various processes on the global stage as well as crucial changes in the international system and aiming to better understand European security perspectives in this chaotic environment, institutionalization of the European security system, was chosen as the main object of this article. The main purpose of the article is to estimate the process and perspectives of the institutionalization of the European security system. The first part of the article is devoted to major changes in the global security agenda after the Cold War. Factors, which influence or might influence security of the European region, are identified. Analysis of possible institutionalization of the regional security system in Europe is conducted in the second part. In two last parts the article looks at the opportunities of the NATO and the EU to become the cornerstones of an effective European security system.

New threats after the Cold War have imposed a claim for new instruments of prevention and defense, consequently changing security relations between states and their co-operational perspectives. The future of European security had become very obscure. Observing the complexity and multitude of various processes on the global stage as well as crucial changes in the international system and aiming to better understand European security perspectives in this chaotic environment, institutionalization of the European security system, was chosen as the main object of this article. The main purpose of the article is to estimate the process and perspectives of the institutionalization of the European security system. The first part of the article is devoted to major changes in the global security agenda after the Cold War. Factors, which influence or might influence security of the European region, are identified. Analysis of possible institutionalization of the regional security system in Europe is conducted in the second part. In two last parts the article looks at the opportunities of the NATO and the EU to become the cornerstones of an effective European security system.

New threats after the Cold War have imposed a claim for new instruments of prevention and defense, consequently changing security relations between states and their co-operational perspectives. The future of European security had become very obscure. Observing the complexity and multitude of various processes on the global stage as well as crucial changes in the international system and aiming to better understand European security perspectives in this chaotic environment, institutionalization of the European security system, was chosen as the main object of this article. The main purpose of the article is to estimate the process and perspectives of the institutionalization of the European security system. The first part of the article is devoted to major changes in the global security agenda after the Cold War. Factors, which influence or might influence security of the European region, are identified. Analysis of possible institutionalization of the regional security system in Europe is conducted in the second part. In two last parts the article looks at the opportunities of the NATO and the EU to become the cornerstones of an effective European security system.

The main objective of this study is to analyze how public diplomacy implemented in peacekeeping operations by the Lithuanian army representatives influences country's image. The subject gives a rise to a problem which needs a deeper analysis: it is vital to find out if attention drawn to public diplomacy by the state officials is sufficient, to consider the benefit it brings to the image formation process. In pursuance of purposeful analysis it is necessary to define the limits of the research – this study does not analyze all peacekeeping operations but focuses only on the NATO-led international operations in which Lithuanian soldiers are employed, i.e. the operations of Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. The Kosovo operation is already finished for us as the last squad was sent on 2009, but the participation in this mission still has an influence to Lithuania's image. This study presents the conception of public diplomacy, characterizes its main dimensions and instruments, analyzes the influence of public diplomacy on shaping an external and internal country image and reveals how the participation of Lithuanian army representatives in international peacekeeping operations contributes to the image of the state. The survey data comparisons and analysis of the results showed a public confidence in Lithuanian Armed Forces and support to country's membership in NATO. Although citizens witness the negative aspects of partaking in peacekeeping operations, i.e. an increase in spending of the state budget, threats to the employed relatives, psychological inconvenience emerging because of the separation of families for a half year etc., but all in all Lithuania's participation in NATO operations are supported and welcomed by the citizens. The results confirmed the hypothesis that Lithuanian peacekeepers are shaping a positive attitude to the country in the society, promote pride in their own state and contribute to national image building. The boom of public diplomacy was stimulated by innovations in communication technologies, political revolutions that induced many autocratic countries become democratic, and revolution in the arena of international relations, which showed that national image and reputation has become as important as military power or economic opportunities. An analysis of the benefits of public diplomacy in national image formation should encourage discussions about the use of this communication tool for the best effect in Lithuania's image building.

The main objective of this study is to analyze how public diplomacy implemented in peacekeeping operations by the Lithuanian army representatives influences country's image. The subject gives a rise to a problem which needs a deeper analysis: it is vital to find out if attention drawn to public diplomacy by the state officials is sufficient, to consider the benefit it brings to the image formation process. In pursuance of purposeful analysis it is necessary to define the limits of the research – this study does not analyze all peacekeeping operations but focuses only on the NATO-led international operations in which Lithuanian soldiers are employed, i.e. the operations of Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. The Kosovo operation is already finished for us as the last squad was sent on 2009, but the participation in this mission still has an influence to Lithuania's image. This study presents the conception of public diplomacy, characterizes its main dimensions and instruments, analyzes the influence of public diplomacy on shaping an external and internal country image and reveals how the participation of Lithuanian army representatives in international peacekeeping operations contributes to the image of the state. The survey data comparisons and analysis of the results showed a public confidence in Lithuanian Armed Forces and support to country's membership in NATO. Although citizens witness the negative aspects of partaking in peacekeeping operations, i.e. an increase in spending of the state budget, threats to the employed relatives, psychological inconvenience emerging because of the separation of families for a half year etc., but all in all Lithuania's participation in NATO operations are supported and welcomed by the citizens. The results confirmed the hypothesis that Lithuanian peacekeepers are shaping a positive attitude to the country in the society, promote pride in their own state and contribute to national image building. The boom of public diplomacy was stimulated by innovations in communication technologies, political revolutions that induced many autocratic countries become democratic, and revolution in the arena of international relations, which showed that national image and reputation has become as important as military power or economic opportunities. An analysis of the benefits of public diplomacy in national image formation should encourage discussions about the use of this communication tool for the best effect in Lithuania's image building.

The main objective of this study is to analyze how public diplomacy implemented in peacekeeping operations by the Lithuanian army representatives influences country's image. The subject gives a rise to a problem which needs a deeper analysis: it is vital to find out if attention drawn to public diplomacy by the state officials is sufficient, to consider the benefit it brings to the image formation process. In pursuance of purposeful analysis it is necessary to define the limits of the research – this study does not analyze all peacekeeping operations but focuses only on the NATO-led international operations in which Lithuanian soldiers are employed, i.e. the operations of Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. The Kosovo operation is already finished for us as the last squad was sent on 2009, but the participation in this mission still has an influence to Lithuania's image. This study presents the conception of public diplomacy, characterizes its main dimensions and instruments, analyzes the influence of public diplomacy on shaping an external and internal country image and reveals how the participation of Lithuanian army representatives in international peacekeeping operations contributes to the image of the state. The survey data comparisons and analysis of the results showed a public confidence in Lithuanian Armed Forces and support to country's membership in NATO. Although citizens witness the negative aspects of partaking in peacekeeping operations, i.e. an increase in spending of the state budget, threats to the employed relatives, psychological inconvenience emerging because of the separation of families for a half year etc., but all in all Lithuania's participation in NATO operations are supported and welcomed by the citizens. The results confirmed the hypothesis that Lithuanian peacekeepers are shaping a positive attitude to the country in the society, promote pride in their own state and contribute to national image building. The boom of public diplomacy was stimulated by innovations in communication technologies, political revolutions that induced many autocratic countries become democratic, and revolution in the arena of international relations, which showed that national image and reputation has become as important as military power or economic opportunities. An analysis of the benefits of public diplomacy in national image formation should encourage discussions about the use of this communication tool for the best effect in Lithuania's image building.

This article presents the scale of the officers' perceived risk of simulated military operations (hereinafter – the RPO). This methodology is based on a strategy of constructing empirical scales. The risk perceived by the officers in the article covers the internal convictions of junior officers regarding the risks of loss of life and property during simulated military tasks. The officers' perceived risk scale would help in clarifying the structure of the perceived risks in the military and create conditions for revealing the sources of mistakes made during the military operations. With an identified relatedness between the most common decision-making mistakes and perceived risks among officers, we could carefully analyze the mistakes associated with the perceived risks of simulated military operations and contribute to reducing these errors by developing specific military training programs. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for assessing the risks of a simulated military operation as perceived by the officers and to explore some of the psychometric characteristics of the said methodology. The research participants are officers of the Lithuanian Armed Forces from different counties of Lithuania. The research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, 26 officers in total were involved, and a scale of 22 risky situations (the RPO scale) was compiled based on real-time observation and the semistructured interview method. The construction of risky situations was also based on theoretical assumptions and previous empirical researches in the fields of military, health and organizational psychology. In addition, during this stage of the study, the validity of the content of the completed scale was checked based on the assessments of an expert group. The second stage involved 94 officers. In this stage, the construct validity of the RPO scale was checked based on an analysis of cluster data and an expert group. In the third stage, data gathered from 129 officers were processed, and the construct validity of the RPO scale was checked. The RPO scale was prepared based on the study results of the three stages. The obtained results allow us to distinguish three subscales of the officers' perceived risk scale of simulated military operations: the risk of civilian deaths, the risk of soldier and commander deaths and the risk of the loss of resources and assets. The established psychometric characteristics of the RPO scale suggest that this scale is suitable for use in further research for assessing the risks perceived by officers in simulated military operations. This scale structure includes the key indicators of perceived risks relevant to the military process. Separate subscales of the created scale have sufficient internal compatibility (the Cronbach a coefficients: first subscale – 0.802; second subscale – 0.753; third subscale – 0.883). Also, the validity of the content of the RPO scale and the partial validity of the construct were verified.

This article presents the scale of the officers' perceived risk of simulated military operations (hereinafter – the RPO). This methodology is based on a strategy of constructing empirical scales. The risk perceived by the officers in the article covers the internal convictions of junior officers regarding the risks of loss of life and property during simulated military tasks. The officers' perceived risk scale would help in clarifying the structure of the perceived risks in the military and create conditions for revealing the sources of mistakes made during the military operations. With an identified relatedness between the most common decision-making mistakes and perceived risks among officers, we could carefully analyze the mistakes associated with the perceived risks of simulated military operations and contribute to reducing these errors by developing specific military training programs. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for assessing the risks of a simulated military operation as perceived by the officers and to explore some of the psychometric characteristics of the said methodology. The research participants are officers of the Lithuanian Armed Forces from different counties of Lithuania. The research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, 26 officers in total were involved, and a scale of 22 risky situations (the RPO scale) was compiled based on real-time observation and the semistructured interview method. The construction of risky situations was also based on theoretical assumptions and previous empirical researches in the fields of military, health and organizational psychology. In addition, during this stage of the study, the validity of the content of the completed scale was checked based on the assessments of an expert group. The second stage involved 94 officers. In this stage, the construct validity of the RPO scale was checked based on an analysis of cluster data and an expert group. In the third stage, data gathered from 129 officers were processed, and the construct validity of the RPO scale was checked. The RPO scale was prepared based on the study results of the three stages. The obtained results allow us to distinguish three subscales of the officers' perceived risk scale of simulated military operations: the risk of civilian deaths, the risk of soldier and commander deaths and the risk of the loss of resources and assets. The established psychometric characteristics of the RPO scale suggest that this scale is suitable for use in further research for assessing the risks perceived by officers in simulated military operations. This scale structure includes the key indicators of perceived risks relevant to the military process. Separate subscales of the created scale have sufficient internal compatibility (the Cronbach a coefficients: first subscale – 0.802; second subscale – 0.753; third subscale – 0.883). Also, the validity of the content of the RPO scale and the partial validity of the construct were verified.

This article presents the scale of the officers' perceived risk of simulated military operations (hereinafter – the RPO). This methodology is based on a strategy of constructing empirical scales. The risk perceived by the officers in the article covers the internal convictions of junior officers regarding the risks of loss of life and property during simulated military tasks. The officers' perceived risk scale would help in clarifying the structure of the perceived risks in the military and create conditions for revealing the sources of mistakes made during the military operations. With an identified relatedness between the most common decision-making mistakes and perceived risks among officers, we could carefully analyze the mistakes associated with the perceived risks of simulated military operations and contribute to reducing these errors by developing specific military training programs. The aim of this research is to develop a methodology for assessing the risks of a simulated military operation as perceived by the officers and to explore some of the psychometric characteristics of the said methodology. The research participants are officers of the Lithuanian Armed Forces from different counties of Lithuania. The research was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, 26 officers in total were involved, and a scale of 22 risky situations (the RPO scale) was compiled based on real-time observation and the semistructured interview method. The construction of risky situations was also based on theoretical assumptions and previous empirical researches in the fields of military, health and organizational psychology. In addition, during this stage of the study, the validity of the content of the completed scale was checked based on the assessments of an expert group. The second stage involved 94 officers. In this stage, the construct validity of the RPO scale was checked based on an analysis of cluster data and an expert group. In the third stage, data gathered from 129 officers were processed, and the construct validity of the RPO scale was checked. The RPO scale was prepared based on the study results of the three stages. The obtained results allow us to distinguish three subscales of the officers' perceived risk scale of simulated military operations: the risk of civilian deaths, the risk of soldier and commander deaths and the risk of the loss of resources and assets. The established psychometric characteristics of the RPO scale suggest that this scale is suitable for use in further research for assessing the risks perceived by officers in simulated military operations. This scale structure includes the key indicators of perceived risks relevant to the military process. Separate subscales of the created scale have sufficient internal compatibility (the Cronbach a coefficients: first subscale – 0.802; second subscale – 0.753; third subscale – 0.883). Also, the validity of the content of the RPO scale and the partial validity of the construct were verified.