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The key to obtaining a mechanistic and reliable understanding of complex public opinion formation processes is to identify the main mechanism governing interpersonal influence. Researchers have long been exploring simple yet predictive mathematical models of opinion dynamics. Although most models are based on the assumption that individuals update their opinions by averaging others' opinions, researchers might need to rethink this universally adopted micro-foundation. The deceivingly simple weighted-averaging mechanism features a non-negligible unrealistic implication, which brings unnecessary difficulties in seeking a proper balance between model complexity and predictive power. In this paper, we fundamentally resolve this problem by proposing the weighted-median mechanism as a new micro-foundation of opinion dynamics. Such an inconspicuous change from averaging to median leads to rich consequences. The weighted-median mechanism, derived from the cognitive dissonance theory in psychology, is well supported by online experiment data. It also broadens the applicability of opinion dynamics models to multiple-choice issues with ordered discrete options, e.g., political elections. Moreover, comparative studies show that the weighted-median mechanism predicts various real-world patterns of opinion evolution while some widely studied averaging-based models fail to, including how group structure affects the likelihood of reaching consensus and how extreme opinions are located in social networks. ; ISSN:2643-1564

This article reconstructs the normative contributions that some of the main theorists of the Administration have made about public opinion from Wilson to Bozeman. We agree with Lasswell that in a democracy the relationship between public opinion and public policies should be bidirectional. From this perspective, the central questions to be answered would be: what should be the role of public opinion in relation to public administration and policies? And to what extent is it legitimate for public institutions to try to manage public opinion? The answers offered could be grouped into a scale whose first step would circumscribe public opinion to the role of authoritative criticism that would oversee the process of policy formation without interfering in the day-to-day management issues; the second, would be aimed at probing opinion to define strategies and plans that guarantee public support for policies, regulations and services; finally, the citizen, would assume a more relevant and daily role participating directly and even choosing the producers of public services. The management of the opinion with public funds could be considered legitimate and necessary, with the application of opinion research and institutional communication tools. ; El propósito del artículo es reconstruir las aportaciones normativas que han realizado sobre la opinión pública algunos de los principales teóricos de la Administración, desde Wilson a Bozeman. Compartiendo con Lasswell la idea de que en democracia la relación entre opinión pública y políticas públicas debe ser bidereccional, las preguntas centrales desde esta perspectiva serían: ¿cuál debe ser el papel de la opinión pública en relación con la administración y las políticas públicas?y ¿hasta dónde es legítimo que desde las instituciones públicas se intente gestionar la opinión pública? Las respuestas ofrecidas podrían agruparse en una escala cuyo primer peldaño circunscribiría la opinión pública al papel de crítica autorizada que vigila el proceso de formación de las políticas, sin inmiscuirse en los asuntos cotidianos de la gestión; el segundo, estaría dirigido a sondear la opinión para definir estrategias y planes que garanticen el apoyo del público a las políticas, las regulaciones y los servicios; finalmente, el ciudadano, asumiría un papel más relevante y cotidiano, participando directamente e incluso eligiendo a los productores de los servicios públicos. La gestión de la opinión con fondos públicos podría considerarse legítima y necesaria, siendo de aplicación las herramientas de investigación de la opinión y de la comunicación institucional.

The development of the "World Wide Web" has had a significant impact on the formation of public opinion in democratic societies. This impact, though, has not been exactly that predicted by early 1990's prophets of the Web, who expected a decentralization of traditional mass media. If anything, the easy accessibility of the Web-enabled Internet (hereafter, "the Net") has extended the audience reach of traditional network media. Despite this, the Net is fundamentally changing the nature of public opinion. One should be wary of thinking of this change as a technology-enabled extension of the 19th-century liberal public. In the liberal view, the Net is a difficult- to-control free speech medium. It engenders a babble of voices devoted to persuading citizens and governments of the merits and otherwise of laws and policies. Because the Web's infrastructure of servers is global, dictatorial, or even legal, control of it is difficult to achieve. This is especially true for governments that want to encourage the pragmatic benefits of computermediated commerce. Yet, to see the Net simply as a free-speech medium does not do full justice to its nature. It began life as a powerful document delivery system, and, in important ways, its long-term impact on public opinion derives from that fact. The Web leveraged existing inter-networked computing to enable a new way of creating, collecting, storing, transforming, and disseminating documents and information objects. The frothy activity of instant commentary and interest group campaigning that the Net facilitates disguises the extent to which the logic of the public sphere is undergoing a long-term paradigmatic shift shaped by its origins as a document archive.

The article is devoted to the study of political journalism as a means of forming public opinion in modern Ukraine. The article deals with the basic concepts and characteristics of political journalism, the main approaches to its study. Journalism as a socio-political institution is one of the participants in the political process, which organizes and maintains a constant link between policy makers. Political journalism is a means of highlighting the activities of various political actors and is a peculiar form of communication between government and citizens. Often, the attention of journalists is drawn to the political elite and leaders. The authors of the article draw attention to the functions of political journalism, which can have a constructive and destructive impact on the socio-political life in Ukraine. The information, critical, communicative and cultural-educational functions are highlighted. Political journalism realizes tasks, among which the important place belongs to the formation of public opinion. The article raises the important question of the influence of public opinion on the processes taking place in all spheres of society, since public opinion is a kind of regulator of those processes. An analysis of the influence of political journalism on the process of formation of public opinion is underway. The attention is drawn to the dangerous and negative role of modern media. Also, attention is focused on the main professional requirements for a political journalist: competence, ability to work with information, fluency in the state language, objectivity, honesty and impartiality, ability to analyze and predict. The main problems of political journalism in modern Ukraine are highlighted: incompetence of political journalists, dependence of mass media on politicians and authorities, media manipulation, etc. It is proposed to take appropriate measures to solve the problems of forming public opinion by mass media and counteracting information suggestions. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню політичної журналістики як засобу формування громадської думки в сучасній Україні. У статті розглянуті основні поняття та характеристики політичної журналістики, основні підходи у її дослідженні. Журналістика як соціально-політичний інститут є одним з учасників політичного процесу, який організовує і підтримує постійний зв'язок між суб'єктами політики. Політична журналістика є засобом висвітлення діяльності різноманітних політичних суб'єктів та є своєрідною формою спілкування між представниками влади і громадянами. Найчастіше увага журналістів прикута до політичної еліти і лідерів. Авторами статті звернуто увагу на функції політичної журналістики, які можуть справляти конструктивно-деструктивний вплив на суспільно-політичне життя в Україні. Висвітлено інформаційну, критичну, комунікативну та культурно-освітню функції. Політична журналістика реалізує завдання, серед яких вагоме місце належить формуванню громадської думки. У статті порушується важливе питання щодо впливу громадської думки на процеси, які відбуваються у всіх сферах суспільства, адже громадська думка є своєрідним регулятором тих процесів. Проводиться аналіз впливу політичної журналістики на процес формування громадської думки. Звернуто увагу на небезпечну і негативну роль сучасних засобів масової інформації. Також зосереджено увагу на головні професійні вимоги до політичного журналіста: компетентність, уміння працювати з інформацією, вільне володіння державною мовою, об'єктивність, чесність та неупередженість, уміння аналізувати та прогнозувати. Висвітлено основні проблеми політичної журналістики в сучасній Україні: некомпетентність політичних журналістів, залежність засобів масової інформації від політиків і можновладців, медіа-маніпуляції тощо. Запропоновано прийняття відповідних заходів щодо вирішення проблем формування громадської думки засобами масової інформації та протидії інформаційним навіюванням.

The article is devoted to the study of political journalism as a means of forming public opinion in modern Ukraine. The article deals with the basic concepts and characteristics of political journalism, the main approaches to its study. Journalism as a socio-political institution is one of the participants in the political process, which organizes and maintains a constant link between policy makers. Political journalism is a means of highlighting the activities of various political actors and is a peculiar form of communication between government and citizens. Often, the attention of journalists is drawn to the political elite and leaders. The authors of the article draw attention to the functions of political journalism, which can have a constructive and destructive impact on the socio-political life in Ukraine. The information, critical, communicative and cultural-educational functions are highlighted. Political journalism realizes tasks, among which the important place belongs to the formation of public opinion. The article raises the important question of the influence of public opinion on the processes taking place in all spheres of society, since public opinion is a kind of regulator of those processes. An analysis of the influence of political journalism on the process of formation of public opinion is underway. The attention is drawn to the dangerous and negative role of modern media. Also, attention is focused on the main professional requirements for a political journalist: competence, ability to work with information, fluency in the state language, objectivity, honesty and impartiality, ability to analyze and predict. The main problems of political journalism in modern Ukraine are highlighted: incompetence of political journalists, dependence of mass media on politicians and authorities, media manipulation, etc. It is proposed to take appropriate measures to solve the problems of forming public opinion by mass media and counteracting information suggestions. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню політичної журналістики як засобу формування громадської думки в сучасній Україні. У статті розглянуті основні поняття та характеристики політичної журналістики, основні підходи у її дослідженні. Журналістика як соціально-політичний інститут є одним з учасників політичного процесу, який організовує і підтримує постійний зв'язок між суб'єктами політики. Політична журналістика є засобом висвітлення діяльності різноманітних політичних суб'єктів та є своєрідною формою спілкування між представниками влади і громадянами. Найчастіше увага журналістів прикута до політичної еліти і лідерів. Авторами статті звернуто увагу на функції політичної журналістики, які можуть справляти конструктивно-деструктивний вплив на суспільно-політичне життя в Україні. Висвітлено інформаційну, критичну, комунікативну та культурно-освітню функції. Політична журналістика реалізує завдання, серед яких вагоме місце належить формуванню громадської думки. У статті порушується важливе питання щодо впливу громадської думки на процеси, які відбуваються у всіх сферах суспільства, адже громадська думка є своєрідним регулятором тих процесів. Проводиться аналіз впливу політичної журналістики на процес формування громадської думки. Звернуто увагу на небезпечну і негативну роль сучасних засобів масової інформації. Також зосереджено увагу на головні професійні вимоги до політичного журналіста: компетентність, уміння працювати з інформацією, вільне володіння державною мовою, об'єктивність, чесність та неупередженість, уміння аналізувати та прогнозувати. Висвітлено основні проблеми політичної журналістики в сучасній Україні: некомпетентність політичних журналістів, залежність засобів масової інформації від політиків і можновладців, медіа-маніпуляції тощо. Запропоновано прийняття відповідних заходів щодо вирішення проблем формування громадської думки засобами масової інформації та протидії інформаційним навіюванням.

International audience ; This paper presents a multi-agent model for simulating attitude formation and change based on perception and communication in the context of stabilization operations. The originality of our model comes from (1) attitude computation that evaluates information as part of a history relative to the individual (2) a notion of co-responsibility forattitude attribution. We present a military scenario of French operations in Afghanistan along with polls results about the opinion of citizen toward present Forces. Based on these eld data, we calibrate the model and show the resulting attitude dynamics. We study the sensibility of the model to the co-responsibility factor.

International audience ; This paper presents a multi-agent model for simulating attitude formation and change based on perception and communication in the context of stabilization operations. The originality of our model comes from (1) attitude computation that evaluates information as part of a history relative to the individual (2) a notion of co-responsibility forattitude attribution. We present a military scenario of French operations in Afghanistan along with polls results about the opinion of citizen toward present Forces. Based on these eld data, we calibrate the model and show the resulting attitude dynamics. We study the sensibility of the model to the co-responsibility factor.

International audience ; This paper presents a multi-agent model for simulating attitude formation and change based on perception and communication in the context of stabilization operations. The originality of our model comes from (1) attitude computation that evaluates information as part of a history relative to the individual (2) a notion of co-responsibility forattitude attribution. We present a military scenario of French operations in Afghanistan along with polls results about the opinion of citizen toward present Forces. Based on these eld data, we calibrate the model and show the resulting attitude dynamics. We study the sensibility of the model to the co-responsibility factor.

Expression of business environment in trading company is being analysed in this article. Theoretically it was determined, that by supervising own business environment the companies must accordingly react to its changes and envisage what influence one or another factor of business environment have on them as insufficient attention to this area may determine inability to adapt to changing business environment. Therefore it may be baneful for trading companies and this topic must be analysed as much as possible. After quantitative research was made and 65 users of trading company were interviewed (customers of services or production), it was determined that alternation of supplies, employees and financial institutions as well as changes in legal, political and technological environment have the greatest influence on the environment of trading company. Obtained results of the research showed practical significance when solving management tasks of changes in business environment under development conditions. In accordance with this information, more rapid and better reaction of trading company into satisfaction of needs of the users is possible. The most important aspects, which must be considered, and which are necessary for managers of trading companies in order to make effective decisions are having of such information, accuracy of information, effectiveness of existing measures to receive and transfer information.KEY WORDS: management of changes, changes in business environment, elements of business environment, trading company.JEL CODES: M12, R11DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/rfds.v14i3.863

International audience ; This paper presents a multi-agent model for simulating attitude formation and change based on perception and communication in the context of stabilization operations. The originality of our model comes from (1) attitude computation that evaluates information as part of a history relative to the individual (2) a notion of co-responsibility for attitude attribution. We present a military scenario of French operations in Afghanistan along with polls results about the opinion of citizen toward present Forces. Based on these field data, we calibrate the model and show the resulting attitude dynamics. We study the sensibility of the model to the co-responsibility factor.

International audience ; This paper presents a multi-agent model for simulating attitude formation and change based on perception and communication in the context of stabilization operations. The originality of our model comes from (1) attitude computation that evaluates information as part of a history relative to the individual (2) a notion of co-responsibility for attitude attribution. We present a military scenario of French operations in Afghanistan along with polls results about the opinion of citizen toward present Forces. Based on these field data, we calibrate the model and show the resulting attitude dynamics. We study the sensibility of the model to the co-responsibility factor.

International audience ; This paper presents a multi-agent model for simulating attitude formation and change based on perception and communication in the context of stabilization operations. The originality of our model comes from (1) attitude computation that evaluates information as part of a history relative to the individual (2) a notion of co-responsibility for attitude attribution. We present a military scenario of French operations in Afghanistan along with polls results about the opinion of citizen toward present Forces. Based on these field data, we calibrate the model and show the resulting attitude dynamics. We study the sensibility of the model to the co-responsibility factor.

This article is concerned with the role of the media in the formation of a deliberative public opinion. deliberative public opinion, investigating whether the way in which the Colombian media have dealt with the issue of international drug criminalization favors the formation of this type of public opinion. formation of this type of public opinion. The current state of international drug policy and the international drug policy and the configuration of the criminalization discourse are contextualized. A content analysis of 802 news and informative articles in El Tiempo and El Espectador is carried out. Tiempo and El Espectador, taking into account the tendency they presented with respect to the two approaches to international drug policy. the two approaches to international drug policy: the war on drugs and public health. war on drugs and public health ; Este artículo se ocupa del papel de los medios de comunicación en la formación de una opinión pública deliberativa, indagando si la forma como los medios colombianos han tratado el tema de la criminalización internacional de la droga favorece la formación de dicho tipo de opinión pública. Se contextualiza el estado actual de la política internacional de drogas y la configuración del discurso de la criminalización. Se realiza un análisis de contenido de 802 noticias y artículos informativos en El Tiempo y El Espectador, atendiendo a la tendencia que presentaban con respecto a los dos enfoques de la política internacional de drogas: el de guerra contra las drogas, y el de salud pública

An investigation of public opinion and social policy. This dissertation looks at how attitudes toward social welfare policies are formed, and their reciprocal relationship with spending on welfare. The perspective is cross-national and looks at the most advanced democracies in the world, plus two formerly Communist countries. The dissertation utilizes theoretical frameworks from sociology, social psychology and political science. It concludes that self-interest, group dynamics and ideology are driving forces behind opinion and attitude formation, although ideology may be even more important. Also, that social norms related to Communism or socialism, individualism and corporatism shape public opinions. Finally, it concludes that although public opinion probably has an impact on social policy, this does not appear to be a general impact across democratic societies. Instead, institutional norms align opinion and policy into a cross-national pattern. The stability of social spending indicates that path dependency of policy impacts the otherwise erratic nature of public opinion.

Political discourse in many countries is significantly impacted by the existence of populations that live in urban centers and other populations that live in rural or peripheral places. Due to factors such as population density, economic activity, proximity to schools, retail and health facilities, attachment to religion, and access to diverse political opinions, people living in the peripheral areas tend to be relatively conservative and those in urban areas are relatively liberal. Thus we have two elements of the population that tend to live in silos, having little dialogue or even contact with the other. This results in a national political dialogue that is not at all productive or capable of generating policies that would benefit the population. In many countries of Europe and the Americas, the politically left and right parties or movements are, figuratively speaking, at war with each other. In spite of this, an examination of the reality of many areas of public policy reveals that there are, in fact, many areas of public policy that are of benefit to both urban and periphery dwellers such as, education, access to health care, management of water and waterways, funding of small businesses and banks and local governments, and infrastructure. I have recently compiled a set of 40 such policies that could be adopted because they are of direct benefit to dwellers in both silos (Kresl, 2021). Recognition of this mutual benefit could advance the discussion of public policy and even lead to implementation of some of these policies. Those living on the periphery and in the inner city could engage in a dialogue that would be of benefit to both of these groups, and peripherality would no longer be identified with exclusion from a beneficial political discourse.