Suchergebnisse

The chapter presents new concepts of management of the municipality known as New Public Management, Governance and Good Governance. One of the manifestations of the implementation of the concept of Governance in local governments is to build positive relationships with NGOs. The basis of these relations is the creation of programs of cooperation with NGOs. The basis of such programs is structured report prepared by the Collegium Civitas is a Model of cooperation of public administration and non-governmental organizations, outlining standards of intersectoral cooperation. An increasing number of municipalities realize the benefits that optimal cross-sector cooperation can bring. The example ranking "Friendly Local Government" and its results shows the effects of test implementation of the concept of Good Governance in local government units. Results Achieved by the selected municipalities Podkarpackie voivodship show that more and more governments transformed from a bureaucratic management style to partnership. ; Udostępnienie publikacji Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego finansowane w ramach projektu "Doskonałość naukowa kluczem do doskonałości kształcenia". Projekt realizowany jest ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego w ramach Programu Operacyjnego Wiedza Edukacja Rozwój; nr umowy: POWER.03.05.00-00-Z092/17-00.

Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne wcześniej było uważane za mało istotne. Zaczęło funkcjonować w świadomości dopiero od lat 70-tych XX wieku podczas kryzysów naftowych1. Współcześnie problem związany z bezpieczeństwem energetycznym jest coraz częściej poruszany na forum międzynarodowym. Jedynym na razie sposobem na to wydaje się być wykorzystywanie odnawialnych źródeł energii, które występują w każdym kraju czy to pod postacią energii słonecznej, wodnej, pływów, biomasy, geotermalnej czy wiatrowej. W miarę wyczerpywania się surowców mineralnych, powinien zwiększać się udział odnawialnych źródeł, tak, aby za kilkanaście lat pozyskiwanie energii możliwe było bez problemów odczuwalnych dla odbiorców. ; Energy security was previously considered unimportant. It started functioning only since the 70s of the twentieth century, during the oil crises. Today, the problem of energy security is increasingly being moved to an international level. The only way to do this seems to be the usage of renewable energy sources, which are present in every country whether in the form of solar, hydro, tidal, biomass, geothermal or wind energy. As the depletion of mineral resources, should increase the share of renewable sources, so that for several years it was possible to acquire energy without appreciable problems for customers.

The chain of revolts in Maghreb and Mashriq countries has compelled the European Union to redefine the assumptions of its policy towards the region in question. The sluggish reaction of European states to the developments known as "the Arab Spring" has shown that they see those events as a sourceof threat to European interests. This paper attempts to indicate the erroneousness of this conviction and submit arguments supporting the thesis that the aforementioned changes should be understood as a chance for resuming the EU's dialogue with its southern neighbors, a dialogue that Brussels is currently not able to continue as a result of the EU's current paralysis in the Mediterranean area. ; Seria przewrotów politycznych w państwach Maghrebu i Maszreku postawiła Unię Europejską przed koniecznością zredefiniowania założeń polityki wobec państw wspomnianego regionu. Opieszała reakcja największych stolic europejskich na wydarzenia Arabskiej Wiosny świadczyła o upatrywaniu w nich źródła zagrożeń dla interesów Europy. W swoim tekście chciałbym wykazać mylność tego przekonania i przedstawić argumenty na poparcie tezy, że wspomniane przemiany stanowią szansę na wznowienie dialogu UE z południowym sąsiedztwem, którego Bruksela nie jest w stanie kontynuować w ramach sparaliżowanej Unii na rzecz Regionu Morza Śródziemnego.

Seria przewrotów politycznych w państwach Maghrebu i Maszreku postawiła Unię Europejską przed koniecznooecią zredefiniowania założeń polityki wobec państw wspomnianego regionu. Opieszała reakcja największych stolic europejskich na wydarzenia Arabskiej Wiosny świadczyła o upatrywaniu w nich źródła zagrożeń dla interesów Europy. W swoim tekście chciałbym wykazać mylność tego przekonania i przedstawić argumenty na poparcie tezy, ¿e wspomniane przemiany stanowią szansę na wznowienie dialogu UE z południowym sąsiedztwem, którego Bruksela nie jest w stanie kontynuować w ramach sparaliżowanej Unii na rzecz Regionu Morza Śródziemnego. ; The chain of revolts in Maghreb and Mashriq countries has compelled the European Union to redefine the assumptions of its policy towards the region in question. The sluggish reaction of European states to the developments known as "the Arab Spring" has shown that they see those events as a source of threat to European interests. This paper attempts to indicate the erroneousness of this conviction and submit arguments supporting the thesis that the aforementioned changes should be understood as a chance for resuming the EU's dialogue with its southern neighbors, a dialogue that Brussels is currently not able to continue as a result of the EU's current paralysis in the Mediterranean area.

The Role of India in the United Nations Organisation according to the Political Conception of Jawaharlal NehruIndia's accession to the international system which is the UN stemmed from the conviction that it is an organization that in the postwar world shaped international relations based on the principle of political and economic cooperation and safeguard the peace. India's membership in the United Nations gave opportunities for the dissemination of political ideology and beliefs regarding aspects such as anti–colonialism, disarmament, peacekeeping. This created the opportunity to play a significant role for India in world politics. Hence, since accession to the UN India very actively engaged in the work and activities for the organization. India offered their services to mediate between the parties to the conflict, working in support of the independence movement and for the avoidance of violence between states, also tried to mark their positions within the UN. The presence of India in the United Nations and the active involvement of the various field activities of this organization is not only an opportunity to indicate their role in the international arena and spread an ideology of non–alignment, but also the opportunity to speak in the interests of the Third World and to winning economic aid to post–colonial states.

The Role of India in the United Nations Organisation according to the Political Conception of Jawaharlal NehruIndia's accession to the international system which is the UN stemmed from the conviction that it is an organization that in the postwar world shaped international relations based on the principle of political and economic cooperation and safeguard the peace. India's membership in the United Nations gave opportunities for the dissemination of political ideology and beliefs regarding aspects such as anti–colonialism, disarmament, peacekeeping. This created the opportunity to play a significant role for India in world politics. Hence, since accession to the UN India very actively engaged in the work and activities for the organization. India offered their services to mediate between the parties to the conflict, working in support of the independence movement and for the avoidance of violence between states, also tried to mark their positions within the UN. The presence of India in the United Nations and the active involvement of the various field activities of this organization is not only an opportunity to indicate their role in the international arena and spread an ideology of non–alignment, but also the opportunity to speak in the interests of the Third World and to winning economic aid to post–colonial states.

Georgia's strategic location in the Caucasus means that it has always been in the spotlight of world powers, especially Russia. An opportunity for Georgia is to build and deepen democratic processes, social, economic and political reforms and to establish cooperation with international structures. Georgia declared independence on 9th April 1991 and on 26th May 1991 general presidential elections were held under the banner "Georgia for Georgians". Despite the announcements made by successive presidents, Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Eduard Shevardnadze, the attempts to carry out political and economic reforms failed. In 2003, an opportunity for democratic change turned up. It was the Rose Revolution and its leader, Micheil Saakashvili. After his first successes, however, it turned out that he also did not stray from authoritarianism, the strengthening of the president's position, and even from the use of force (2007). The next stages and the possibility of democratic changes were to be parliamentary elections in 2012 and 2016 and presidential elections in 2013.

It is virtually impossible for a modern democracy to properly function without civic society. Direct democracy involves citizens in public life, thus facilitating the emergence of civic society. Voting in referenda and taking advantage of other forms of direct execution of power provides an opportunity to create a society that cooperates with the authorities in solving numerous public issues. A question can be asked in this context: How are the opportunities generated by exercising direct democracy being utilized in Poland? The research has corroborated the sad pattern that all authorities, which are the nation's representation after all, are not inclined to vest decision-making directly with this nation. The mechanisms of direct democracy in Poland, in practice, do not give the people (the sovereign in Poland) an opportunity to actually exercise their power. Legal provisions concerning referenda and people's initiative at a national level allow the political elite to completely control the application of these mechanisms.

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistic competence. Knowledge about a society and its culture is a part of general knowledge about the world. Therefore, it is especially important for a learner of a language to acquire socio-cultural knowledge. There are a lot of stereotypes about a country, its culture and society among its neighbours. Learning Polish in Lithuania promotes a better understanding of Polish culture and helps to overcome stereotypes. Both countries have the common history; however, Lithuanian society's perception of the Poles is not always rational. The public opinion polls show that Lithuanians perceive the Poles worse than they perceive Russians. Does learning the Polish language provide the opportunity to understand the country and the culture as well as to reassess the views on the Poles? The students, who have been learning the Polish language for three semesters (A1-B1) at VMU, were asked to share their opinion. The questions were the following: Why did they choose to learn Polish? What did they know about Poland and Polish culture before the course? What are their insights into Poland after the course? The students were not satisfied with their knowledge about Poland prior to starting the course. It should be noted that they assessed their knowledge on the subject from the perspective of three semesters. In the meantime, some students went to the Summer School of the Polish Language and Culture in Poland and had an opportunity to visit Warsaw. The students, who completed B2 course of the Polish language, have changed their views and perceptions of Poland and its culture. The learning of the language has become an opportunity to learn about Poland and its culture and enabled students to evaluate the country very positively. [.]

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment emphasizes the importance of sociolinguistic competence. Knowledge about a society and its culture is a part of general knowledge about the world. Therefore, it is especially important for a learner of a language to acquire socio-cultural knowledge. There are a lot of stereotypes about a country, its culture and society among its neighbours. Learning Polish in Lithuania promotes a better understanding of Polish culture and helps to overcome stereotypes. Both countries have the common history; however, Lithuanian society's perception of the Poles is not always rational. The public opinion polls show that Lithuanians perceive the Poles worse than they perceive Russians. Does learning the Polish language provide the opportunity to understand the country and the culture as well as to reassess the views on the Poles? The students, who have been learning the Polish language for three semesters (A1-B1) at VMU, were asked to share their opinion. The questions were the following: Why did they choose to learn Polish? What did they know about Poland and Polish culture before the course? What are their insights into Poland after the course? The students were not satisfied with their knowledge about Poland prior to starting the course. It should be noted that they assessed their knowledge on the subject from the perspective of three semesters. In the meantime, some students went to the Summer School of the Polish Language and Culture in Poland and had an opportunity to visit Warsaw. The students, who completed B2 course of the Polish language, have changed their views and perceptions of Poland and its culture. The learning of the language has become an opportunity to learn about Poland and its culture and enabled students to evaluate the country very positively. [.]

The aim of this paper is to present the status, role, and the potential for political action of the President of the Republic of Poland analysed through the prism of the concept of the political entrepreneur. I make a diagnosis of the president's political resources and their potential for the realisation political goals – his formation and his own. The resources of the President can be considered in two categories, i.e. permanent and labile. They are concentrated around the prerogatives held, the political environment, the political capital of the office, and the opportunity structure.

In the analysis of different attitudes of Polish political groups towards the European Union and the Constitutional Treaty one needs to take into account historical context as well as the political one. It is a spontaneous approach in Poland to think about the Poles in terms of a nation rather than in tzenship. The collapse of communism was followed by an eruption of national feeling, yet many Poles also wanted Poland to open itsEurope. The opportunity to gainss the European Union was, i enst for Poles. The opponents of the EU are fuelled by the sh historical experience of losing our identity. They represent the so-called closed orientation, in which one defends one' ways while being very distrustful towards the EU. By contrast, an open orientation strives for collaation, seeks cooperation and is trustful European integration. This is reflected in lish political arena. ; In the analysis of different attitudes of Polish political groups towards the European Union and the Constitutional Treaty one needs to take into account historical context as well as the political one. It is a spontaneous approach in Poland to think about the Poles in terms of a nation rather than in tzenship. The collapse of communism was followed by an eruption of national feeling, yet many Poles also wanted Poland to open itsEurope. The opportunity to gainss the European Union was, i enst for Poles. The opponents of the EU are fuelled by the sh historical experience of losing our identity. They represent the so-called closed orientation, in which one defends one' ways while being very distrustful towards the EU. By contrast, an open orientation strives for collaation, seeks cooperation and is trustful European integration. This is reflected in lish political arena.

The article aims to show the issue of educational travels of noble youth in the modern era. The source is the correspondence of Jakub Dunin from his journeys around Europe in 1699–1703, addressed to father Franciszek Świętosław. The mentioned letters (stored in the National Archives in Krakow in the Tomkowicz Archive from Kobiernice) provide important information referring to the reasons for travelling, travel expenses and the companions. Particularly noteworthy are colorful descriptions of the social life lived in European manors. For example, the author visited Versailles of Louis XIV and provided a detailed description of various ceremonies and court entertainment. Foreign journeys posed an opportunity to learn about foreign cultures, political systems or armies. This encouraged nobility sons' reflections which they shared with relatives back in Poland. As a result, the travel correspondence abounds in individual interpretations, for example, of the then political developments on the international arena. When confronted with facts, they add extra value to the publication. ; The article aims to show the issue of educational travels of noble youth in the modern era. The source is the correspondence of Jakub Dunin from his journeys around Europe in 1699–1703, addressed to father Franciszek Świętosław. The mentioned letters (stored in the National Archives in Krakow in the Tomkowicz Archive from Kobiernice) provide important information referring to the reasons for travelling, travel expenses and the companions. Particularly noteworthy are colorful descriptions of the social life lived in European manors. For example, the author visited Versailles of Louis XIV and provided a detailed description of various ceremonies and court entertainment. Foreign journeys posed an opportunity to learn about foreign cultures, political systems or armies. This encouraged nobility sons' reflections which they shared with relatives back in Poland. As a result, the travel correspondence abounds in individual interpretations, for example, of the then political developments on the international arena. When confronted with facts, they add extra value to the publication.

The article investigates the interrelationship between Lithuanian civil service reform initiatives and administrative Europeanisation processes by identifying the role and approaches of Lithuanian parliamentary elites in the process of the implementation of reforms during the period of membership in the EU. The research was based on the qualitative content analysis of primary sources, the records of the Lithuanian Government activities, and the qualitative analysis of the secondary sources including research literature and other documents and records, semi-structured qualitative interview. Research gives an opportunity to estimate the level of institutionalisation of pro-European values amongst parliamentary elites and their contributions to the implementation of administrative Europeanisation. According to the research findings, administrative Europeanisation agenda is not a priority for Lithuanian parliamentary elites per se, however, pro-European attitudes are fixed.