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Bacteriophages are viruses specific to bacteria, discovered more than a century ago and used very quickly in therapy. The East/West political divide at the end of the Second World War influenced medical development strategies in each of the two "camps". Efforts were then focused on antibiotics in the West. But the misuse of these antibiotics as well as the lack of new molecules developed by pharmaceutical companies led to the emergence of resistance. The recent explosion in the number of bacterial resistance to current antibiotics has justified the need to find alternative therapeutic solutions. In this context, phage therapy is back in the spotlight. More and more clinical trials around the world tend to prove the high antibacterial efficacy of lytic phages tested in animal models. The development of molecular and synthetic biology has opened up new possibilities; it is no longer envisaged to use whole phages but to design modified phages and recombinant proteins derived from phages. Encouraging performances have been observed in particular for phage enzymes, the most studied at present being polysaccharides depolymerases, involved in the degradation of the bacterial capsule and extracellular matrix of biofilm, and endolysins, responsible for peptidoglycan degradation. Although many steps remain to be taken before phage therapy can be seen in the available therapeutic arsenal, this is a promising avenue. ; Les bactériophages sont des virus spécifiques des bactéries, découverts il y a plus d'un siècle et utilisés très rapidement en thérapeutique. Le clivage politique Est/Ouest à la fin de la seconde Guerre Mondiale a influencé les stratégies de développements médicaux dans chacun des deux « camps ». Les efforts furent alors concentrés sur les antibiotiques en occident. Mais le mésusage de ces antibiotiques comme le peu de nouvelles molécules développées par les firmes pharmaceutiques conduisirent à l'émergence de résistances. L'explosion récente du nombre de cas de bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques actuels a justifié la nécessité de trouver des solutions thérapeutiques alternatives. Dans ce contexte, la phagothérapie revient sur le devant de la scène. De plus en plus d'essais cliniques menés à travers le monde tendent à prouver l'efficacité antibactérienne élevée des phages lytiques testés sur des modèles animaux. Le développement de la biologie moléculaire et de la biologie de synthèse a ouvert de nouvelles possibilités : il n'est désormais plus envisagé uniquement d'utiliser les phages entiers mais aussi de concevoir des phages modifiés et des protéines recombinantes dérivées de phages. Des performances encourageantes ont été notées notamment pour les enzymes phagiques dont les plus étudiées à l'heure actuelle sont les polysaccharides dépolymérases, impliquées dans la dégradation de la capsule bactérienne et de la matrice extracellulaire du biofilm, et les endolysines, responsables de la dégradation du peptidoglycane. Bien que de nombreuses étapes restent à franchir avant de voir la phagothérapie dans l'arsenal thérapeutique disponible, cette piste est prometteuse.

This action plan sets out to inform and provide support for dental practices as they focus more on preventative care under new contractual arrangements which will be in place from 1 April 2006. Designed to improve oral health both nationally and locally, this plan also sets out to assist and support Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) in meeting their new responsibilities for dental services under the Health and Social Care (Community Health and Standards) Act 2003. This legislation extends their remit to assessing local oral health needs and commissioning the appropriate services to tackle long standing oral health inequalities.

The article begins by recognizing the importance of claiming a popular history that enhances the role of the actors traditionally excluded, as opposed to conventional history of the elites. In this way, its main purpose is to reveal the political interests that under populist speeches, exaggerate oral testimonies to pass them as equivalent to history, to the detriment of the philosophies and theories that even with its shortcomings, have built the scientific nature of historiography. ; El artículo empieza por reconocer la importancia de reivindicar una historia popular que revalorice el papel de los actores tradicionalmente excluidos —en oposición a la historia convencional de las élites—, por lo cual su propósito principal consiste en develar los intereses políticos que, bajo discursos populistas, sobredimensionan los testimonios orales para hacerlos pasar como equivalentes a la historia, en detrimento de las filosofías y teorías que, aun con sus deficiencias, han construido la cientificidad de la historiografía.

Title from cover. ; "Publication # 08-12223 2007"--P. [4] of cover. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-103). ; Supported by the Division of Oral Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cooperative Agreement U58/CCU622789-02.

Background: Characteristics of oral readings are well studied in school-aged children and teenagers, but not in educated adults. Objectives: Assess the prevalence of prosodic boundary incongruences in oral readings of adult, native, educated, Brazilian Portuguese speakers and analyze their correlations with specific linguist features. Design, settings, and participants: We studied an online video corpus of political speeches delivered by house members of the Brazilian parliament between 2017 and 2018, and their respective written texts. Measurements: We assessed a) prosodic boundary incongruences between oral readings and written texts, b) actor prototypicality of the subjects, c) thematic continuity of the sentences, and d) a variable called 'sufficiency', related to the concept of argumenthood, assorting each word according to its need for complementary words. The inter-rater reliability of the author's perceptions of incongruences underwent Cohen's Kappa test. Results: In 5 hours of oral readings, we found a median of 1.4 prosodic boundary incongruences per minute (interquartile range: 0.766 - 2.212). 80% of the incongruences were insertions of non-terminal or terminal boundaries. Prosodic boundary incongruency correlated positively with a) thematic continuity of the incongruent sentences (p-value = 0.0006345), b) the concept of 'sufficiency' (p-value < 2.2e-16); and correlated negatively with c) first-person subjects (p-value = 0.0002584). Limitations: The assessment of the variables was subjective, and we did not control sentences for their lengths when analyzing variables 'b' and 'c'. Conclusions: Prosodic boundary incongruences were relatively common in our corpus. We introduced some hypotheses to explain the results. ; Contexte : Les caractéristiques des lectures orales sont bien étudiées chez les enfants d'âge scolaire et les adolescents, mais pas chez les adultes instruits. Objectifs : Évaluer la prévalence des incongruences de frontières prosodiques dans les lectures orales d'adultes, natifs, éduqués, parlant le portugais brésilien et analyser leurs corrélations avec des caractéristiques linguistes spécifiques. Conception, contexte et participants : Nous avons étudié un corpus vidéo en ligne de discours politiques prononcés par des membres de la maison du parlement brésilien entre 2017 et 2018, ainsi que leurs textes écrits respectifs. Mesures : Nous avons évalué a) les incongruences de frontières prosodiques entre les lectures orales et les textes écrits, b) la prototypicité des acteurs des sujets, c) la continuité thématique des phrases, et d) une variable appelée " suffisance ", liée au concept d'argumentation, assortissant chaque mot en fonction de son besoin de mots complémentaires. La fiabilité inter-évaluateurs des perceptions des incongruences par l'auteur a fait l'objet du test de Kappa de Cohen. Résultats : En 5 heures de lecture orale, nous avons trouvé une médiane de 1,4 incongruence de frontière prosodique par minute (intervalle interquartile : 0,766 - 2,212). 80% des incongruences étaient des insertions de frontières non-terminales ou terminales. L'incongruence des frontières prosodiques était positivement corrélée avec a) la continuité thématique des phrases incongrues (p-value = 0.0006345), b) le concept de " suffisance " (p-value < 2.2e-16) ; et négativement corrélée avec c) les sujets de la première personne (p-value = 0.0002584). Limites : L'évaluation des variables était subjective, et nous n'avons pas contrôlé la longueur des phrases lors de l'analyse des variables " b " et " c ". Conclusions : Les incongruences de frontières prosodiques étaient relativement courantes dans notre corpus. Nous avons introduit quelques hypothèses pour expliquer les résultats. ; Antecedentes: As características das leituras orais são bem estudadas em crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, mas não em adultos instruídos. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência de incongruências de limites prosódicos nas leituras orais de adultos, nativos, educados, falantes do português brasileiro e analisar suas correlações com características lingüísticas específicas. Desenho, ambientes e participantes: Estudamos um video corpus online de discursos políticos proferidos por membros da Câmara dos Deputados brasileiros entre 2017 e 2018, e seus respectivos textos escritos. Medidas: Avaliamos a) incongruências prosódicas entre leituras orais e textos escritos, b) prototipicidade dos sujeitos, c) continuidade temática das frases, e d) uma variável chamada 'suficiência', relacionada com o conceito de argumenthood, classificando cada palavra de acordo com sua necessidade de palavras complementares. A confiabilidade entre os avaliadores das percepções de incongruências do autor foi submetida ao teste Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: Em 5 horas de leituras orais, encontramos uma mediana de 1,4 incongruências de limite prosódico por minuto (intervalo interquartil: 0,766 - 2,212). 80% das incongruências foram inserções de limites não-terminais ou terminais. A incongruência de limite prosódico correlacionou-se positivamente com a) a continuidade temática das frases incongruentes (p=0,0006345), b) o conceito de "suficiência" (p< 2,2e-16); e correlacionou-se negativamente com c) sujeitos em primeira pessoa (p=0,0002584). Limitações: A avaliação das variáveis foi subjetiva, e não controlamos as sentenças por sua extensão ao analisarmos as variáveis 'b' e 'c'. Conclusões: As incongruências de limites prosódicos eram relativamente comuns em nosso corpus. Introduzimos algumas hipóteses para explicar os resultados.

Biographical Information: Josephine Mary Carpenter Marshall was born on July 13, 1910, in Union Grove Township, Meeker County, to George and Mary (Roach) Carpenter. She attended rural school through the eighth grade and graduated as salutatorian from Paynesville High School in 1928. She then attended St. Cloud Teacher's College for two years, graduating in 1930, and then taught in rural grade schools for four years. On September 12, 1936, she married Fred Marshall and lived on a farm in Union Grove Township. In 1949, Fred was elected to the United States Congress. He served until he retired in 1962. During those years, they lived part-time in Alexandria, Virginia. Fred passed on June 5, 1985, while Josephine died on September 19, 2006. Transcript Summary: In an oral history interview dated August 1, 1988, Josephine Marshall discussed going to school in a one-room schoolhouse, attending what was then St. Cloud Teacher's College, and then teaching in rural schools. She ran the family's farm in Meeker County while her husband Fred Marshall's job pre-Congress kept him on the road most of the time. When Fred Marshall served in Congress beginning in 1949, the couple lived at least part of the year in Alexandria, Virginia. She recounted the difficulty of raising the couple's two sons with life split between Washington, DC, and Minnesota. She discussed DC social life and carpooling with future US president Gerald Ford and his wife Ford. The couples lived close by and each had only one car so the men would carpool to the Capitol and their wives would share a ride to other events. Josephine recalled that she did not campaign much for her husband and that others filled that role for him.

I am involved in a collaborative effort to produce a history of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountain village of Mshanets, Stary Sambir District, Lviv Province. Mshanets is rare among East European villages in that its relatively strong documentary base has been largely preserved despite the wars and upheavals that have severely damaged the region's historical record. The purpose of my research trip is to supplement the documentary data by interviewing current and former inhabitants of Mshanets and its vicinity and, secondly, to gain a sense of village's topography before writing about it. I have already shared some preliminary finding with Ukrainian historians; a monograph on the village (a longer-term goal) will be an innovation in Ukrainian historiography and might help open new directions for the discipline, currently finding its way after the fall of Communism and the lifting of Soviet ideological and political strictures on scholarship.

Biographical information: Arne Kowalzek was born on September 7, 1920 in Morrison County, Minnesota. Kowalzek graduated from St. Cloud State University with a degree in Business Education and Social Studies in 1942. In 1950, he earned a master's degree from the University of Minnesota with hopes of becoming a teacher. After graduation from St. Cloud State, Kowalzek enlisted in the Navy and was trained at Great Lakes Naval Base near Chicago. During his service, he was assigned as an Aerographers Mate aboard the USS Texas. On July 1, 1949 Kowalzek returned home to marry his wife, Echo, and teach business administration at Little Falls High School for 32 years. He retired from teaching in early 1984. Kowalzek died on September 11, 2005 at the age of 85. Transcript Summary: Arne Kowalzek described his experiences in aboard the USS Texas as part of the D-Day invasion in June 1944. He remembered the troop transport ships going by his ship. Kowalzek also discussed his experiences arriving in Plymouth, England soon after the bombings of that city by German V-1 rockets. He shared a story of meeting a little girl in Plymouth, who had lost her hands in the bombings, as well as giving British workers sugar at tea time. He also related his experiences with Japanese kamikaze planes in the Pacific. He said his ship was never hit by one. Kowalzek also remembered hearing broadcasts from "Tokyo Rose" when the USS Texas was in the Pacific. Kowalzek ended the interview by discussing his thoughts about the war in Vietnam and the protesters and recent American military actions in Panama and Granada. Alternate spelling of name is Arnulf Kowalczyk and taken from records here at St. Cloud State. Interview by David Overy

Biographical Information: Clayton A. Biller was born on March 17, 1922 and was raised in Dewey, Wisconsin. Biller served as a flight instructor for the United States Army Air Corps during World War II. After his military service, Biller served as a commercial pilot for American Airlines for 31 years. Biller passed away on November 28, 2020 and is buried at the Eagle Point National Cemetery in Eagle Point, Oregon. His wife Jackie passed away in 2016. Transcript Summary: Clayton A. Biller described his experiences as a flight instructor in the United States Air Force during World War II. Biller enlisted into Air Corps on June 11, 1940, and received training at Chanute Field in Illinois. Biller was stationed at Freeman Army Field, Indiana, and was a flight instructor for twin engine aircraft until 1945. In addition, he discussed experience with several types of twin engine airplanes while an instructor. After his military service, Biller became licensed in civilian mechanics and instrument rating. Biller went on to work for American Airlines for 31 years until 1982. Interview by David Smith Thank you to the Minnesota Digital Library for digitizing the audio for the interview, as well as the creation of the transcript.

Biographical Information: Raymond (Swede) Swedzinski was born in Taunton, Minnesota on March 6, 1921. He joined the U.S. Army Air Corp following the World War II draft and later completed his training as a B-24 co-pilot. Swedzinski was assigned to the 15th Air Force stationed in Spinazzola, Italy where he completed 37 missions between April and July 1944. During his last mission on July 19, 1944, Swedzinski and his crew were shot down and spent 42 days behind enemy lines with the French resistance. Raymond returned to the United States as a heavily decorated veteran. In July 1945, he married his wife Irene in which they raised four children together. They lived in Taunton and farmed. Swedzinski remained an active member of his community until his death on July 26, 2000. He is buried at the Saints Cyril and Methodius Catholic Cemetery in Taunton. Swedzinski received the following awards for his military service: Distinguished Flying Cross, Victory WWII, Air Medal w/ Oak Leaf Cluster, Purple Heart, Presidential Unit Citation, European Theater Operations, and the French Cour de Gurre. Transcript Summary: In an interview conducted on February 3, 1990, Raymond (Swede) Swedzinski discussed with his life prior to the World War II draft and his fascination for aircrafts. As the draft approached Swedzinski knew his draft number was approaching, so he joined the Air Force Cadets to learn to fly. Swedzinski recalled his initial failure of the eye exam, resulting in becoming an aircraft mechanic. He was not satisfied with performing maintenance and took the eye exam a second time and passed. Swedzinski detailed his experiences during training, earning his wings, his assignment, and flight course to Italy, as well as his crew in which he was assigned co-pilot. In Italy, Swedinski's crew was assigned to the 460th and the 762nd Bomb Squadron. Here he recalled missions to bomb strategic German factories and other important Axis strongholds. Swedzinski recalled in much detail about the day his crew was shot down over France in July 1944 and the events that followed. He and his crew spent 42 days in hiding with the French resistance. They were finally liberated after the Allied forces pushed the Germans out of France from the south. The crew made their way back to their base where they were sent back to the United States. After some rest, Swedzinski spent the rest of World War II flying gunners and became an instructor. At the end of the interview, Swedzinski discussed the Vietnam War and the draft evaders. Interview by David Overy

Biographical Information: Henry P. Hervey, Jr., was born on September 3, 1922, in New Orleans, Louisiana, but was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Hervey served active duty in the United States Air Force as a Tuskegee Airman in World War II and the Korean War. He married his wife, Gwendolyn, in 1943, and had two children, Diane and Ramon. Outside of his military career, Hervey attended Northwestern University School of Business and graduated with B.A. degrees in accounting and business administration. Hervey worked as a managing officer for the new Service Federal Savings and Loan Association, going from cashier to president at the Independence Bank of Chicago. After four years as a consultant to the National Bankers Association, he joined Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company, retiring in 1996. Hervey died from cancer in 2003. Transcript Summary: Henry P. Hervey, Jr., described his experiences as a Tuskegee Airman in World War II. In 1941, Hervey joined the Civil Air Patrol and, later, joined the Civilian Pilot Training Program. After his training, he was sworn into the United States Air Corps Reserves and awaited assignment to the Tuskegee Army Air Base. Hervey detailed his experiences with racism, segregation, and discrimination as a pilot in the Air Force and as a civilian in the American South. He discussed the segregated training and living quarters, as well as the treatment by white superiors and white counterparts onto African-Americans. Lastly, Hervey described his thoughts and feelings toward the Air Force and his experiences as a pilot. Overall, he said that he left with positive feelings, because it allowed him and other African Americans an opportunity to overcome negative stereotypes and advance through the military. Interview by David Overy Thank you to the Minnesota Digital Library for digitizing the audio for the interview, as well as the creation of the transcript.

Biographical Information: Frank T. Hylla was born on March 6, 1919 in Holdingford, Minnesota, to Rochus Hylla and Stanislawaa Rudnicki. He joined the military in August 1940 and served in the United States Army Air Corps as a pilot during World War II. He was first lieutenant. Hylla served in the 465th Bomb Group, 781st Bomb Squadron and was a prisoner of war for eleven months in Sagan, Germany. After the war, Hylla owned and operated Cold Spring Television until he retired in 1983. Hylla married Florence Loehlein on October 18, 1941 in Del Mar, California and had five children – Sandra, Theron, Daryl, Judy, and Timothy. He died June 25, 2002 at age 83 and buried in the Minnesota State Veterans Cemetery in Little Falls, Minnesota. Transcript Summary: Frank T. Hylla joined the service in August 1940 and served in the peacetime army as coast artillery anti-aircraft. Hylla then join the Army Air Corps to become a pilot. He recalled his experiences during flight training and discussed life at base camp in Italy including life at the medical hospital. He reflected on his first bombing mission in May 1944 and his duties as a pilot. Hylla was shot down June 30, 1944 on the way to Blechhammer, Russia. Hylla was captured and was a prisoner of war at Stalag Luft III for four months. He talked about life at the camp and said Stalag Luft III did not have terrible conditions. Then they were marched to Stalag VII-A, which had far worse conditions and was also a holding pen for Jews that were to be exterminated at Dachau. Hylla recounted how he was interrogated and beat up by a German officer in Budapest for two hours but did not divulge any information. He said most of the older German prison guards were okay, but the younger ones were far worse. In late April 1945, the American 14th Armored Division liberated Stalag VII-A. Hylla described how hard it was to adjust to civilian life when her returned to the United States after the war. He said his temper changed and was more antagonistic. Hylla experienced nightmares and much worry. Hylla felt some resentment and bitterness toward the men who never served or saw action. His advice to prisoners of war in Iraq was to have faith as they are more prepared to handle life due to the experiences of POWs from WWI, WWII, Korea, and Vietnam. Interview by David Overy

Biographical Information: Ralph E. Krafnick was born on May 10, 1917 in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He attended St. Mary's grade school then Cathedral High School until 1937 when he joined the Navy. After Krafnick retired from the Navy and Army in 1959, he was employed by the Minnesota State University System for 20 years, including some time at St. Cloud State in the mid-1960s. He retired in 1979. Krafnick was involved in many veterans groups in St. Cloud and Waite Park, MN, including founding member and past president of the Pearl Harbor Survivors Association, Minnesota Chapter. He married Renee Buttweiler on October 31, 1942 in Oakland, California. Renee passed away in 1987. On September 23, 1989, Krafnick married Dolores Barbarossa in St. Cloud. He passed away on March 17, 2013 at the St. Cloud Veterans Affairs Medical Center at the age of 95. His daughter Mary was a long time employee at St. Cloud State University, retiring in 2006 from the University Library. Transcript Summary: Krafnick discussed only briefly his education before describing his military background. He joined the National Guard when he was 16 years old and was also with the Civilian Military Training Corp. In 1937, Krafnick joined the Navy and trained at Great Lakes, where he played basketball before shipping out in San Diego on a destroyer. He described his experiences, duties, activities and travels while on the destroyer. Krafnick described the experiences of the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He was playing catch on the deck of the USS New Orleans when Japanese planes attacked. During the attack, he manned a gun on ship as well as carrying ammunition and loading the guns. Krafnick said only one sailor was hurt from the attack on the USS New Orleans. He discussed in detail the experience and the crew's response to the crisis. What Krafnick remembered most was how the Navy got together quickly to react to the crisis. Krafnick did see action in the Pacific Theatre at Guadalcanal, Coral Sea, and Midway but did not go into any detail. Lastly, Krafnick discussed more about his relations, duties, and experiences aboard naval ships after World War II. He traveled and took pictures whenever he could of the places he visited. During the Korean War, Krafnick was in the Army. After the Korean War, he rejoined the Navy and was recruiting sailors in St. Cloud. In 1959, Krafnick was asked to be stationed in Korea. He refused and decided to retire from military service instead. Interview by David Overy

Biographical information: Richard Welch was born January 1, 1943, in Crookston, Minnesota. He earned a Bachelor of Science from Moorhead State University; a Master of Science from St. Cloud State University; and a Master of Arts from Syracuse University. He and his wife Marie have three children. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1977 to 1984. Here he represented Anoka, Benton, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs and Sherburne Counties, serving in District 18A (1977-1982) and District 19A (1983-1984). He lived in rural Cambridge, Minnesota. Before entering the Legislature, he was a special education teacher and administrator. Transcript summary: During his senior year in high school in Crookston, Minnesota, he and three friends joined the National Guard. While in the Guard, Welch and his friends envisioned being sent off to war during the Berlin Wall crisis and the Cuban Missile crisis. Welch met his future wife during their junior years at Moorhead State in Moorhead, Minnesota. After two years teaching sixth grade in the White Bear Lake school district, he was hired to teach special education in St. Cloud. After receiving his master's degree, Welch was hired as director of special education for 10 school districts in the Wadena area. Beginning in 1973, he directed the special education program at Cambridge State Hospital. In the 1976 election, Welch was the DFL nominee and he won a three-way race for the Minnesota House of Representatives where he served from 1977 to 1984. He served on the Appropriations, Criminal Justice and Health and Welfare committees. Legislation relating to youth employment was a major concern. Welch avoided proposing legislation affecting his profession to maintain credibility with his colleagues. He focused on education programs at the state's correctional institutions and improving post-secondary education in his district. Welch talked about how his legislative district was split three ways – people who lived and worked in the area, commuters to the Twin Cities, and commuters to St. Cloud.

Biographical information: Medora Petersen was born in May 1896 in Meriden, Steele County, Minnesota. Her father's family came from Pennsylvania to Minnesota in a covered wagon. For short time she was Minnesota's first lady. Her husband, Hjalmar Petersen, was Minnesota lieutenant governor in 1936 when Governor. Floyd B. Olson died in office. Petersen served as Minnesota governor for five months to complete the term but did not run for re-election. Medora attended Iowa State University, where she was the first student to earn a graduate degree in early childhood development. After graduation, she taught at Ohio State University. She returned to Minnesota to work on a doctorate but met he future husband and became first lady before finishing her schooling. Medora and her husband published the Askov American until his death in 1968. She continued to write for the paper until she sold it in the 1980s. Medora died on April 7, 1997 in Willmar, Minnesota. Transcript summary: In an interview recorded August 13, 1973, Medora Petersen talked about her early life on a farm in Steele County. She took the train from Meriden to Owatonna for high school. She recounted how she met her husband at the University of Minnesota and reflected on his early political career as a legislator. Hjalmar Petersen was an admirer of Governor Floyd B. Olson. She discussed other notable politicians of the era including Minnesota Senators Henrik Shipstead, Elmer Benson and Frank B. Kellogg. She talked about the formation of the DFL party and Hjalmar's unsuccessful 1958 primary run as a Democrat against Eugene McCarthy for US Senate.