Suchergebnisse

The final paper presents the analyses of theoretical and practical methods of space organisation forms. The aim is to find out what forms of space organisation can support communal living. The work consists of four parts. The first part examines the concept of community and its role in society, trying to evaluate its influence on an individual's life and social environment. The second part examines theoretical considerations in examining the impact of the city as a complexity, a space of differences and diversity on human life and its adaptation. The third part examines architectural case studies of the 7th -9th decade of XXth century and the 1st-2nd decade of XXIst century, with an aim to analyse the development of forms of spatial organisation (supporting community life) in a changing social, political and economic context. In the last part, after summarising the theoretical and practical aspects, the conclusions and recommendations of the final work are formed.

The final paper presents the analyses of theoretical and practical methods of space organisation forms. The aim is to find out what forms of space organisation can support communal living. The work consists of four parts. The first part examines the concept of community and its role in society, trying to evaluate its influence on an individual's life and social environment. The second part examines theoretical considerations in examining the impact of the city as a complexity, a space of differences and diversity on human life and its adaptation. The third part examines architectural case studies of the 7th -9th decade of XXth century and the 1st-2nd decade of XXIst century, with an aim to analyse the development of forms of spatial organisation (supporting community life) in a changing social, political and economic context. In the last part, after summarising the theoretical and practical aspects, the conclusions and recommendations of the final work are formed.

Juridical Status of the Manager of Enterprise, Institution or Organization is analyzed in the Thesis. Aiming to define the Manager of which Legal Person will be discussed also based on the situation that juridical status of a Managers of different Juridical Persons differ, the conception, origin and classification of Juridical Persons is given in the Thesis. Development of juridical status of private and public Juridical Persons is analyzed while comparing the development and current status of the Mangers of Juridical Persons from the point of view of legislative establishments and juridical opinion. The development of juridical status of Managers of most common Private Juridical Persons – Joint Stock Companies and Public Juridical Persons – Public Entities was analyzed more precisely. One of the elements of juridical status of a Manager – his rights and obligations are compared to the rights and obligations of common employee as foreseen in the Labor Code. The rights, obligations, functions, guarantees of a Manager of Juridical Person at the moment the Labor Contract is signed, executed, and terminated are described. Based on the analysis of legislation of juridical practice the responsibility employed to the Manager of Joined Stock Company aiming to determine in which cases civil liability i.e. total responsibilities and in which cases limited material liability based on the Labor Legislation is to be employed is analyzed as well as the limits of liability of a Manager. The responsibility of a Manager of Juridical Person is compared to the responsibility employed to the employee. Disciplinary, administrative, and criminal responsibility of a Manger and a problem of ethical responsibility of a Manager of Public Juridical Persons are discussed shortly, too.

Juridical Status of the Manager of Enterprise, Institution or Organization is analyzed in the Thesis. Aiming to define the Manager of which Legal Person will be discussed also based on the situation that juridical status of a Managers of different Juridical Persons differ, the conception, origin and classification of Juridical Persons is given in the Thesis. Development of juridical status of private and public Juridical Persons is analyzed while comparing the development and current status of the Mangers of Juridical Persons from the point of view of legislative establishments and juridical opinion. The development of juridical status of Managers of most common Private Juridical Persons – Joint Stock Companies and Public Juridical Persons – Public Entities was analyzed more precisely. One of the elements of juridical status of a Manager – his rights and obligations are compared to the rights and obligations of common employee as foreseen in the Labor Code. The rights, obligations, functions, guarantees of a Manager of Juridical Person at the moment the Labor Contract is signed, executed, and terminated are described. Based on the analysis of legislation of juridical practice the responsibility employed to the Manager of Joined Stock Company aiming to determine in which cases civil liability i.e. total responsibilities and in which cases limited material liability based on the Labor Legislation is to be employed is analyzed as well as the limits of liability of a Manager. The responsibility of a Manager of Juridical Person is compared to the responsibility employed to the employee. Disciplinary, administrative, and criminal responsibility of a Manger and a problem of ethical responsibility of a Manager of Public Juridical Persons are discussed shortly, too.

Personal relationship between head of an enterprise, companie or organization and legal person is not homogeneous, they are complex. Head is an integral and inseparable part of those legal entities, thanks to its, legal persons may be able to exercise their rights and perform their duties. So, on the one hand head is recognized by the laws of legal person's management body. On the other hand, these relationships are characterized by the employee and employer connecting element of an employment relationship. Given the significance of the functions performed by the head, his legal status of the evaluation is important not only to the head or employer which took him to the office, but also society as a whole. Thus, in this work we analyze the legislature, the judiciary and legal academics approach to the legal status of the head of an enterprise, company or organization. Specificity of legal status of the head is revealed by examining signature, execution and termination of employment contract, and also head responsibility. After analyzing legal status of the head of an enterprise, company and organization governing law, opinion of the legislator and legal scholar, we concluded, that approach to the legal status of the head is non-permanent and variable.

Personal relationship between head of an enterprise, companie or organization and legal person is not homogeneous, they are complex. Head is an integral and inseparable part of those legal entities, thanks to its, legal persons may be able to exercise their rights and perform their duties. So, on the one hand head is recognized by the laws of legal person's management body. On the other hand, these relationships are characterized by the employee and employer connecting element of an employment relationship. Given the significance of the functions performed by the head, his legal status of the evaluation is important not only to the head or employer which took him to the office, but also society as a whole. Thus, in this work we analyze the legislature, the judiciary and legal academics approach to the legal status of the head of an enterprise, company or organization. Specificity of legal status of the head is revealed by examining signature, execution and termination of employment contract, and also head responsibility. After analyzing legal status of the head of an enterprise, company and organization governing law, opinion of the legislator and legal scholar, we concluded, that approach to the legal status of the head is non-permanent and variable.

Master's thesis aims to draw attention to the problems of regulation of non-governmental organisations activity in the field of health care and therefore, the possibilities of activity of non-governmental organisations in Lithuanian health care system are analysed through the prism of legal regulation. The work reveals that the concept of NGO is regulated ambiguously, which leads to complication in law-making. Moreover, the demand for such organisations in the field of health care is very relevant; however, in legislation it is formal only. The second part of the work revealed that the organisations representing the patients do not have enough actual possibilities to participate in the formation of health policy and cannot meet their objectives in full, which is to represent the rights of patients. The experience of Great Britain is presented as an example of good cooperation between NGOs and the government.

Master's thesis aims to draw attention to the problems of regulation of non-governmental organisations activity in the field of health care and therefore, the possibilities of activity of non-governmental organisations in Lithuanian health care system are analysed through the prism of legal regulation. The work reveals that the concept of NGO is regulated ambiguously, which leads to complication in law-making. Moreover, the demand for such organisations in the field of health care is very relevant; however, in legislation it is formal only. The second part of the work revealed that the organisations representing the patients do not have enough actual possibilities to participate in the formation of health policy and cannot meet their objectives in full, which is to represent the rights of patients. The experience of Great Britain is presented as an example of good cooperation between NGOs and the government.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systemising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systemising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

It is admitted that issues of motivation for voluntary participation were little analysed in context of management (e.g., Marcinkevičiūtė, 2010; Christauskas, Petrauskiene, Marcinkeviciute, 2012). In Lithuania the topic of citizen involvement is particularly popular in political science (e.g., citizen political participation is actively analysed in publications by Imbrasaitė (2009a, b; 2010; 2011) etc). This article focuses on managerial context, therefore relevance of the topic and comparison of data of empirical research is based on increasing attention of scientists (e.g., Tijunaitiene, Neverauskas, Balciunas, 2009b; Petukienė, 2010; Buzaitytė – Kašalynienė, Narkeliūnaitė, 2011; Raipa, Buškevičiūtė, 2011; Stumbraitė-Vilkišienė, 2011; Christauskas et al., 2012; Gudžinskienė, Kurapkaitienė, Januškevičiūtė, 2013) to motivation to participate in civil society organisations and participation of individual segments. [.]

It is admitted that issues of motivation for voluntary participation were little analysed in context of management (e.g., Marcinkevičiūtė, 2010; Christauskas, Petrauskiene, Marcinkeviciute, 2012). In Lithuania the topic of citizen involvement is particularly popular in political science (e.g., citizen political participation is actively analysed in publications by Imbrasaitė (2009a, b; 2010; 2011) etc). This article focuses on managerial context, therefore relevance of the topic and comparison of data of empirical research is based on increasing attention of scientists (e.g., Tijunaitiene, Neverauskas, Balciunas, 2009b; Petukienė, 2010; Buzaitytė – Kašalynienė, Narkeliūnaitė, 2011; Raipa, Buškevičiūtė, 2011; Stumbraitė-Vilkišienė, 2011; Christauskas et al., 2012; Gudžinskienė, Kurapkaitienė, Januškevičiūtė, 2013) to motivation to participate in civil society organisations and participation of individual segments. [.]

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systematising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The master's thesis analyses anti-corruption recommendations issued to Lithuania during the period from 2005 to 2015 by international organisations – Council of Europe (GRECO), European Union and United Nations – and examines their role in reducing corruption in Lithuania. Part one examines the issue of definition and measurement of corruption, formation of collective "anti-corruption" identity, internalisation of international norms and compliance with them, following the theory of constructivism. Part two analyses three anti-corruption assessment mechanisms applied in Lithuania, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, collecting and systematising the recommendations issued to Lithuania by them. Part three explains the methodology of empirical research conducted to assess the role of anti-corruption recommendations in Lithuania. Part four analyses and summarises findings of qualitative research based on an in-depth individual interview with research participants who have had previous experience of working with international assessment mechanisms and implementation of the anti-corruption recommendations issued by them.

The institutions of European Union offen use the experience and knowledge of seconded national experts. Thus executive abilities of institutions are improved, efficiency of work is increased and national experts get a better opportunity to upgrade their working skills as well as familiarize with the international institutions. The secondment is also used for building the political networks or a specific bridge between European Union and the member states. However, recently more and more weaknesses of secondment are being found. First of all, it does not necesarily guarantee expert's promotion or bring a benefit to national institutions either. Moreover, the political networks built by seconded national experts mostly are nondurable. The applicants for the secondment must meet the strict requirements and pass both national and european selections. The secondment lasts from six months to two years and can be renewed up to a total period not exceeding four years. All this period the national employer who sent the experts on the secondment continues to pay salary and guarantees their position and social security. Whereas EU institution pays only the additional expenses of secondment. Despite this, the seconded national experts have to be loyal to the EU institution under whose supervision they work and do not privilege their national employer or state. The possibility of clash of interests is decreased by restricting the discretion of the seconded national experts. The concept of secondment is based on the assumption that seconded national experts return to their national employer after the termination of their secondment. However, according to the statistics many of seconded national experts choose further career in EU institutions or private sector instead of returning to their home organisation, which can not offer career opportunities that seconded national experts expect. It is forbidden seconded national experts to take any direction from member state or to represent it. Nevertheless, the decision-making behaviour of the experts can be divided into intergovernmental, supranational, departmental and epistemic. The studies demonstrated that most of seconded national experts give their preferences to departmental and epistemic behaviour, while the intergovernmental behaviour occurs least.