Suchergebnisse

The right to a healthy environment and other ecological rights are, at the same time, human and economic-social rights. Many things can endanger nature, and consequently man. So ecological problems are: social, economic, politic and cultural ones. Ecological consciousness and freedom mean, also, the particular rights of citizens and the main one is the right to a healthy natural environment. Contrary to other rights, ecological ones are determined by way of negative definition -by bans. It obliges society to provide reasons for the accomplishment, as well as everyone's duty for earth, water and sea exploitation (it must be without endangering the environment). Ecological consciousness and freedom are conditions for man to act free in nature, contributing to health, security and humanity. The usage of depleted uranium munitions was only indirectly forbidden (by the General convention which is against environmental pollution) up to its mass application in the last decade of the XX century (Iraq, Bosnia, Yugoslavia). The United Nations are on their way of adding depleted uranium to the list of forbidden weapons, as has been already done with chemical and biological weapons and land mines. During 1996. and 1997, munitions with depleted uranium were put on the list of weapons for mass destruction with long lasting effects, by a Resolution of the United Nations. Radioactive material, with which the weapon is fried, dispersed on the ground continues to cause harm even when the war actions are finished and there is no excuse for its application even when it is said to be a low radioactive material. By decision of the NATO Political Committee about the "lack" reasons for a ban of the use of the munitions, the worldwide consensus on this subject has been directly violated. The explanation that the material is harmless for health is wrong; depleted uranium is dangerous, it is radioactive. The International Radiation Protection Association - IRPA, including materials, statistics, epidemiological studies, concludes that every use of radiation should be strictly forbidden and must be avoided under all circumstances. Depleted uranium is called an invisible threat and the consequences of contamination, either incidental or accidental, like accidents of civilian planes with counterweights of depleted uranium, the disaster of the disaster. For these reasons its other name Silver Bullet (for the extremely strong fire balls which are formed after the projectile strikes a solid target) has been pushed into the BACKGROUND: . On the other hand DU "can not" distinguish civilians from soldiers, conquerors from the conquered, children from soldiers, children of their children. and for that its name has been changed to the Deadly Bullet. An invisible threat which continues to cause unexplained illness in people who have been in contact with it, deformities of newly borne babies and genetic handicaps for future generations, simply - a total overkill. Are these enough to ban its usage or do we need something more?. ; Osiromašeni uranijum je otpad koji treba na odgovarajući način deponovati i koji je, našavši primenu za izradu specijalne municije, postao zbog svojih sekundarnih efekata predmet sukobljavanja mišljenja i interesa onih koji ga koriste i drugih koji osećaju njegove "posledice". Iza dobrog marketinškog pristupa o efikasnosti, ubojitosti, preciznosti municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom, iza hvalospeva o njegovom preimućstvu nad ostalom municijom ostaje kontaminirana životna sredina, mrtvi vojnici i civili, ali i teška genetska oštećenja. Cilj ovog rada je ukazivanje na štetnost upotrebe municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom kako na lokalnom tako i na globalnom nivou.

Depleted uranium is a highly toxic and low radioactive waste; an off-product of the uranium enrichment process and represents dangerous radioactive waste for man and the environment. Up to the 1970-ies was stored, but from the beginning of the seventies it has been used for missile hard core production which seems to be very efficient for armor brakes (penetration). But except for its immediate efficiency, for which there is no dought, depleted uranium remains at the location in the form of tiny particles and smog as an "invisible threat", being almost permanently dangerous for people and environment (4,5-109 years). That is the reason of the great publicity, which in the last decade, from the Gulf War (1991) when munition with depleted uranium was massively used for the first time, which grew into a real campaign against this munition which is unselective, inhumane and causes consequences for both the conquered and conquerors. In the name of humanity, the environment and finally the protection of life on Earth, the campaign has lead to a proposal to ban its usage. On the other - hand, from the military viewpoint, these are - ideal weapons. As the ideal - does not exist, in a series of papers we shall try to present the cycle of depleted uranium movement, from the separation of unusable material (which implies expensive for storage, but cheal almost free of cost, for giving to possible users) in the process of nuclear fuel enrichment to use for munitions production. The last stage is not complete consequences of the use of munitions with depleted uranium, because they are unpredictable, unselective and eternal. In the first part of the serial the fundamental terms connected with the process of radiation to which people are permanently exposed are given and also legal regulations for health protection. Also, a review of all the terms connected with radiation are given, as well as the scale of degrees of human exposure to radiation. A review of the properties of uranium, as the last element of the periodical system of elements which can be found in nature, its origin and migration in the environment are also given, and the data for natural and depleted uranium compared. Finally, the origin and structure of nuclear fuel is given with strict emphasis of the fact that it is waste material. ; Osiromašeni uranijum je toksičan, nus proizvod procesa obogaćivanja uranijuma i predstavlja vrlo opasan radioaktivni otpad. Sve do sedamdesetih godina XX veka bio je skladišten, da bi početkom sedamdesetih počeo da se koristi za izradu tvrdog jezgra (penetratora) projektila. Međutim, osim trenutne efikasnosti koja nije sporna, osiromašeni uranijum, u vidu veoma sitnih čestica i aerosola predstavlja opasnost po ljude i životnu sredinu gotovo večito (4,5 , 10g godina). To je i razlog velikog publiciteta koji je poslednje decenije XX veka, od Zalivskog rata 1991. god. kada su projektili sa osiromašenim uranijumom prvi put masovno upotrebljeni, prerastao u pravu kampanju protiv ove municije koja je neselektivna, nehumana i izaziva posledice i kod pobednika i kod pobeđenih. U ime zaštite ljudi, životne sredine i života na Zemlji uopšte, vodi se kampanja za potpunu zabranu korišćenja osiromašenog uranijuma, koji je, sa druge strane, po vojnim kriterijuma - idealan. U nekoliko radova prikazaće se ciklus kretanja osiromašenog uranijuma, od odvajanja kao beskorisnog materijala pri procesu obogaćivanja nuklearnog goriva do primene za izradu municije. Poslednja etapa - posledice primene municije punjene sa osiromašenim uranijumom jesu i biće predmet mnogih izučavanja i analiza u budućnosti. U ovom radu dati su osnovni pojmovi vezani za proces zračenja kojem je čovek neprekidno izložen, kao i zakonska regulativa koja se odnosi na zaštitu čoveka od zračenja. Takođe, dat je prikaz svih pojmova koji se odnose na zračenje, kao i normativi stepena izloženosti čoveka zračenju. Analiziraju se, između ostalog, svojstva uranijuma kao poslednjeg elementa u periodnom sistemu elemenata koji se nalazi u prirodi, njegovo poreklo i migracija u životnoj sredini, pri čemu su upoređeni podaci vezani za prirodni i osiromašeni uranijum. Na kraju, daje se nastanak i sastav osiromašenog uranijuma koji nastaje pri procesu kruženja u nuklearnom gorivnom ciklusu, gde se decidirano podvlači da je to otpadni materijal.

Depleted uranium is a highly toxic and low radioactive waste: an off-product of the uranium enrichment process. It is a dangerous radioactive waste for man and the environment. Up to the seventies of the XX century it was stored. From the beginning, of the seventies it has been used for missile hard core production which seems to be very efficient for armor brakes (penetration). But except for its immediate efficiency, for which there is no doubt, depleted uranium stays on location in the form of tiny particles and smog as "invisible threat", being dangerous for people and the environment almost forever (4,5 , 109years). That is the reason for the great publicity, which in the last decade, from the Gulf War (1991) when munitions with depleted uranium were massively used for the first time, exceeded in the real campaign against these munitions which is unselective, inhuman and causes consequences for both the conquered and conquerors. In the name of humanity, the environment and quality of life on the Earth, a campaign has been led to place a ban on its usage. From the military viewpoint these are - ideal weapons. As the ideal - does not exist, in this serial the cycle of depleted uranium movement will be presented from the separation of unusable material (which means expensive for storage but cheap almost free of cost, for giving to possible users) in the process of nuclear fuel enrichment to a use for munitions production. The last stage is not finished, yet the consequences of use of munitions with depleted uranium, because they are unpredictable, unselective and eternal. In the second part of the serial the radioactive characteristics of depleted uranium are explained in detail, as well as descendants of its radioactive degradation. Also, an explanation of the chemical toxicity of depleted uranium is given in the case when it is inhaled or ingested, when it circulates through the body and attacks primarily bone marrow, lungs and kidneys, with terrible consequences; cancer, leukemia and genetic changes. In relation with those consequences of the use of these munitions on the population and on soldiers -war veterans who have been in combat, and further more their offsoring are presented. Finally, lessons for the use of munitions with depleted uranium which must be learned are emphasized with only one aim - not ever to be again. ; U drugom delu serije posvećene problemu "osiromašenog" uranijuma detaljno su objašnjene radiološke karakteristike osiromašenog uranijuma i potomci njegovog radioaktivnog raspada. Objašnjena je takođe hemijska toksičnost osiromašenog uranijuma koji, unet inhalacijom ili ingestijom u čovekov organizam, cirkuliše kroz telo i napada primarno koštanu srž, pluća i bubrege, gde izaziva kancer, leukemiju i genetske promené. U skladu sa tim prikazane su posledice primene municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom po stanovništvo, ali i po vojnike - veterane koji su učestvovali u borbenim dejstvima i dalje na njihovo potomstvo. Na kraju, ukazanu je na iskustva i rezultate iz korišćenja municije sa osiromašenim uranijumom.

The use of ammunition primed with depleted uranium is one of the hallmarks of modern combat operations, resulting in environmental contamination by particles of depleted uranium and uranium oxide, scattered around in the form of submicron-scale aerosols. This paper examined the protective effectiveness of the Serbian military's M3 protective face mask in relation to the presence of airborne depleted uranium and its by-products. Sodium chloride in solid aerosol form was used as a test substance and adequate physical simulator of such radioactive aerosols because its granulometric (particle) size distribution met the requirements of suitability as a simulator. Determination of aerosol concentration was carried out by flame photometry method, whilst granulometric distribution was determined by an electric particles analyzer. It was established that the total internal leakage of the M3 protective mask was as much a function of the penetration of particles through the combined M3 filter as of the leaks along the fitting line of the user's face mask and the inhalation valve. In terms of its protective effect against aerosols of depleted uranium and associated oxides, the Serbian M3 protective mask was determined to be of high efficiency and physiological suitability. ; Upotreba municije laborisane osiromašenim uranijumom predstavlja jedno od obeležja savremenih borbenih dejstava. Pri tome dolazi do kontaminacije životne sredine česticama osiromašenog uranijuma i oksidima uranijuma koje se raspršavaju u okolinu u formi aerosola submikronskih razmera. U radu je ispitivana efikasnost srpske vojne zaštitne maske M3 u odnosu na prisustvo osiromašenog uranijuma i njegovih produkata u vazduhu. Kao test supstancija i adekvatan fizički simulator ovakvih radioaktivnih aerosola korišćen je čvrsti aerosol NaCl čija granulometrijska raspodela veličine čestica ispunjava uslove za njegovu podobnost kao simulatora. Određivanje koncentracije ovih aerosola obavljeno je metodom plamene fotometrije, a granulometrijska raspodela električnim analizatorom čestica. Pokazano je da ukupno unutrašnje propuštanje zaštitne maske zavisi podjednako od prodiranja čestica kroz kombinovani filter M3, kao i od propuštanja na liniji naleganja obrazine na lice korisnika i kroz ventil izdisanja. Utvrđena je visoka efikasnost i fiziološka podobnost srpske zaštitne maske M3 u zaštiti od aerosola osiromašenog uranijuma i njegovih oksida.

Bombardovanje Jugoslavije 1999. godine izazvalo je kontroverzna pitanja vezana za legitimnost, opravdanje svrhe, efikasnost i uticaj na zdravlje građana Srbije. Upečatljiv nedostatak jasnog i nedvosmislenog zajedničkog naučnog stava o uticaju i štetnosti upotrebe oružja sa osiromašenim uranijumom (DU - depleted uranium), kao i nedostatak jasnog političkog i pravnog stava međunarodnih i nacionalnih institucija, decenijama su podsticale javno mnjenje, povećavajući dvosmislenosti u rešavanju ovog izuzetno važnog pitanja. Očigledno je da će, bez dovoljnog i pouzdanog istraživanja o dugoročnom uticaju bombardovanja sa ovim oružjem, biti veoma teško oblikovati utemeljenu i verodostojnu međunarodnu politiku u vezi sa upotrebom oružja sa osiromašenim uranijumom. Štaviše, to će izazvati konflikte i povećati "javnu maglu" u kojoj neće biti moguće predstaviti objektivni obim štete i neće biti moguće dokazati ili odbaciti ako se oružje sa osiromašenim uranijumom zabrani. U slučaju Savezne Republike Jugoslavije, skoro 20 godina nakon bombardovanja, srpska vlada je uspostavila Komisiju sa ciljem procene ukupnog uticaja bombardovanja Srbije sa DU. Tokom ove dve decenije, izgubljene su šanse da se građani i područja koja su bila izložena DU temeljno i kontinuirano prate, uprkos činjenici da je bombardovanje SRJ bilo prvi slučaj u kome je NATO bio prinuđen da javno potvrdi upotrebu municije sa DU. Rad se bavi pitanjem: Kako je izgrađeno javno mnjenje u odsustvu pouzdanih podataka? Teorijska pozadina u ovom pristupu zasniva se na teorijama javnog mnjenja koje pretpostavljaju da se "pojedinci ne okreću medijima primarno zbog istine ili informacija, oni se okreću medijima kako bi sami sebi definisali društvenu stvarnost" (Moy & Bosch, 2013). To znači da je javno mnjenje, a posebno javno mišljenje o kontroverznim pitanjima koja nisu predstavljena na transparentan i objektivan način, izgrađena na stereotipima uokvirenim političkim pretpostavkama i afinitetima, bez jasne razlike između činjenica i preferencija. U radu je prikazan rezultat onlajn ankete sprovedene na uzorku od 534 građana Srbije, u kojoj smo pokušali da koristimo gore pomenuti pristup kao hipotezu i da je operacionalizujemo i dokažemo. Rezultati pokazuju da stav o štetnom uticaju oružja DU u velikoj meri zavisi od političke sklonosti ispitanika prema Istoku ili Zapadu i njihovih pogleda na to kako bi trebalo rešiti krizu na Kosovu. Takođe je snažno povezana sa njihovom pozitivnom / negativnom identifikacijom sa srpskim nacionalnim identitetom. ; The bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 has raised controversial questions concerning its legitimacy, justification, efficacy, and its impact on the health of Serbia's citizens. A striking lack of a clear and unambiguous common scientific attitude concerning the impact and harm of employing DU weapons, together with the absence of a clear political and legal attitude of international and national institutions, have been stirring up public opinion for decades, magnifying the ambiguity in dealing with this extremely important issue. It is obvious that, without sufficient and reliable research into the long-term impact of bombing with DU munitions, it will be very difficult to shape a grounded and plausible international policy concerning the usage of depleted uranium weapons. Moreover, it will provoke conflicts and increase 'the public fog' making it impossible to present an objective scope of damage and prove or refute the argument that DU weapons should be banned. In the case of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, almost 20 years after the bombing, the Serbian government established a Commission aimed at estimating the overall impact of DU 'bombing' of Serbia. During these two decades, the chances of a thorough and continual monitoring of the citizens and areas which had been exposed to DU were missed, in spite of the fact that the bombing of the FRY was the first case in which NATO had been forced to publicly confirm their usage of DU munitions. The paper addresses the following question: How is public opinion built in the absence of reliable data? The theoretical background in this approach is based on the theories of public opinion which assume that "individuals turned to the media to help themselves define social reality." (Moy & Bosch, 2013). This means that public opinion, particularly public opinion on controversial issues which are not presented in a transparent and objective way, is built on stereotypes framed by political assumptions and affinities, without making a clear distinction between facts and preferences. The paper presents the results of an online survey conducted on the sample of 534 Serbian citizens, in which we tried to use the above-mentioned approach as a hypothesis and to operationalize and prove it. The results show that attitudes toward the harmful effects of DU munitions depend greatly on the respondents' political affinities for the East or the West and their views on how the Kosovo crisis should be resolved. It also correlates significantly to their positive/negative identification with the Serbian national identity.

There is neither adequately developed environment consciousness nor adequate representation of suitable orientations regarding this question among prominent parliamentary parties in Serbia. Relatively, when it does exist, the need for profit and economic development if regularly put in the first place, with the exception of SPS, which regularly insists on the politics of sustainable development. In this sense, Serbia is not an exemption regarding the other countries in transition. Unfortunately, regression is noticeable with some parties (DS) regarding this question - in sense that it is not mentioned any more in party documents, although it used to have a significant place in their older orientational documents. Other greater parliamentary parties are oriented to the sustainable development, some of them very comprehensively and universally (DSS, LDP in its Manifesto), some only by principle (G17+) and implicitly (SRS, SNS, PUPS), while some of them, like JS and NS do not mention at all in their programs the question of environment protection, while some treat environment only as the source of profit (SPO). Simultaneously, the parties oriented to the politics of sustainable development have no power to point out the specific problems with which our country has confronted after the NATO aggression and bombardment with at least 9 tons of depleted uranium. Out of parliament Green environmental party - the GREEN from Novi Pazar is the only party pronouncing clearly and socially responsible on this question. The other environmental party - the Green of Serbia has an outstanding globalistic attitude, pleading for sustainable development and non-violence, but with avoiding such concretization. ; U radu se vrši analiza sadržaja osnovnih programskih dokumenata najvećih parlamentarnih partija i jedine dve registrovane partije 'zelenih' u Srbiji sa stanovišta njihovog (ne)opredeljivanja za politiku održivog razvoja. Primenjen je, gde je to bilo moguće, hronološki pristup: kako su se menjali stavovi partija po ovom pitanju u 20-godišnjem periodu od reuspostavljanja višestranačja u Srbiji.