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In 1992, Canada had to stop the profitable northern cod fishing industry in Newfoundland. The fish were being harvested into extinction, and previous efforts to save the cod weren't enough. Today, more than 20 years later, the ban on cod fishing remains! Readers will learn that overfishing is a real, tangible problem all around the world. Overfishing effects habitats and animals of all kinds, from the desirable bluefin tuna to the endangered sea turtles accidentally caught in nets. Detailed content introduces readers to a controversial conservation issue while sidebars add lots of fascinating social studies and science facts

Controversial nature of environmental crime and its modi operandi made the author to direct his attention to the problem of overfishing with its intricate phenomenological structure being reflection of complex environmental criminal activities. This work is backboned by paradox of environmental crime general presence followed by its drastic essence and "default low profile" being illustrated by the author's analyzing of overfishing criminal threat. Methodologically, right after initial general overview, the author introduces us to the devastating mosaic of environmental crime and its key segments, just like to its relations with other types of criminal activities. Subsequently, focus of the article shifts from targeting environmental crime to overfishing, as one of the almost daily and most frequent criminal activities and a factor in the devastation of fish stocks with unforeseeable consequences to the detriment of both nature and man. Besides determining the phenomenon of overfishing, the author puts forward typology of criminal activities as inevitable fragments of overfishing conceptual totality. Particular section of the paper is addressed by the author to the specific links among overfishing modi operandi and the whole range of various illicit activities. This is exact section set by the author to confirm his claim about actively presented conditional correlation among close phenomena ranged differently, in relation to some other phenomena likely linked to them. In nuce, if broader term is connected to other particular terms, then narrower term, derived from the same phenomenological milieu, must be related to those terms, as well. As an example, the author presents ratio between environmental crime, as broader term, and overfishing, as narrower one. Finally, as conclusion, the author warns of overfishing consequences and suggests some possible ways to combat this kind of environmental crime.

This is the final version. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record. ; The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author ; Small-scale fisheries are an important source of food, income and cultural identity to millions of people worldwide. Despite many fisher people observing declining catches, a lack of data remains a barrier to understanding the status of small-scale fisheries and their effective management in many places. Where data exist, complex analyses and stock assessments are often beyond the capacity and budgets of local managers. Working with small-scale fisheries in western Madagascar, we analyze landings data to provide a description of the fishery and evaluate the top twenty most commonly caught species for evidence of overfishing. Using length composition data, we use Froese's three simple rules: Let them spawn, let them grow and let the mega-spawners live, as well as Cope and Punt's decision tree to infer if spawning biomass is less than target reference points. We then use length-based parameters to calculate fishing mortality and compare with published estimates of natural mortality to assess overfishing (F > M). Over 17,000 fishing trips were registered over a 2-year period (2010–2012), landing just short of 2 million individual fish. Length data were recorded for a sample of over 120,000 individuals. Fish comprised 95% of landings, with the remainder comprised of other groups including crustaceans (mostly shrimp, crab, and lobster), cephalopods, and holothurians. We provide some of the first evidence that fish species caught in the small-scale fisheries of the Menabe region of Madagascar are experiencing overfishing. The most notable result is that for 13 of the 20 most common species, fishing mortality exceeds natural mortality. Many species had a large proportion of individuals (in some cases 100%) being caught before they reached maturity. Very few species were fished at their optimal size, and there were low numbers of large individuals (mega-spawners) in catches. Overfishing in western Madagascar presents a serious threat to the income, food security and well-being of some of the most vulnerable people in the world. The results of this paper support the call for improved management. However, management approaches should take account of overlapping fisheries and be inclusive to ensure the impacts of management do not undermine the rights of small-scale fishers. Further data are needed to better understand the trends and to improve management but should not hinder pragmatic action. ; European Union's Regional Coastal Management Programme of the Indian Ocean Countries