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The recent default of important Italian agri-business companies provides a challenging issue to be investigated through an appropriate scientific approach. The events involving CIRIO, FERRUZZI or PARMALAT rise an important research question: what are the determinants of performance for Italian companies in the Italian agri – food sector? My aim is not to investigate all the factors that are relevant in explaining performance. Performance depends on a wide set of political, social, economic variables that are strongly interconnected and that are often very difficult to express by formal or mathematical tools. Rather, in my thesis I mainly focus on those aspects that are strictly related to the governance and ownership structure of agri – food companies representing a strand of research that has been quite neglected by previous scholars. The conceptual framework from which I move to justify the existence of a relationship between the ownership structure of a company, governance and performance is the model set up by Airoldi and Zattoni (2005). In particular the authors investigate the existence of complex relationships arising within the company and between the company and the environment that can bring different strategies and performances. They do not try to find the "best" ownership structure, rather they outline what variables are connected and how they could vary endogenously within the whole economic system. In spite of the fact that the Airoldi and Zattoni's model highlights the existence of a relationship between ownership and structure that is crucial for the set up of the thesis the authors fail to apply quantitative analyses in order to verify the magnitude, sign and the causal direction of the impact. In order to fill this gap we start from the literature trying to investigate the determinants of performance. Even in this strand of research studies analysing the relationship between different forms of ownership and performance are still lacking. In this thesis, after a brief description of the Italian agri – food sector and after an introduction including a short explanation of the definitions of performance and ownership structure, I implement a model in which the performance level (interpreted here as Return on Investments and Return on Sales) is related to variables that have been previously identified by the literature as important such as the financial variables (cash and leverage indices), the firm location (North Italy, Centre Italy, South Italy), the power concentration (lower than 25%, between 25% and 50% and between 50% and 100% of ownership control) and the specific agri – food sector (agriculture, food and beverage). Moreover we add a categorical variable representing different forms of ownership structure (public limited company, limited liability company, cooperative) that is the core of our study. All those variables are fully analysed by a preliminary descriptive analysis. As in many previous contributions we apply a panel least squares analysis for 199 Italian firms in the period 1998 – 2007 with data taken from the Bureau Van Dijck Dataset. We apply two different models in which the dependant variables are respectively the Return on Investments (ROI) and the Return on Sales (ROS) indicators. Not surprisingly we find that companies located in the North Italy representing the richest area in Italy perform better than the ones located in the Centre and South of Italy. In contrast with the Modigliani - Miller theorem financial variables could be significant and the specific sector within the agri – food market could play a relevant role. As the power concentration, we find that a strong property control (higher than 50%) or a fragmented concentration (lower than 25%) perform better. This result apparently could suggest that "hybrid" forms of concentrations could create bad functioning in the decision process. As our key variables representing the ownership structure we find that public limited companies and limited liability companies perform better than cooperatives. This is easily explainable by the fact that law establishes that cooperatives are less profit – oriented. Beyond cooperatives public limited companies perform better than limited liability companies and show a more stable path over time. Results are quite consistent when we consider both ROI and ROS as dependant variables. These results should not lead us to claim that public limited company is the "best" among all possible governance structures. First, every governance solution should be considered according to specific situations. Second more robustness analyses are needed to confirm our results. At this stage we deem these findings, the model set up and our approach represent original contributions that could stimulate fruitful future studies aimed at investigating the intriguing issue concerning the effect of ownership structure on the performance levels.

Guns are mere objects. Preventing people from owning them, or limiting their availability, is an infringement of the natural right to property. Guns are also a peculiar good, since they are the key for the protection of liberty and property. In this perspective, gun control is not about guns: it is about control. In fact, government growth may be slowed by private gun ownership. A tyranny is unlikely to occur where people are armed. Historical evidence confirms this point: for example, Adolf Hitler disarmed the German Jews as a premise to their genocide. Moreover, statistics show that private gun ownership does not increase gun accidents or crime; indeed, when private citizens are armed, criminals tend to strike less, or to strike in less lethal ways. Criminals fear armed citizens much more than police forces. Gun control laws, however, are extremely effective in the disarmament of lawabiding citizens; much less in disarming outlaws. The right to keep and bear arms should be maintained where it is recognized, and restored elsewhere. Italy belongs to the latter category. Libertarians' efforts to reduce the size of government require private gun ownership, because privately owned weapons are the only, sensible obstacle to the rise of Political power.

Lo scritto affronta il tema della sicurezza sul lavoro con riferimento al problema della titolarità del trattamento dei dati personali dei lavoratori sulla vaccinazione antiCovid-19 in ambito non sanitario. Al riguardo, l'Autrice si sofferma sul recente provvedimento del Garante privacy, n. 198 del 13 maggio 2021, che attribuisce al medico competente la titolarità esclusiva del trattamento dei dati vaccinali, per esaminare il ruolo e le funzioni del medico competente e del datore di lavoro tra disciplina giuslavoristica e normativa sulla protezione dei dati personali. The paper addresses the issue of workers' safety with reference to the problem of the ownership of the processing of workers' personal data on antiCovid-19 vaccination in the non-healthcare environment. In this regard, The Autor dwells on the recent provision of the privacy Authority, n. 198 of May 13, 2021, which attributes the exclusive ownership of the treatment of vaccination data to the occupational physician, to examine the role and functions of the occupational physician and the employer between labour law and personal data protection legislation.

Dopo alcuni essenziali riferimenti ai principi della Costituzione italiana in merito alla proprietà immobiliare, il saggio dapprima illustra le caratteristiche dei Piani urbanistici di tradizione e l'importante ruolo che essi assegnavano alle espropriazioni per pubblica utilità, quindi espone il cambiamento degli strumenti urbanistici in riferimento alle nuove esigenze di governo delle trasformazioni urbane. Nel mutato contesto, sono discussi gli effetti della pianificazione urbanistica sul regime immobiliare ed illustrate le ragioni che motivano la diffusione, nei Piani comunali delle città italiane, della perequazione urbanistica. Il campo di analisi si espande quindi dai principali interventi del legislatore nazionale in materia di determinazione delle indennità di esproprio per pubblica utilità alla fiscalità immobiliare locale, quindi ai diritti edificatori che i Piani comunali possono riconoscere a vario titolo alla proprietà immobiliare ed infine al partenariato pubblico privato. Nella parte conclusiva sono riportate le questioni al centro del dibattito attuale. / After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section. ; After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section. ; Este ensayo describe, después de algunas referencias a los principios esenciales de la Constitución Italiana sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria, en primer lugar, las características de los Planes Urbanísticos tradicionales y la importante función que esos asignaban a la expropiación por causa de utilidad pública y, a continuación, expone el cambio en las herramientas urbanas en relación con las nuevas necesidades de gestión urbana. En este nuevo contexto, se examinan los efectos de la planificación urbana sobre la gestión inmobiliaria y se explican las razones de la propagación, en los Planes Municipales de las ciudades italianas, de la equiparación urbana. El campo de análisis se expande desde las principales intervenciones de la legislación nacional con respecto a la determinación de la indemnización por expropiación por causa de utilidad pública a la fiscalidad inmobiliaria local, luego se analizan los derechos de edificación que los Planos Municipales pueden reconocer, por razones distintas, a la propiedad inmobiliaria y, por último, a las asociaciones privadas. En el último capítulo se exponen las cuestiones que están en el centro del debate actual. ; Aquest assaig descriu, després d'algunes referències als principis essencials de la Constitució Italiana sobre la propietat immobiliària, en primer lloc, les característiques dels Plans Urbanístics tradicionals i la important funció que aquests assignaven a l'expropiació per causa d'utilitat pública i, a continuació, exposa el canvi en les eines urbanes en relació amb les noves necessitats de gestió urbana. En aquest nou context, s'examinen els efectes de la planificació urbana sobre la gestió immobiliària i s'expliquen les raons de propagació, en els Plans Municipals de les ciutats italianes, de l'equipació urbana. El camp d'anàlisi s'expandeix des de les principals intervencions de la legislació nacional respecte a la determinació de la indemnització per expropiació per causa d'utilitat pública a la fiscalitat immobiliària local, després s'analitzen els drets d'edificació que els Plans Municipals poden reconèixer, per diferents raons, a la propietat immobiliària i, per últim, a les associacions privades. En l'últim capítol s'exposen les qüestions que estan en el centre de l'actual debat. ; Peer Reviewed

Dopo alcuni essenziali riferimenti ai principi della Costituzione italiana in merito alla proprietà immobiliare, il saggio dapprima illustra le caratteristiche dei Piani urbanistici di tradizione e l'importante ruolo che essi assegnavano alle espropriazioni per pubblica utilità, quindi espone il cambiamento degli strumenti urbanistici in riferimento alle nuove esigenze di governo delle trasformazioni urbane. Nel mutato contesto, sono discussi gli effetti della pianificazione urbanistica sul regime immobiliare ed illustrate le ragioni che motivano la diffusione, nei Piani comunali delle città italiane, della perequazione urbanistica. Il campo di analisi si espande quindi dai principali interventi del legislatore nazionale in materia di determinazione delle indennità di esproprio per pubblica utilità alla fiscalità immobiliare locale, quindi ai diritti edificatori che i Piani comunali possono riconoscere a vario titolo alla proprietà immobiliare ed infine al partenariato pubblico privato. Nella parte conclusiva sono riportate le questioni al centro del dibattito attuale. / After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section. ; After some initial references to essential principles of the Italian Constitution on property ownership, this paper describes in the first place, the characteristics of traditional urban development plans and the important function that these assigned to expropriation caused by public use, and subsequently exposes the change in the urban tools in relation to the new needs of urban land management. In this new context, the effects of urban planning on property management are examined and the reasons of the propagation of the urban comparison are explained, in the local development plans of Italian cities. The field of analysis is expanded from the main interventions of national legislation with regard to the determination of the compensation through expropriation caused by public use on local property. Building rights which can be recognised for different motives in the local development plans, for property ownership and private associations, are then analysed. Questions lying at the heart of the current debate are discussed in the final section. ; Este ensayo describe, después de algunas referencias a los principios esenciales de la Constitución Italiana sobre la propiedad inmobiliaria, en primer lugar, las características de los Planes Urbanísticos tradicionales y la importante función que esos asignaban a la expropiación por causa de utilidad pública y, a continuación, expone el cambio en las herramientas urbanas en relación con las nuevas necesidades de gestión urbana. En este nuevo contexto, se examinan los efectos de la planificación urbana sobre la gestión inmobiliaria y se explican las razones de la propagación, en los Planes Municipales de las ciudades italianas, de la equiparación urbana. El campo de análisis se expande desde las principales intervenciones de la legislación nacional con respecto a la determinación de la indemnización por expropiación por causa de utilidad pública a la fiscalidad inmobiliaria local, luego se analizan los derechos de edificación que los Planos Municipales pueden reconocer, por razones distintas, a la propiedad inmobiliaria y, por último, a las asociaciones privadas. En el último capítulo se exponen las cuestiones que están en el centro del debate actual. ; Aquest assaig descriu, després d'algunes referències als principis essencials de la Constitució Italiana sobre la propietat immobiliària, en primer lloc, les característiques dels Plans Urbanístics tradicionals i la important funció que aquests assignaven a l'expropiació per causa d'utilitat pública i, a continuació, exposa el canvi en les eines urbanes en relació amb les noves necessitats de gestió urbana. En aquest nou context, s'examinen els efectes de la planificació urbana sobre la gestió immobiliària i s'expliquen les raons de propagació, en els Plans Municipals de les ciutats italianes, de l'equipació urbana. El camp d'anàlisi s'expandeix des de les principals intervencions de la legislació nacional respecte a la determinació de la indemnització per expropiació per causa d'utilitat pública a la fiscalitat immobiliària local, després s'analitzen els drets d'edificació que els Plans Municipals poden reconèixer, per diferents raons, a la propietat immobiliària i, per últim, a les associacions privades. En l'últim capítol s'exposen les qüestions que estan en el centre de l'actual debat. ; Peer Reviewed

The article opens with the position that Jerusalem had not yet been able to fully take up its position as nexus of the three major world religions due to armed conflict. The article continues with a discussion on the pivotal role Jerusalem plays in Middle Eastern politics & with the state of Israel itself. The article gives a brief historical account of the laws that govern political ownership of Jerusalem & the international diplomatic interventions that have attempted to create peace in the Middle East through political play with Jerusalem. The author gives an account of the recent events at Camp David & the more open negotiations that occurred there. E. Miller

Many authors, although they express very different positions on the use of public property in defending common goods, in any case consider juridical rationality to be a fundamental tool in pursuing this aim. Therefore, they undervalue the supremacy that economic rationality is exer-cising today both on juridical rationality and the predominant ways of dwelling in the world. In this regard, it is not simply a question of replacing common goods as things with the common as a political principle. Indeed, the movements that claim the collective or public ownership of certain "things" also shed light on the crucial crisis of our dwelling relationship with the common world, first of all as a material world. Main reference authors: Settis, Marella, Ostrom, Dardot, Laval, Arendt, Mattei.

Includes errata. ; Carlino's device on t.p. (Zappella 527). Numerous woodcuts including a folded plate, and six full-page engravings. Head- and tail-pieces. Initials. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Binding, c. 2: modern marbled paper, backed in brown goatskin. Spine tooled in gilt, author and title in gilt. Page edges sprinkled blue. Owner's stamp in right margin of t.p. with initials: R O T, repeated on p. 35. Ownership inscription at foot of colophon: E' di Franuzio Alber d'Azzia. ; Binding, c. 1: old limp vellum. Author written at head of spine, shelf mark F 28 at foot. Remains of 2 pairs of ties at foredge. Brief author and title written at head of title. Three-line Italian inscription in pencil on back free endpaper verso.

In this contribution I intend to analyse the legal aspect of the miniature illustrating Book 41, item 1 of the Digesture and the second book of the institutions of Justinian in a group of manuscripts now kept at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, dated between the xiii and the xiv Century. These two books, which are closely linked to each other, have similar iconographies: the acquisition of original ownership through the occupation of res nullius. Wildlife and aquatic animals — ferae bestiae, volucres and PISCES — were, in Roman and just law, an important example of res nullius, hunting and fishing leading to the acquisition of those goods. It is precisely these activities that are used to illustrate Book 41, Title 1 of the Digesto et Book 2, Title 1 of the Institutions. They are of course subject to changes, both technical and regulatory, over time. I will try to show how images that have over time depicted the occupation of res nullius reflect and help shed light on these changes. ; In this paper, I will analyse the legal aspect of the miniatures that illustrate book 41.1 of the Digest and the second book of Justinian's Institutions as a group of manuscripts dating from the thirteenth and fourteenth century and currently kept in the Bibliothèque nationale de France. These two Books are closely related to each other and present similar iconographies : the acquisition of ownership "naturali ratione" through the occupation of the res nullius, where wildlife and aquatic fauna – ferae bestiae, volucres et pisces – constituted an important example of res nullius in Roman and Justinian law. Hunting and fishing determined the acquisition of these assets and it is precisely these activities that illustrate books 41.1 of the Digest and 2.1 of the Institutions. Naturally, these activities have undergone changes over time, both of a technical and normative nature. I will try to show how these images depict, reflect and clarify the changes in the acquisition of the res nullius. ; In this contribution I intend to ...

la tesi tratta del tema dell'azionariato dei dipendenti. Il primo capitolo espone le definizioni di democrazia economica e partecipazione dei lavoratori e le correnti ideologiche e eventi storici caratterizzanti l'evoluzione del tema. il secondo capitolo illustra le normative di riferimento in Italia, attuali e in una prospettiva de iure condendo. Il terzo capitolo tratta del capitalismo condiviso con particolare enfasi data alla descrizione dell'employee ownership. Il quarto capitolo illustra i piani di azionariato di Unicredit, Intesa Sanpaolo, Telecom Italia e Prysmian: da una breve analisi comparativa emerge che sono le variabili economiche ad influenzare maggiormente la decisione dei dipendenti di aderire al piano, allo stesso tempo sembra che la partecipazione alle assemblee ordinarie delle società aumenti in concomitanza dell'implementazione di piani di azionariato per i dipendenti broad-based.

L'accesso di massa alla proprietà privata della casa di abitazione è un fenomeno che ha segnato in profondità la storia dell'Italia repubblicana, pur restandone a oggi uno degli aspetti meno indagati in ambito storiografico. L'articolo intende contribuire a colmare questa lacuna risalendo alle origini del processo che ha portato l'Italia a diventare uno dei paesi con la più alta quota di proprietari di casa dell'Europa occidentale. Un ruolo decisivo, al riguardo, hanno avuto le politiche abitative ed edilizie volte a incentivare e sostenere la piccola proprietà. Cruciali, sul piano politico e legislativo, furono gli anni del secondo dopoguerra, quando si posero alcuni dei tasselli fondamentali che sarebbero poi andati a comporre il mosaico dell'Italia quale paese di proprietari di casa. L'articolo prende in esame le posizioni programmatiche dei partiti e il confronto politico in sede di Assemblea costituente e di discussione parlamentare su provvedimenti di primaria rilevanza come il piano Ina Casa e le leggi Tupini e Aldisio per l'incremento edilizio. ; Home ownership at the origins of contemporary Italy: politics and legislation, 1945-1950 Mass access to private home ownership is a key phenomenon that has deeply marked the history of contemporary Italy, although it remains one of its least investigated aspects in historiography. This article aims to help fill this gap by going back to the origins of the process by which Italy became one of the countries with the highest rate of owner-occupiers in Western Europe. A decisive role has been played by housing and construction policies aimed at encouraging and supporting owner-occupancy. The postwar years were crucial from this point of view, since some of the fundamental pieces that would make up the mosaic of Italy as a country of owner-occupiers were then laid down. This article examines the programmatic positions of parties and the political debate in the Constituent Assembly and in parliamentary discussions on fundamental acts such as the Ina Casa plan and the Tupini and Aldisio laws for building development.

Fin dal Rinascimento una grande varietà di suppellettili da tavola, nei secoli, anche in Sicilia, ha arricchito le raffinate case della nobiltà locale, come emerge dai dettagliati inventari dei beni mobili delle famiglie negli innumerevoli passaggi di proprietà, dagli atti dotali ai testamenti; poche, invece, sono le preziose opere giunte fino ad oggi, che mostrano uno spaccato delle istanze di autorappresentazione suntuaria nella società, e dunque anche nella politica, del tempo. ; Since the Renaissance a great variety of tableware, over the centuries, even in Sicily, has enriched the refined houses of the local nobility, as evidenced by detailed inventories of movable assets of the families in the countless transfers of ownership, from dotal acts to wills; few, however, are the precious works that have survived to date, which show a cross-section of the instances of self-representation in society, and therefore also in politics, of the time.

All copies: University of Illinois bookplate: "From the library of Conte Antonio Cavagna Sangiuliani di Gualdana Lazelada di Bereguardo, purchased 1921". ; Cavagna 18864: Bound with: "Nuovo repertorio delle zecche d'Italia dal medio evo ai tempi nostri / per Damiano Muoni" (Milan: Brigola, 1865); former shelf-mark: Cavagna 18865. ; Cavagna 10404: Bound with thirteen other contemporaneous Italian-language works under spine title "Opuscoli di archeologia, numismatica, e paleografia", with ms. table of contents on second front fly-leaf recto; former shelf-mark Cavagna 10415. ; Cavagna 1676: Author's presentation inscription to Accademia Storico Archeologica on front cover; ownership stamp of Accademia Storico Archeologica Milano on front cover. ; The last page is blank. ; List of author's works on p. [15]. ; "Dagli Atti della Società lombarda di economia politica, anno II della sua fondazione, fasc. VI. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This paper aims at investigating the presence and the main features of business groups in Emilia Romagna. The research is based on a sample comprising about 48 thousand firms and about 540 thousand employees from Emilia Romagna, the latter representing more than 42 per cent of the total regional employment. First, we find that the presence of corporate grouping in Emilia Romagna is comparable to that documented at national level. Moreover, and surprisingly enough, we show that the extension of the group organizational form is significant also in industrial districts, suggesting that ownership linkages among firms do play a role and should not be neglected in the analysis of these production systems. Although the analysis requires some further investigation, these results support the view that also in Emilia-Romagna the actual size of firms is larger and the number of owners is lower than official statistics reveal. This result has important economic policy implications, as the industrial policy of Emilia-Romagna has traditionally been oriented to supporting small and very small firms.