Suchergebnisse

Cet Essentiel extrait de la Grande Leçon "La dégradation des sols dans le monde" traite de l'inégalité de la répartition des terres à travers le monde ; et en particulier dans les pays pauvres. Les causes historiques ; politiques et écologiques de l'aggravation de ce phénomène sont abordées ici.

Introduction to the thematic file on "Employee shareholding and corporate governance" in different countries of the European Union. ; International audience ; Introduction to the thematic file on "Employee shareholding and corporate governance" in different countries of the European Union. ; Article d'introduction du dossier thématique consacré à "L'actionnariat salarié et gouvernance de l'entreprise" dans différents pays de l'Union Européenne.

This report makes a finding of the following accession aid schemes: the Zero Rate Loan (PTZ), the Social Accession Loan (PAS), the Agreed Loan (PC) and the Accommodation Assistance (APL) component. It lists the literature on the economic justifications for ownership, as well as the evaluations carried out in France and abroad on accession support policies. An assessment of the zero-rate loan is then carried out, estimating the effect of the amount of the loan or a change in its terms, on the number of loans granted and on the characteristics of the property acquired and the rate of effort of households. Finally, the authors put forward, in a final part, some avenues for reform and improvement of accession support schemes. ; Ce rapport dresse un constat sur les dispositifs d'aide à l'accession que sont: le prêt à taux zéro (PTZ) le prêt d'accession sociale (PAS) le prêt conventionné (PC) et le volet accession des aides au logement (APL accession).Il recense la littérature sur les justifications économiques du statut de propriétaire, ainsi que les évaluations menées en France et à l'étranger sur les politiques d'aide à l'accession. Une évaluation du prêt à taux zéro est menée ensuite, en estimant l'effet du montant de ce dernier ou d'une modification de ses modalités, sur le nombre de prêts octroyés ainsi que sur les caractéristiques du bien acquis et le taux d'effort des ménages. Les auteurs proposent enfin, dans une dernière partie, quelques pistes de réforme et d'amélioration des dispositifs d'aide à l'accession.

La propriété commune repose sur l'idée d'entreprises concurrentes sur un marché qui compteraient des actionnaires identiques parmi leurs propriétaires. Il s'agit alors d'étudier les conséquences en termes de concurrence générale sur un tel marché sachant que l'on peut s'attendre que les entreprises atténuent la concurrence en produisant moins d'unités, augmentant les prix, réduisant les investissements, en innovant moins ou en limitant l'entrée sur des marchés nouveaux. Cette revue est composée de d'une première section consacrée aux origines de la réflexion sur le sujet, la deuxième à la description de la montée en puissance de la propriété commune, la troisième aux chemins empruntés pour qu'elle ait une influence sur les entreprises, la quatrième à la caractérisation de ces effets et à ses critiques et une dernière conclut sur les conséquences pour la politique de la concurrence.

La propriété commune repose sur l'idée d'entreprises concurrentes sur un marché qui compteraient des actionnaires identiques parmi leurs propriétaires. Il s'agit alors d'étudier les conséquences en termes de concurrence générale sur un tel marché sachant que l'on peut s'attendre que les entreprises atténuent la concurrence en produisant moins d'unités, augmentant les prix, réduisant les investissements, en innovant moins ou en limitant l'entrée sur des marchés nouveaux. Cette revue est composée de d'une première section consacrée aux origines de la réflexion sur le sujet, la deuxième à la description de la montée en puissance de la propriété commune, la troisième aux chemins empruntés pour qu'elle ait une influence sur les entreprises, la quatrième à la caractérisation de ces effets et à ses critiques et une dernière conclut sur les conséquences pour la politique de la concurrence.

La propriété commune repose sur l'idée d'entreprises concurrentes sur un marché qui compteraient des actionnaires identiques parmi leurs propriétaires. Il s'agit alors d'étudier les conséquences en termes de concurrence générale sur un tel marché sachant que l'on peut s'attendre que les entreprises atténuent la concurrence en produisant moins d'unités, augmentant les prix, réduisant les investissements, en innovant moins ou en limitant l'entrée sur des marchés nouveaux. Cette revue est composée de d'une première section consacrée aux origines de la réflexion sur le sujet, la deuxième à la description de la montée en puissance de la propriété commune, la troisième aux chemins empruntés pour qu'elle ait une influence sur les entreprises, la quatrième à la caractérisation de ces effets et à ses critiques et une dernière conclut sur les conséquences pour la politique de la concurrence.

This dissertation is composed of three chapters. The first chapter analyzes the impact of ownership structure and the reforms implemented in the mid 2000's on the efficiency of commercial banks in Vietnam. The results show that the efficiency differs depending on ownership type; state-owned banks have the lowest efficiency levels in comparison with private banks and banks with foreign shareholders. Since the implementation of more stringent minimum capital rules, bank capitalization has also been an important driver of bank efficiency. The second chapter discusses how banks in Vietnam set their interest margins with a particular focus on bank ownership and interest rate regulation by the central bank. The results show that only private and state-owned banks transfer their operational costs to their clients. Bank capitalization which reflects bank risk aversion is a significant determinant for foreign and state owned banks only in presence of interest rate regulation; these banks tend to pass the high capital cost to customers. We also show that, in absence of interest rate control, foreign banks set higher margins when they take higher credit risk while in presence of interest rate regulation private banks cope with higher credit risk without being able to raise their margin accordingly. The last chapter investigates the impact of monetary policy and economic conditions on bank lending for different levels of bank capitalization. The results indicate that all types of monetary policy shocks have a negative effect on lending but that an increase in bank liquidity leads to a lower reduction in loan growth. Finally, banks with lower capitalization are less influenced by the business cycle. ; Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre analyse l'impact de la structure actionnariale et des réformes mises en œuvre dans les années 2000 sur l'efficacité des banques commerciales au Vietnam. Les résultats montrent que l'efficacité diffère selon le type de structure actionnariale ; les banques d'État ont des niveaux d'efficacité plus bas en comparaison avec les banques privées et les banques avec des actionnaires étrangers. Depuis la mise en œuvre de règles minimales de fonds propres plus strictes, la capitalisation des banques a également été un moteur important de l'efficacité de la banque. Le deuxième chapitre traite de la façon dont les banques au Vietnam fixent leurs marges d'intérêt avec un accent particulier sur la structure actionnariale des banques et la réglementation des taux d'intérêt par la banque centrale. Les résultats montrent que seules les banques privées et publiques transfèrent leurs coûts opérationnels à leurs clients. La capitalisation bancaire qui reflète l'aversion au risque des banques est un déterminant significatif pour les banques étrangères et d'Etat uniquement en cas de réglementation des taux d'intérêt; ces banques ont tendance à répercuter le coût élevé du capital sur les clients. Nous montrons aussi que, en l'absence de contrôle des taux d'intérêt, les banques étrangères fixent des marges plus élevées quand elles prennent un risque de crédit plus élevé alors qu'en présence de la réglementation des taux d'intérêt les banques privées font face à un risque de crédit plus élevé sans pouvoir augmenter leur marge en conséquence. Le dernier chapitre étudie l'impact de la politique monétaire et des conditions économiques sur les prêts bancaires pour les différents niveaux de capitalisation des banques. Les résultats indiquent que tous les types de chocs de politique monétaire ont un effet négatif sur les prêts, mais que l'augmentation de la liquidité bancaire conduit à une réduction plus faible de la croissance des prêts. Enfin, les banques dont la capitalisation est plus faible sont moins influencées par le cycle économique.

Time-share user rights have undergone an exponential development within an original legal mechanism. Their specific characteristics relate to numerous qualifications. The ever-changing legal nature thereof inevitably creates difficulty in conceiving and understanding the phenomenon. Thus, the situation of the contracting party demonstrates the legally uncertainty of the guarantees. Understanding time-share rights by a more in-depth study thereof would enable greater coherence between the intrinsic legal nature of these rights and the qualification actually used. The difficulty lies in the foreign origin of the Common Law system. After the directive 94/47/EC "on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties", which avoided legislating on the legal nature of these rights, the member States of the European Union transposed this standard and made various links without giving rise to even the beginnings of a consensus on this point. In this sense, the international approach is vital. The experience of certain member States of the European Union tends to legitimize the right of ownership within a time-share building. There is also reason to wonder whether a different meaning of right of ownership exists. The determination of a legal qualification, suited to the mechanism of time-sharing, would thus shed light on the legal system applicable thereto and more widely, it would clarify the applicable rules when such a dispute is brought before the courts. This aim of this analysis is more relevant than ever given that, following the revision of the directive initiated by the European Commission in july 2006, a draft directive was made public in june 2007 ; Les droits de jouissance à temps partagé ont connu un essor exponentiel au sein d'un mécanisme juridique original. Leurs caractéristiques propres se rattachent à de multiples qualifications. La mouvance de leur nature juridique conduit inévitablement à une difficulté de conception ...

Time-share user rights have undergone an exponential development within an original legal mechanism. Their specific characteristics relate to numerous qualifications. The ever-changing legal nature thereof inevitably creates difficulty in conceiving and understanding the phenomenon. Thus, the situation of the contracting party demonstrates the legally uncertainty of the guarantees. Understanding time-share rights by a more in-depth study thereof would enable greater coherence between the intrinsic legal nature of these rights and the qualification actually used. The difficulty lies in the foreign origin of the Common Law system. After the directive 94/47/EC "on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties", which avoided legislating on the legal nature of these rights, the member States of the European Union transposed this standard and made various links without giving rise to even the beginnings of a consensus on this point. In this sense, the international approach is vital. The experience of certain member States of the European Union tends to legitimize the right of ownership within a time-share building. There is also reason to wonder whether a different meaning of right of ownership exists. The determination of a legal qualification, suited to the mechanism of time-sharing, would thus shed light on the legal system applicable thereto and more widely, it would clarify the applicable rules when such a dispute is brought before the courts. This aim of this analysis is more relevant than ever given that, following the revision of the directive initiated by the European Commission in july 2006, a draft directive was made public in june 2007 ; Les droits de jouissance à temps partagé ont connu un essor exponentiel au sein d'un mécanisme juridique original. Leurs caractéristiques propres se rattachent à de multiples qualifications. La mouvance de leur nature juridique conduit inévitablement à une difficulté de conception ...

Time-share user rights have undergone an exponential development within an original legal mechanism. Their specific characteristics relate to numerous qualifications. The ever-changing legal nature thereof inevitably creates difficulty in conceiving and understanding the phenomenon. Thus, the situation of the contracting party demonstrates the legally uncertainty of the guarantees. Understanding time-share rights by a more in-depth study thereof would enable greater coherence between the intrinsic legal nature of these rights and the qualification actually used. The difficulty lies in the foreign origin of the Common Law system. After the directive 94/47/EC "on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties", which avoided legislating on the legal nature of these rights, the member States of the European Union transposed this standard and made various links without giving rise to even the beginnings of a consensus on this point. In this sense, the international approach is vital. The experience of certain member States of the European Union tends to legitimize the right of ownership within a time-share building. There is also reason to wonder whether a different meaning of right of ownership exists. The determination of a legal qualification, suited to the mechanism of time-sharing, would thus shed light on the legal system applicable thereto and more widely, it would clarify the applicable rules when such a dispute is brought before the courts. This aim of this analysis is more relevant than ever given that, following the revision of the directive initiated by the European Commission in july 2006, a draft directive was made public in june 2007 ; Les droits de jouissance à temps partagé ont connu un essor exponentiel au sein d'un mécanisme juridique original. Leurs caractéristiques propres se rattachent à de multiples qualifications. La mouvance de leur nature juridique conduit inévitablement à une difficulté de conception ...

Time-share user rights have undergone an exponential development within an original legal mechanism. Their specific characteristics relate to numerous qualifications. The ever-changing legal nature thereof inevitably creates difficulty in conceiving and understanding the phenomenon. Thus, the situation of the contracting party demonstrates the legally uncertainty of the guarantees. Understanding time-share rights by a more in-depth study thereof would enable greater coherence between the intrinsic legal nature of these rights and the qualification actually used. The difficulty lies in the foreign origin of the Common Law system. After the directive 94/47/EC "on the protection of purchasers in respect of certain aspects of contracts relating to the purchase of the right to use immovable properties", which avoided legislating on the legal nature of these rights, the member States of the European Union transposed this standard and made various links without giving rise to even the beginnings of a consensus on this point. In this sense, the international approach is vital. The experience of certain member States of the European Union tends to legitimize the right of ownership within a time-share building. There is also reason to wonder whether a different meaning of right of ownership exists. The determination of a legal qualification, suited to the mechanism of time-sharing, would thus shed light on the legal system applicable thereto and more widely, it would clarify the applicable rules when such a dispute is brought before the courts. This aim of this analysis is more relevant than ever given that, following the revision of the directive initiated by the European Commission in july 2006, a draft directive was made public in june 2007 ; Les droits de jouissance à temps partagé ont connu un essor exponentiel au sein d'un mécanisme juridique original. Leurs caractéristiques propres se rattachent à de multiples qualifications. La mouvance de leur nature juridique conduit inévitablement à une difficulté de conception ...

The approach in terms of the common good or the global public good is difficult to apply to biodiversity, as it is claimed by states on the basis of sovereignty over their territory and appropriate by industry in a globalised market logic. Moreover, biodiversity conservation/management policies do not have the same content at local and global level. The articulation between international regimes, national policies and local behaviours is at the heart of the definition of cross-sectoral biodiversity governance. ; International audience Notions like "global commons" and "global public goods" do not easily apply to biodiversity because the latter is claimed by the states in the name of sovereignty and apportioned to business companies in the context of a globalised market. Moreover conservation and management policies do not look alike at local, national and international levels. Therefore this coordination between international regimes and national and local levels is the main challenge of a truly transcalar biodiversity governance ; The approach in terms of the common good or the global public good is difficult to apply to biodiversity, as it is claimed by states on the basis of sovereignty over their territory and appropriate by industry in a globalised market logic. Moreover, biodiversity conservation/management policies do not have the same content at local and global level. The articulation between international regimes, national policies and local behaviours is at the heart of the definition of cross-sectoral biodiversity governance. ; L'approche en termes de bien commun ou de bien public mondial est difficilement applicable à la biodiversité, tant celle-ci est revendiquée par les Etats au titre de la souveraineté sur leur territoire et appropriée par l'industrie dans une logique de marché globalisé. En outre les politiques de conservation/gestion de la biodiversité n'ont pas le même contenu au plan local et au plan global. L'articulation entre régimes internationaux, politiques nationales et comportements ...

International audience ; Abstract. The 'communaux' (collective land ownership systems): the wanderings of a phoenixDespite their decline, and an imperfect legal recognition, collective properties still count. Today, there are many shades of 'communaux' in France and throughout the world. To be understood in all their dimensions, their functioning cannot be isolated from the analysis of the organisation of life in sparsely populated rural areas and of its history. Their persistence is astonishing. This observation also represents an opportunity: it argues in favour of redefining their functions, on their scale, in order to help (re)align the social function of property with some major environmental and social issues. This will require to take them into account in an updated national land policy and an adequate legal framework. ; Résumé. En dépit de leur déclin et d'une reconnaissance juridique imparfaite, les propriétés collectives comptent encore. Aujourd'hui, par exemple, il existe de nombreuses nuances de communaux en France comme partout dans le monde. Leur fonctionnement, pour être compris dans toutes ses dimensions, ne saurait être isolé de l'analyse de l'organisation de la vie en milieu rural peu peuplé et de l'histoire de ce milieu. Leur persistance étonne. Ce constat représente aussi une opportunité : il plaide en faveur de la redéfinition de leurs fonctions, à leur échelle, afin de contribuer à (re)mettre en adéquation la fonction sociale de la propriété avec les grands enjeux environnementaux et sociaux. Un cadre juridique adapté au service d'une politique territoriale et foncière nationale actualisée doit désormais les prendre en compte. ; Riassunto. « Communaux » (proprietà collettive) : itinerari di una feniceNonostante il suo declino, e suo imperfetto riconoscimento giuridico, la proprietà collettiva fondiaria è ancora importante. Oggi, ci sono molte sfumature di proprietà fondiaria comunitaria in Francia e nel mondo. Il loro funzionamento, per essere compreso in tutte le sue dimensioni, non può essere isolato dall'analisi dell'organizzazione della vita nelle zone rurali scarsamente popolate e dalla storia di questo ambiente. La loro persistenza è sorprendente. Questa constatazione rappresenta anche un'opportunità : essa depone a favore di una ridefinizione delle loro funzioni, alla loro scala, per contribuire a (ri)allineare la funzione sociale della proprietà alle grandi questioni ambientali e sociali. Questo richiederà che tali proposte siano prese in considerazione in una politica nazionale del territorio e un quadro giuridico aggiornati.

Airspace is not very known and not well examined in geographical area.After theoretical research about airspace notion, faced to, in particular, the one of land area, and consultations with the stakeholders on the management of this space, we have experienced its pecularity, it is a recently suitable space in three-dimensional and continuously in motion. The aerial environment allows in particular to override the numerous physical constraints which restrict the activities of societies in terms of time and space. Following the technological innovations at the end of the nineteenth century, very quickly, it aroused some cognitive, economic and strategic interests. So, like all space, it is liable to material and cognitive, personal and collective ownership processus, which make it a territory with high issues. The states have implemented a set of legislative and armed means in order to protect it depending to their institutions, cultures, economics, and strategic at this moment. However, taking in account the increase of trafic, the airspace is becoming a more and more invaluable ressource, and its application is subject to the competition of various civilian and military actors. This assumption of airspace territorialisation has been tested in the context in setting up a draft " single european sky ". So, the management model of airspace, in the first place based on a national model, should be gradually replaced by a community replacement, regardless of the national boundaries. This ambitious project raises a lot of social, economic and politic questions and seems to challenge the notions of sovereignty and national territory. ; L'espace aérien est un espace peu connu et peu questionné en géographie. Après des recherches théoriques sur la notion d'espace aérien, confrontée à celle d'espace terrestre notamment, et des entretiens avec les acteurs de la gestion de cet espace, nous avons pu constater sa singularité : c'est un espace récemment approprié, à trois dimensions et sans cesse en mouvement. Le milieu aérien ...

Airspace is not very known and not well examined in geographical area.After theoretical research about airspace notion, faced to, in particular, the one of land area, and consultations with the stakeholders on the management of this space, we have experienced its pecularity, it is a recently suitable space in three-dimensional and continuously in motion. The aerial environment allows in particular to override the numerous physical constraints which restrict the activities of societies in terms of time and space. Following the technological innovations at the end of the nineteenth century, very quickly, it aroused some cognitive, economic and strategic interests. So, like all space, it is liable to material and cognitive, personal and collective ownership processus, which make it a territory with high issues. The states have implemented a set of legislative and armed means in order to protect it depending to their institutions, cultures, economics, and strategic at this moment. However, taking in account the increase of trafic, the airspace is becoming a more and more invaluable ressource, and its application is subject to the competition of various civilian and military actors. This assumption of airspace territorialisation has been tested in the context in setting up a draft " single european sky ". So, the management model of airspace, in the first place based on a national model, should be gradually replaced by a community replacement, regardless of the national boundaries. This ambitious project raises a lot of social, economic and politic questions and seems to challenge the notions of sovereignty and national territory. ; L'espace aérien est un espace peu connu et peu questionné en géographie. Après des recherches théoriques sur la notion d'espace aérien, confrontée à celle d'espace terrestre notamment, et des entretiens avec les acteurs de la gestion de cet espace, nous avons pu constater sa singularité : c'est un espace récemment approprié, à trois dimensions et sans cesse en mouvement. Le milieu aérien ...