Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The center of gravity of the world is often presented as having moved from the Atlantic in the twentieth century to the Pacific twenty-first century due to the emergence and development of the Asia Pacific region and also the importance of maintaining USA. This justifies to consider demographic movements in the countries of the region and the role would have been able to exert on the movements of geopolitical factors. Then it will examine the lessons of population projections in this region in 2050. ; Le centre de gravité du monde est souvent présenté comme s'étant déplacé de l'Atlantique au XXe siècle au Pacifique au XXIe siècle, en raison de l'émergence et du développement de la région Asie Pacifique et aussi du maintien de l'importance des États-Unis. Cela justifie de s'interroger sur les mouvements démographiques des pays de cette région et sur le rôle qu'auraient pu exercer sur ces mouvements des facteurs géopolitiques. Puis il faudra analyser les enseignements des projections démographiques de cette région à l'horizon 2050.

International audience ; The center of gravity of the world is often presented as having moved from the Atlantic in the twentieth century to the Pacific twenty-first century due to the emergence and development of the Asia Pacific region and also the importance of maintaining USA. This justifies to consider demographic movements in the countries of the region and the role would have been able to exert on the movements of geopolitical factors. Then it will examine the lessons of population projections in this region in 2050. ; Le centre de gravité du monde est souvent présenté comme s'étant déplacé de l'Atlantique au XXe siècle au Pacifique au XXIe siècle, en raison de l'émergence et du développement de la région Asie Pacifique et aussi du maintien de l'importance des États-Unis. Cela justifie de s'interroger sur les mouvements démographiques des pays de cette région et sur le rôle qu'auraient pu exercer sur ces mouvements des facteurs géopolitiques. Puis il faudra analyser les enseignements des projections démographiques de cette région à l'horizon 2050.

International audience ; Le Brexit a souvent été décrit et perçu comme un isolement géopolitique du Royaume-Uni. Pourtant depuis 2016, Londres élabore une stratégie d'influence mondiale : signature d'accords économiques bilatéraux tous azimuts (pas moins de 20 accords de libre-échange, couvrant près de cinquante pays répartis sur les 5 continents), une nouvelle doctrine stratégique globale marquant le retour de la présence britannique à l'est du canal de Suez et un renforcement notable de sa présence militaire maritime. L'Océanie constitue l'un des axes majeurs de cette nouvelle politique, à travers le Pacific Uplift. La France, dernier État de l'Union européenne (UE) encore présent dans le Pacifique, peut profiter de ce nouveau schème géostratégique pour consolider sa relation avec le partenaire britannique dans la région océanienne.

n° national de thèse 2006BOR40043 ; Relationships between France and the South Pacific have changed considerably over the last forty years (1966-2006). In this research we firstly assess the two main reasons for the French presence in the region, which are territorial and strategic. We then analyse these reasons as the basis for regional challenge to French policy in the area. The States of the South Pacific have opposed French nuclear policy in French Polynesia on grounds of regional security, an have also expresses strong support for the pro-independence movement in New Caledonia, thus defending a shared desire to break with their colonial past. Finally the reasons for the rapprochement which has taken place between France and the States of Oceania reveal different but converging interests which highlight the complexity of the notion of foreign policy. ; Les relations entre la France et les États du Pacifique Sud ont connu de grandes mutations au cours des quatre dernières décennies (1966-2006). Dans une première partie, les deux fondements principaux de la présence française dans la région que sont le territoire et la stratégie sont envisagés comme des vecteurs de puissance de la France. Ils sont ensuite envisagés comme les fondements de la contestation régionale à la politique française en Océanie. Les États du Pacifique Sud ont en effet contesté le développement des activités nucléaires en Polynésie française en opposant un intérêt direct de sécurité régionale. Ils ont en outre manifesté leur sourtien au mouvement indépendentiste en Nouvelle-Calédonie, défendant ainsi un idéal commun d'émancipation de leur passé colonial. Finalement, les raisons du rapprochement qui s'est opéré entre la France et la région révèlent des intérêts diverts mais convergents qui illustrent la complexité de la notion de politique extérieure.

through its overseas possessions, France is present in the five oceans. In the immense north-eastern Pacific, from the equator to more than 45°N, and between the Hawai archipelago in the west and the American coast to the east, France is even the only nation to be present, due to its sovereignty over the single land that emerged more than 210 nautical miles from the coast: the island of Clipperton. ; Par ses possessions outre-mer, la France est présente dans les cinq océans. Dans l'immense Pacifique nord-oriental, de l'équateur à plus de 45°N, et entre l'archipel d'Hawaï à l'Ouest et les côtes américaines à l'Est, la France est même la seule nation à être présente, du fait de sa souveraineté sur l'unique terre émergée à plus de 210 milles nautiques des côtes : l'île de Clipperton.

Used for the first time during the sixties in the South Pacific, the notion of Associated State is a singular form of State. Originally conceived by the United Nations as a path between the independence from another State on the one hand and the integration into this State on the other hand, the Associated State became a sustainable form to organize the political power. This form of political organisation has been chosen by five territories to assert their own identity but also, to establish a particular link with another State, the Partner State. Induced by the notion of Associated State, the relationship between the Associated State and the Partner State questions our classical representation of the State: the Nation-State. Because the Associated State is a fully form of State but a singular one, a research, centred on this singular form of State, is the occasion to put into perspective the categories classically used in a General theory of the State. Indeed, it has been built for complex societies where the sovereignty is a delegated one and where it is institutionalized by an associative constitution. Hence, thinking the Associated State is a way to open new fields of thought and discussion to think the evolution of the State in a globalized world heavily influenced by increasing interactions. ; Apparu au milieu des années 1960 dans le Pacifique Sud, l'Etat associé est une forme de l'Etat singulière. A l'origine conçu par les Nations Unies comme une voie de décolonisation intermédiaire entre l'indépendance et l'intégration à un autre Etat, l'Etat associé est devenu une forme d'organisation politique pérenne choisie par cinq territoires de sorte à affirmer leur identité propre tout en partageant des liens privilégiés avec un autre Etat, l'Etat partenaire. Consubstantiel à l'Etat associé, ce rapport d'association n'est pas sans soulever des paradoxes au regard des canons de la forme dominante de l'Etat qu'est l'Etat-nation. L'étude de l'Etat associé permet alors de mettre en perspective les catégories ...

The objective of this thesis is to make a significant contribution on the prospects of regional integration of the French Pacific territories in the current international context. As well, it aims at identifying the opportunities for business development to the export market. The emancipation of the French collectivities in Oceania cannot be confined to removing them from United Nations' list of seventeen territories to be decolonized. More generally, the integration of islands with populations of under one million into international trade flows is the key to the issues of insular development. We will therefore seek to determine whether the MIRAB (Migration, Remittances, Aid, Bureaucracy) reference model of the Pacific economies is still up to the challenges of globalization. The multilateral trading system is undergoing profound change and seems to be seeing a regional fragmentation of its spheres of influence. Since the early 2000's, the initiative of the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) and Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) agreements would appear to be the first step towards the construction of a regional single market in the Pacific. Oceania represents a market of seven million consumers scattered over one-third of the surface area of the globe. Geographical isolation, lack of commercial openings and the heterogeneous nature of the Pacific Island economies have a direct influence on commercial policies. Furthermore, in New Caledonia as in French Polynesia 97% are very small businesses employing less than 10 people. As in most islands of Oceania, the economic model is only oriented toward the internal market and is not structured for export. In this context, the French Pacific territories are labeled as one of the 34 «hotspot » of the biodiversity; their ecosystems are amongst the most diversified in the world. Rich of this competitive advantage, the valorization of the endemic fauna and flora can take many forms: agriculture, tourism, extraction of resources, scientific ...

The objective of this thesis is to make a significant contribution on the prospects of regional integration of the French Pacific territories in the current international context. As well, it aims at identifying the opportunities for business development to the export market. The emancipation of the French collectivities in Oceania cannot be confined to removing them from United Nations' list of seventeen territories to be decolonized. More generally, the integration of islands with populations of under one million into international trade flows is the key to the issues of insular development. We will therefore seek to determine whether the MIRAB (Migration, Remittances, Aid, Bureaucracy) reference model of the Pacific economies is still up to the challenges of globalization. The multilateral trading system is undergoing profound change and seems to be seeing a regional fragmentation of its spheres of influence. Since the early 2000's, the initiative of the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) and Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) agreements would appear to be the first step towards the construction of a regional single market in the Pacific. Oceania represents a market of seven million consumers scattered over one-third of the surface area of the globe. Geographical isolation, lack of commercial openings and the heterogeneous nature of the Pacific Island economies have a direct influence on commercial policies. Furthermore, in New Caledonia as in French Polynesia 97% are very small businesses employing less than 10 people. As in most islands of Oceania, the economic model is only oriented toward the internal market and is not structured for export. In this context, the French Pacific territories are labeled as one of the 34 «hotspot » of the biodiversity; their ecosystems are amongst the most diversified in the world. Rich of this competitive advantage, the valorization of the endemic fauna and flora can take many forms: agriculture, tourism, extraction of resources, scientific research…We will try to define the most profitable exploitation of the natural heritage for a sustainable development. ; L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter une contribution sur les perspectives d'intégration régionale des territoires français du Pacifique dans le contexte international actuel, et d'identifier plus particulièrement les potentialités de développement d'activités sur les marchés extérieurs. L'émancipation des collectivités françaises en Océanie ne peut se résumer à leur éradication de la liste des dix-sept territoires à décoloniser de l'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU). Plus généralement, l'insertion dans les flux du commerce international des îles de moins d'un million d'habitants est au cœur des enjeux du développement insulaire. Ainsi, nous tenterons de savoir si la représentation de référence des économies du Pacifique, MIRAB (Migration, Remittances, Aid, Bureaucracy), répond toujours aux défis apportés par la mondialisation. En effet, le système commercial multilatéral connaît une mutation profonde et semble engagé dans un morcellement régional de ses sphères d'influence. Depuis le début des années 2000, l'initiative des accords Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement (PICTA) et Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) apparaît comme la première étape pour la construction d'un marché régional unique dans le Pacifique. L'Océanie compte sept millions de consommateurs répartis sur un tiers de la surface du globe. Mais l'éloignement, le faible degré d'ouverture et l'hétérogénéité des îles du Pacifique influent directement sur les politiques commerciales. En sus, en Nouvelle-Calédonie comme en Polynésie française plus de 97% des entreprises ont moins de 10 salariés. Comme dans la majorité des îles d'Océanie, le modèle économique n'est orienté que vers le marché intérieur et présente peu de compétences pour l'export. Dans ce contexte, les territoires français sont tous deux référencés comme l'un des 34 « hotspot » de la biodiversité ; leurs écosystèmes sont parmi les plus diversifiés au monde. Fort de cet avantage comparatif, la valorisation de la faune et la flore endémiques peut néanmoins prendre différentes formes : l'agriculture, le tourisme, l'extraction des ressources, la recherche scientifique. Nous tenterons de définir l'exploitation du patrimoine naturel la plus appropriée dans une logique de développement durable.

the study focuses on the delimitation and establishment of collective territories for the benefit of the black communities of the Colombian Pacific, pursuant to the 1991 Constitution and Law 70 passed in 1993. Each term in this legal title alone is a complex problem, in theory ('black communities', 'collective territories') or in practice (delimitation, establishment, Pacific coastal region). The examination of these issues has direct political consequences in the context of the constitutional revision currently envisaged and, more generally, as part of a national reflection on the challenge of territorial control in order to put an end to political violence in the country. ; L'étude porte sur la délimitation et la titularisation de territoires collectifs effectuées en faveur des communautés noires du Pacifique colombien, en application de la Constitution de 1991 et de la loi 70 votée en 1993. Chaque terme de cet intitulé légal constitue à lui seul un problème complexe, en théorie ("communautés noires", "territoires collectifs") ou en pratique (délimitation, titularisation, région du littoral Pacifique). L'examen de ces questions a des conséquences politiques directes dans le cadre de la révision constitutionnelle aujourd'hui envisagée et, plus généralement, dans le cadre d'une réflexion nationale sur l'enjeu que représente le contrôle du territoire pour mettre fin à la violence politique dans le pays.

The renewal and deepening of relations between the EU and Asia-Pacific, the latter being at the center of this century's geopolitics and geoeconomics, represent challenges and opportunities for the European organization. The EU aims to establish itself as a global actor with a foreign policy grounded on the respect and promotion of fundamental values shaping its external action doctrine : democratic governance, international security, and sustainable development. Because they support political conditionality provisions, cooperation agreements appear as the first kind of instrument used by the EU to promote its values in Asia-Pacific. Through their programming, the instruments funding the Union's cooperation are tailored in order to support and complement the cooperation agreements, albeit in a perfectible way. The free-trade agreements concluded by the EU in Asia-Pacific also play their part in promoting noncommercial values. First, they are integrated into a "double-agreement system", in which non-respect of values promoted into cooperation agreements can lead to free-trade agreements being suspended or denounced. Second, they contain "trade and sustainable development" chapters, in which the EU aims at defending work and environmental standards. These chapters are however perfectible in their contents and effectiveness. Overall, the EU manages to bolster its role as a human rights, democracy and rule of law proponent in Asia-Pacific, as regarding sustainable development. In contrast, it struggles to assert itself as a significant security actor, in both its agreements and cooperation activities. ; Le renouvellement et l'approfondissement des relations entre l'UE et les Etats d'Asie-pacifique, au cœur des dynamiques géoéconomiques et géopolitiques du XXIème siècle, constitue à la fois une opportunité et un défi pour l'organisation européenne, qui doit placer les valeurs au cœur de ce processus. L'UE entend s'imposer comme acteur global dont la politique étrangère serait fondée sur le respect et la promotion des ...

The renewal and deepening of relations between the EU and Asia-Pacific, the latter being at the center of this century's geopolitics and geoeconomics, represent challenges and opportunities for the European organization. The EU aims to establish itself as a global actor with a foreign policy grounded on the respect and promotion of fundamental values shaping its external action doctrine : democratic governance, international security, and sustainable development. Because they support political conditionality provisions, cooperation agreements appear as the first kind of instrument used by the EU to promote its values in Asia-Pacific. Through their programming, the instruments funding the Union's cooperation are tailored in order to support and complement the cooperation agreements, albeit in a perfectible way. The free-trade agreements concluded by the EU in Asia-Pacific also play their part in promoting noncommercial values. First, they are integrated into a "double-agreement system", in which non-respect of values promoted into cooperation agreements can lead to free-trade agreements being suspended or denounced. Second, they contain "trade and sustainable development" chapters, in which the EU aims at defending work and environmental standards. These chapters are however perfectible in their contents and effectiveness. Overall, the EU manages to bolster its role as a human rights, democracy and rule of law proponent in Asia-Pacific, as regarding sustainable development. In contrast, it struggles to assert itself as a significant security actor, in both its agreements and cooperation activities. ; Le renouvellement et l'approfondissement des relations entre l'UE et les Etats d'Asie-pacifique, au cœur des dynamiques géoéconomiques et géopolitiques du XXIème siècle, constitue à la fois une opportunité et un défi pour l'organisation européenne, qui doit placer les valeurs au cœur de ce processus. L'UE entend s'imposer comme acteur global dont la politique étrangère serait fondée sur le respect et la promotion des ...

This work is a contribution for elaborating a research framework for the study of institutional development for the comanagement of common fishery resources. Indeed this governance mode is marginally being used worldwide despite its positive impacts that have been proved in a large number of concrete cases.Specifically the thesis examines the performance of the governance of small-scale fishery through an empirical and inductive approach of institutional economics. Our action research framework guided interventions of public fishery policy on the management of overexploited marine resources in several case studies in New Caledonia and Vanuatu (South Pacific) between 2008 and 2016.Those cases corresponded to different contexts and temporal and spatial scales. The thesis is supported i) by a theoretical causal model of the effects of this kind of intervention on institutional change in smallscale fisheries, and ii) by an evaluation grid of the dynamics of institutional development in the case studies. It analytically and practically explores the process of adaptive experimentation of co-management development in reallife conditions. Academic and non academic knowledge on small-scale fisheries and the learning through shared governance is mobilized.Results show that spatial, multi-scale management of reef fisheries through temporary openings and closures of fishing is a way to combine community-based management and government intervention that is relevant for a number of single- and multi-species fisheries in the South Pacific. Four key processes that drive the economic performance of fishery co-management regimes are highlighted, namely individual learning of systemic processes, collective learning, homogenization of actors' strategies, and building of capacity for action.These processes are interdependent following their own temporality in response to multiple stresses and fishery contingencies, that determine the initial conditions of the interventions in particular. By explicitly taking into account ...

This work is a contribution for elaborating a research framework for the study of institutional development for the comanagement of common fishery resources. Indeed this governance mode is marginally being used worldwide despite its positive impacts that have been proved in a large number of concrete cases.Specifically the thesis examines the performance of the governance of small-scale fishery through an empirical and inductive approach of institutional economics. Our action research framework guided interventions of public fishery policy on the management of overexploited marine resources in several case studies in New Caledonia and Vanuatu (South Pacific) between 2008 and 2016.Those cases corresponded to different contexts and temporal and spatial scales. The thesis is supported i) by a theoretical causal model of the effects of this kind of intervention on institutional change in smallscale fisheries, and ii) by an evaluation grid of the dynamics of institutional development in the case studies. It analytically and practically explores the process of adaptive experimentation of co-management development in reallife conditions. Academic and non academic knowledge on small-scale fisheries and the learning through shared governance is mobilized.Results show that spatial, multi-scale management of reef fisheries through temporary openings and closures of fishing is a way to combine community-based management and government intervention that is relevant for a number of single- and multi-species fisheries in the South Pacific. Four key processes that drive the economic performance of fishery co-management regimes are highlighted, namely individual learning of systemic processes, collective learning, homogenization of actors' strategies, and building of capacity for action.These processes are interdependent following their own temporality in response to multiple stresses and fishery contingencies, that determine the initial conditions of the interventions in particular. By explicitly taking into account ...

This work is a contribution for elaborating a research framework for the study of institutional development for the comanagement of common fishery resources. Indeed this governance mode is marginally being used worldwide despite its positive impacts that have been proved in a large number of concrete cases.Specifically the thesis examines the performance of the governance of small-scale fishery through an empirical and inductive approach of institutional economics. Our action research framework guided interventions of public fishery policy on the management of overexploited marine resources in several case studies in New Caledonia and Vanuatu (South Pacific) between 2008 and 2016.Those cases corresponded to different contexts and temporal and spatial scales. The thesis is supported i) by a theoretical causal model of the effects of this kind of intervention on institutional change in smallscale fisheries, and ii) by an evaluation grid of the dynamics of institutional development in the case studies. It analytically and practically explores the process of adaptive experimentation of co-management development in reallife conditions. Academic and non academic knowledge on small-scale fisheries and the learning through shared governance is mobilized.Results show that spatial, multi-scale management of reef fisheries through temporary openings and closures of fishing is a way to combine community-based management and government intervention that is relevant for a number of single- and multi-species fisheries in the South Pacific. Four key processes that drive the economic performance of fishery co-management regimes are highlighted, namely individual learning of systemic processes, collective learning, homogenization of actors' strategies, and building of capacity for action.These processes are interdependent following their own temporality in response to multiple stresses and fishery contingencies, that determine the initial conditions of the interventions in particular. By explicitly taking into account ...

The cooperation between European Union and the African, Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) countries did not allow the ACP countries to reach their development goals and the end of Cotonou agreements in 2020 is fast approaching. The aim of this thesis is to go beyond the analysis of European development programs to show the logics, processes, contradictions at play in the field of cooperation as well as the representations of the actors.This work falls within the framework of a political anthropology perspective in order to bring forth new elements for a better understanding of the cooperation between European Union and the ACP countries. ; La coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays d'Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique (ACP) n'a pas permis aux Pays ACP d'atteindre leurs objectifs de développement et la fin des Accords de Cotonou prévue pour 2020 arrive à grand pas. Cette thèse s'est donné pour ambition d'aller au-delà de l'analyse des programmes européens de développement pour montrer les logiques, les processus, les contradictions en œuvre dans le champ de la coopération ainsi que les représentations des acteurs. Ce travail s'inscrit dans une perspective d'anthropologie politique pour apporter de nouveaux éléments à la compréhension de la coopération entre l'Union européenne et les pays ACP