The article considers the relation between citizenship and the design of territorial grids, based on the output of recent research combining historical and geographical competence. It stresses the political nature of this relationship, beyond the constitutional principles of the modern State, as the french revolutionary culture put them. On these grounds, it briefly traces the complex interaction among central authorities, local communities and stakeholders to negotiate territorial grids, focusing on the Italian case, from national unity to the transition to contemporary multilevel governance, due to European influence. ; 1 ; simona.mori@unibg.it ; open ; Non definito ; L'article considère le rapport entre l'organisation de l'espace administratif et la citoyenneté en Italie en perspective historique. Depuis la fondation de l'État national, il y a eu un décalage entre la notion constitutionnelle de territoire, d'origine française, et la pratique d'une citoyenneté principalement fondée sur la dimension locale. L'investissement important sur ce plan des acteurs territoriaux a rendu la question des limites administratives, un sujet politiquement sensible. Vu que les gouvernements tendaient eux aussi à utiliser politiquement la géographie institutionnelle, une pratique de négociation a fini pour prévaloir, à travers laquelle les communautés essayèrent de défendre leur propre position et, si possible, l'améliorer, tout en rendant cet élément un terrain d'essai de la citoyenneté. Alors que le fascisme manipulait le découpage territorial 'plus librement', la République fut longtemps fidèle aux schémas du 'centralisme faible', stimulé par la dictée constitutionnelle et par les exigences européennes, elle a juste récemment adopté une conception non hiérarchique du territoire, qui a voulu mettre au centre les valeurs de la citoyenneté. Le processus se trouve cependant dans une phase d'arrêt, qui ne permet pas encore d'évaluer les retombées du changement de paradigme sur le découpage territorial. ; open ; Mori, Simona ...
International audience ; This article relates the history of conventual libraries in the grand duchy of Tuscany from the 1770s to the Napoleonic times. In Tuscany, as in other italian States, the succession of three waves of conventual suppressions in less than a half century allows to compare their consequences on the libraries, from the partition of the books to the reconversion of the libraries' buildings. It also sheds light on the factors of continuity and change in political and cultural choices. ; Questo articolo ritraccia la sorte delle biblioteche conventuali del granducato di Toscana dagli anni 1770 all'epoca napoleonica. Come in altri Stati italiani, il susseguersi di tre ondate di soppressioni in meno di mezzo secolo permette di confrontare le modalità della loro applicazione (dalla ridistribuzione dei libri alla riconversione degli edifici della biblioteca) e di identificare elementi di continuità e di rottura nelle scelte politiche e culturali.
International audience ; This article relates the history of conventual libraries in the grand duchy of Tuscany from the 1770s to the Napoleonic times. In Tuscany, as in other italian States, the succession of three waves of conventual suppressions in less than a half century allows to compare their consequences on the libraries, from the partition of the books to the reconversion of the libraries' buildings. It also sheds light on the factors of continuity and change in political and cultural choices. ; Questo articolo ritraccia la sorte delle biblioteche conventuali del granducato di Toscana dagli anni 1770 all'epoca napoleonica. Come in altri Stati italiani, il susseguersi di tre ondate di soppressioni in meno di mezzo secolo permette di confrontare le modalità della loro applicazione (dalla ridistribuzione dei libri alla riconversione degli edifici della biblioteca) e di identificare elementi di continuità e di rottura nelle scelte politiche e culturali.
After 1954, Trieste's de facto return to Italy coincided with the defi nitive partition of the Adriatic border. As a consequence, recurrent political tensions that marked the years between the London Memorandum and the Osimo Treaties were generally neglected and understudied. This article represents a fi rst attempt to fi ll this gap in historical studies and prove that, until 1975, the issue of the ex-zone B remained a «Cold War hotbed» for the Italian government. In exploring the «complex relation» between Rome and Trieste through the lenses of the associative response to the Adriatic detente, this article tells a story of misunderstandings, confl icts, and antagonisms. It investigates the role played by local as well as national patriotic and émigrés associations in upholding the «italianità» of the ex-zone B and ultimately suggests that the neo-irredentist network, while opposing the new logic of international politics, restlessly advocated the defense of the «legitimate» interests of the nation.
L'Atlante storico dinamico delle circoscrizioni amministrative della Campania costituisce un modello innovativo di ricostruzione della vicenda storica delle regioni d'Italia, con particolare riferimento alle variazioni di denominazione e territoriali dei comuni e delle province intervenute dall'Unità in poi. A partire da un'ampia ricognizione di fonti normative, bibliografiche, archivistiche e cartografiche, si realizza un G.i.s. contenente basi vettoriali per i confronti tra le partizioni territoriali nelle diverse epoche e aperto allo sviluppo di banche dati relative alle diverse dinamiche storiche che hanno interessato la Campania nell''800 e nel '900. Nel G.i.s. sono inoltre previsti Collegamenti ipertestuali per la visualizzazione della cartografia storica e della documentazione iconografica più significativa. ; The dynamic historical Atlas of the administrative districts of the Campania Region is an innovative model to reconstruct the Italian Regional history, with particular reference to the territorial variations and denomination changes of communes and provinces from the Unification (1861), legislative, bibliographic, archival and cartographic sources, have been used to build a GIS based on vector layers for the comparisons between the territorial partitions in different ages and finalized to the development of data base about historical dynamics that have interested the Campania in 19 and 20th. In this GIS moreover hyperlinks run to visualize historical cartography and the more meaningful iconographic documents.
The paper investigates the nexus among politics, urban spaces, and gendered bodies, in the light of the Greek concept of stasis and of Covid-19 pandemic, putting into question current representations orienting our urban spaces and urban experiences. Pandemic imposes a resignification of some fundamental experiences of social life and pinpoints the spatial dimension as an absolute prerequisite of politics; we live unprecedented cities and more violent inequalities, where traditional western dichotomies lose effectiveness. Feminisms help us re-orient these partitions and the nexuses natural/human, political/unpolitical. Stasis disrupts the idea of politics confined to human actions, as well as gender roles, and the activities and spaces they designate. All these elements lead us toward a rethinking of politics and urban lives from a perspective rooted in interdependency, interaction, and (dis)equilibrium. Il testo rielabora il nesso tra politica, spazi urbani e corpi sessuati alla luce del concetto greco di stasis e dell'esperienza del Covid-19, interrogando le rappresentazioni che orientano gli spazi e i vissuti urbani attuali. La pandemia impone la risignificazione di esperienze fondamentali della vita associata e mostra come la dimensione spaziale sia elemento imprescindibile della politica; viviamo città inedite e diseguaglianze più violente, in cui perdono efficacia molte delle partizioni della tradizione occidentale. I femminismi ci aiutano a riarticolare tali partizioni e i nessi tra naturale/umano, impolitico/politico. La stasis fa saltare l'idea di politica ridotta alle sole azioni umane, così come i ruoli di genere, le attività e gli spazi ad essi designati. Questi elementi ci permettono di ripensare la politica e gli attraversamenti urbani nella prospettiva dell'interdipendenza, dell'interazione e del (dis)equilibrio. ; Il testo rielabora il nesso tra politica, spazi urbani e corpi sessuati alla luce del concetto greco di stasis e dell'esperienza del Covid-19, interrogando le rappresentazioni che orientano gli spazi e i vissuti urbani attuali. La pandemia impone la risignificazione di esperienze fondamentali della vita associata e mostra come la dimensione spaziale sia elemento imprescindibile della politica; viviamo città inedite e diseguaglianze più violente, in cui perdono efficacia molte delle partizioni della tradizione occidentale. I femminismi ci aiutano a riarticolare tali partizioni e i nessi tra naturale/umano, impolitico/politico. La stasis fa saltare l'idea di politica ridotta alle sole azioni umane, così come i ruoli di genere, le attività e gli spazi ad essi designati. Questi elementi ci permettono di ripensare la politica e gli attraversamenti urbani nella prospettiva dell'interdipendenza, dell'interazione e del (dis)equilibrio. The paper investigates the nexus among politics, urban spaces, and gendered bodies, in the light of the Greek concept of stasis and of Covid-19 pandemic, putting into question current representations orienting our urban spaces and urban experiences. Pandemic imposes a resignification of some fundamental experiences of social life and pinpoints the spatial dimension as an absolute prerequisite of politics; we live unprecedented cities and more violent inequalities, where traditional western dichotomies lose effectiveness. Feminisms help us re-orient these partitions and the nexuses natural/human, political/unpolitical. Stasis disrupts the idea of politics confined to human actions, as well as gender roles, and the activities and spaces they designate. All these elements lead us toward a rethinking of politics and urban lives from a perspective rooted in interdependency, interaction, and (dis)equilibrium.
The persistence of a separation in work roles and tasks between men and women, which reproduces the partition between the private sphere, linked to the feminine, and the public sphere, unbalanced on the masculine, is particularly evident in the social, health and educational professions even in the most economically advanced countries, regardless of the welfare structures. Starting from the unequivocal evidence of the numerical prevalence of women in social work - a feature common to all the different conjugations in which the profession is expressed from State to State - the authors discuss the issue of gender in social work from different angles, offering the reader a rich plurality of themes, theoretical concepts and research approaches. National and international researches show the persistence of cultural matrices and gender stereotypes with regard to the division of labour, noticeable already during training, in the mentality of students and trainers, and often also in professionals themselves. The critical reflections of the authors are oriented towards the search for an antidote to the permanence of the status quo, and at the same time towards the development of an advanced mode of social intervention and gender-aware attention, both among professionals and with users and clients of the services. These research paths are offered as a contribution towards developments of a different kind in the multiple fronts of training (university education and lifelong learning), collective and mass media narration, research and reflexivity produced by the professional community of social workers themselves.
In his early writings, dealing mainly with problems of agricultural policy, Max Weber at times differentiates between "class" and "estate", but in general he treats them as synonyms. Only after 1909, when he started to work on Economy and Society and Economic Ethic of the World Religions, he felt the necessity to use these concepts in a more clear-cut manner. "Classes" are only placed within the economic order, while "estates" belong to the social order and take shape through the partition of «social prestige» or «honor», which in turn derives from different sources, including the religious ones. This essay explores the forms of religious stratification which arise from the knowledge of rituals and precedents, from the knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, or from a specific knowledge of the conditions of possibility of redemption. ; Nell'opera giovanile di Weber, che si occupa prevalentemente di problemi di politica agraria, i concetti di "classe" e "ceto" vengono talvolta distinti ma perlopiù utilizzati come sinonimi. Solo a partire dal 1909, nel corso del suo lavoro a Economia e società e all'Etica economica delle religioni universali, Weber ha avvertito l'esigenza di una maggiore differenziazione concettuale. Le "classi" hanno il loro posto esclusivamente nell'ordinamento economico, mentre i "ceti" sono collocati nell'ordinamento sociale, formandosi attraverso la suddivisione del «prestigio sociale» o «onore», che a sua volta deriva da diverse fonti, tra cui anche quelle di tipo religioso. Il saggio studia le forme della stratificazione religiosa, che nascono dalla conoscenza del rituale e dei precedenti, dalla competenza nella scrittura o da uno specifico sapere riguardante le condizioni di possibilità della redenzione.
[EN] The research about Tyrrhenian Tuscany fortifications – more than 150 structures studied with Anna Guarducci and Marco Piccardi – is a multidisciplinary and complex topic that requires methods and sources typical of geographical-historical research. This because of various environmental and landscape peculiarity of Tyrrhenian Tuscany and because of her historical sequence from Medieval Age to nowadays. In Tyrrhenian Tuscany – thanks to its strategic and business importance – although low population, cereal and pastoral "latifondo", the marshes and few settlements, a dense fortifications system was gradually developed until the unification of Italy. This study starts from the first researches on Maremma fortifications on Seventies-Eighties of last century, and they also begins from following studies concerning all coastal area or single places, buildings and small areas. This research take into consideration those researchs methods and subjects. But because of the study area extension a larger range of printed and unpublished sources was analyzed. The set of documents was composed by maps, iconographies, photographies, aerial photographies, territorial and literaly studies, etc. The political and administrative fragmentation of Tyrrhenian Tuscany explains the position of the sources (about fortifications) in libraries and archives of Tuscany (Massa, Lucca, Firenze, Pisa, Livorno, Piombino, Siena, Grosseto, Orbetello), of Italy (Genova, Modena, Roma e Napoli) and of foreign countries (Simancas, Parigi, Vienna e Praga); and in municipal and state or authorithy archives too. The partition expalains also the local and regional nature of the most studies. All these documents are often thematic and incomplete, and have been completed with the study of the present contexts (toponyms, buildings and direct evidences of inhabitants), in order to identify and locate the fortifications. This comparative analysis, together with measurements allowed by cartography, has allowed the recognition of the position of more than ...
Ce travail de doctorat a pour objet central l'usage du thème de la liberté dans les fictions narratives de l'auteur hindi S.H. Vatsyayan 'Agyeya' (1911--1987), plus précisément dans ses romans et nouvelles appartenant aux années 1936--1961, encadrant donc le double évènement capital pour l'histoire de l'Inde de son indépendance et de sa partition en août 1947. En basant sa recherche sur la littérature fictionnelle écrite en hindi, son objectif est de contribuer de manière féconde et novatrice à la connaissance de l'Inde moderne dans ses développements littéraires et intellectuels. La thèse de ce travail postule qu'une étude de textes fictionnels centrée sur l'analyse sémantique de la notion de « liberté » fournit, grâce à la polysémie de cette dernière et à ses multiples lexicalisations hindi (azadi, chu?kara, mukti, svadhinata, svaraj, svatantrata, etc.), une clé d'interprétation privilégiée de l'oeuvre d'Agyeya en particulier et de l'Inde moderne en général. La recherche effectuée à cette fin a été guidée par l'hypothèse suivante, à savoir que les sources fictionnelles hindi représentent, par rapport aux sources argumentatives et normatives habituellement utilisées en sciences humaines et sociales, un apport précieux de données culturelles concrètes à l'étude de l'Asie du Sud. La principale conclusion de ce travail est que la polysémie de la notion de « liberté » permet comme nulle autre de mettre en évidence le caractère foncièrement interdépendant des diverses composantes du social, dans ses dimensions politique et économique, religieuse et spirituelle, juridique et sociale, ou encore culturelle et artistique. Un deuxième résultat marquant de cette étude est la mise en lumière de l'importance grandissante qu'occupe l'individu dans la société indienne moderne. L'ouvrage débute par un chapitre introductif sur la méthode d'analyse adoptée et les critères ayant présidé à la sélection de la période, du genre textuel et de l'auteur. Le deuxième chapitre est précisément consacré à l'auteur ainsi qu'à son contexte ...
Il tema dei prodotti agroalimentari di qualità ha ormai assunto un ruolo rilevante all'interno del dibattito riguardante l'agricoltura e l'economia agroalimentare, ponendosi al centro dell'interesse delle politiche europee (PAC post 2013, Pacchetto Qualità). La crescente attenzione verso le produzioni con marchio Dop\Igp mette però in luce la sostanziale carenza di informazioni dettagliate relativamente alle aziende che operano in questo comparto. Da questo punto di vista il VI° Censimento generale dell'agricoltura costituisce una preziosa fonte di informazioni statistiche. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di utilizzare i dati, ancora provvisori, del censimento per analizzare la struttura delle aziende con produzioni di qualità, ponendola in confronto con quella delle aziende convenzionali. Inoltre è stata fatta una classificazione delle aziende con prodotti Dop\Igp, in base alla rilevanza di queste produzioni sul reddito lordo aziendale. Le aziende sono quindi state classificate come "Specializzate" e "Miste", con un'ulteriore distinzione di queste ultime tra quelle "Prevalentemente Dop\Igp" e quelle "Prevalentemente non Dop\Igp". Tale ripartizione ha consentito una definizione dettagliata degli orientamenti produttivi delle aziende analizzate. ; Recently, within the debate concerning agriculture and its economy, the problem of food quality becomes much more central for the European politics (PAC post 2013, Quality package 2010). This increasing attention on Pdo\Pgi productions, is truly underlining the lack in information about farms and factories actually working in this field. To solve this problem, the VI° Agricultural Census could be considered as a great source of statistical data. Aim of this study was to use this dataset to analyze those farms which are, so far, producing quality foods, comparing them to the more conventional ones. Moreover, a chart based on the relevance of Pdo\Pgi production on the whole farms net gain was created. Farms were then clustered in "specialized" and "mixed"; the last were again separated in two more groups: "mainly Pdo\Pgi" and "mainly not Pdo\Pgi". This kind of partition allowed a more detailed definition of the productive tendency in the analyzed farms.
The "stock" concept is fundamental to fisheries management. To manage a fishery responsibly it is important to understand its stock structure and how fishing effort and mortality are distributed (Begg e Waldman, 1999). The failure to comply the true stock structure and the ineffective fisheries management of an exploited species can lead to overfishing and depletion of the stock (Begg et al., 1999a). In the last years, scientific community has pointed out that the most successful way to address stock identification studies is the application of a holistic approach, thus involving a broad selection of complementary techniques (Begg et al., 1999a; Abaunza, 2008a; Cadrin et al., 2013). The European hake (Merluccius merluccius, Linnaeus 1758) represents a basic component of the demersal communities and one of the target species in the Mediterranean Sea (Lo Brutto et al., 2004; Ligas et al., 2011). For this reason it has been extensively studied. Furthermore, hake stocks are generally considered over-exploited both in the Atlantic Ocean (ICES, 2011; 2012) and in the Mediterranean Sea (STECF, 2013; GFCM, 2014). At present, European hake populations in the Mediterranean Sea are managed considering several relatively small geographical sub-areas (GSAs), which are identified mainly on the basis of political considerations (Ragonese et al., 2012; Vittori et al., 2013). In this partition, Sardinian seas are represented by GSAs 11.1 and 11.2 and are split between two FAO Statistical Divisions (Balearic Islands and Sardinia). It is known that the complexity of many marine species stocks is often underestimated in modern stock management processes (Begg et al., 1999a). As regards the Mediterranean sea, various studies suggested a geographical distribution of the stocks that appears considerably different from the current management units partition (Abaunza et al., 2000; Abaunza et al., 2008c; Murta et al., 2008), and this fact have been observed also for the European hake (Castillo et al., 2004; Mattiucci et al., 2004; Tanner et al., 2012; Fiorentino et al., 2014). The need of the achievement of a comprehensive knowledge about the stock structure of a commercially important species like M. merluccius, has led to the development of this study, which aims, through the employment of a multidisciplinary approach, at a better geographical definition of this species stock in the waters around Sardinia. A first insight into the complexity of the European hake population in the area has been supplied by the analysis and comparison of its length structure in the western and eastern coasts of Sardinia, showing a degree of differentiation that has been subsequently deepened through the application of various techniques. The analysis of the variability in the growth of the species hasn't indicated a meaningful differentiation of the populations in the two sides of the island, but has suggested that the presence of many spawning areas in the western coast could be the cause of the difference in the 0 age-class mean length obtained, as well as in the length structure above-mentioned. On the contrary, the implementation of a geometric morphometric technique to study the shape of individuals has led to the discovery of a significant, even though of moderate extent, differentiation between the two coasts. However, as remarked by Tudela (1999) and Levi et al. (2004) in other case-studies, these differences were believed to be linked only to environmental influences, without a connection to those biological parameters that are fundamental in the definition of a stock. This hypothesis has been made also considering that the observed difference in shape didn't seem to affect individuals' growth. Lastly, the parasitological exam of specimens collected in the whole area of Sardinian seas, has supported the hypothesis of homogeneity of the populations in the area. Indeed, no significant differences have been found in the relative abundance and prevalence of the various parasite taxa examined. Comparing these results with those obtained in a similar study carried out in the Mediterranean Sea (Mattiucci et al., 2004) it has been possible to highlight a considerable similarity of our study area with the central area of Mediterranean sea, and, conversely, a clear differentiation between Sardinian seas and the eastern part of Mediterranean basin. Similar considerations has been made in the context of StockMed project (Fiorentino et al., 2014). This study has therefore provided a solid evidence of the homogeneity of the European hake stock in the waters around Sardinia, leading to the conclusion that this population should be managed jointly. Moreover, it has supported the recently expressed opinion that its stock (as well as those of other important species) could be wider than expected, underlining the need of improving current management units boundaries.
In conseguenza dell'esito della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, Gorizia venne notoriamente lacerata dalla comparsa del revisionato confine politico tra l'Italia e la Jugoslavia, che separò la città dalla maggior parte della sua regione complementare e, persino, da una consistente porzione della sua periferia, ove, successivamente, si sarebbe sviluppato e giustapposto un nuovo organismo urbano contermine. Tale demarcazione incise profondamente, anche per la sua pregnante valenza simbolica, sul vissuto delle popolazioni e sull'equilibrio originario dell'assetto territoriale, poiché rappresentò per decenni un limite – almeno apparentemente – netto tra l'Est e l'Ovest dell'Europa. Con il Trattato di Osimo il confine politico iniziò a perdere progressivamente la sua singolare forma di impermeabilità, consentendo una più accettabile convivenza proprio in corrispondenza dell'area frontaliera, che è andata consolidandosi quando la Slovenia subentrò all'ex- Jugoslavia. L'ulteriore defunzionalizzazione del confine, in conseguenza degli Accordi di Schengen, consente ora di esplorare minuziosamente la complessa peculiarità geografica di una fascia confinaria sovrimposta ad un ambiente urbano, sviscerando, tra l'altro, una serie di originali tipologie confinarie oltre a veri e propri paradossi. Il fenomeno induce, altresì, l'innesco di significativi processi di riorganizzazione e di riequilibrio socio-territoriale transconfinario dell'edificio urbano, di indubbio interesse geografico. Un'accurata indagine dell'assetto del borderland – svolta innanzitutto in termini indiretti con il ricorso all'analisi comparativa delle cartografie pubblicate dai Paesi confinanti ed integrata da dettagliate operazioni di rilevamento – può opportunamente sfociare nell'elaborazione di agili modelli interpretativi che consentano di riconoscere speditivamente, anche in termini processuali evoluzionari, i caratteri essenziali del sistema territoriale in esame. ; In consequence of the Second World War Gorizia was torn by the revised political border between Italy and Yugoslavia. The new partition separated the town from the majority of its complementary region, inclusive of a substantial part of its periphery, where a new urban organism was later to be developed. Such a boundary line deeply affected, also for its symbolic value, the life experience of the people and the original balance of the territorial layout. Indeed for decades it represented a clear divide between Eastern and Western Europe. By the Treaty of Osimo the political border began to lose its peculiar impermeability allowing a more peaceful coexistence of peoples in the border area. A new climate which was bound to strengthen when Slovenia took the place of the former Yugoslavia. Following the Schengen agreements the border lost almost all its functional character. Therefore we are now able to explore in great detail the complex geographical peculiarity of a boundary belt superimposed on an urban environment with its original typology, that in some cases appears paradoxical. The practical fall of the border is inducing the development of processes of reorganization and readjustment in the urban fabric, which is of great interest to the geographer. A detailed investigation of the borderland layout carried on by comparing the maps published by both countries and followed by accurate surveys may help us to recognize the essential features of the areal organization.
Il lungo processo che avrebbe portato Ottaviano alla conquista del potere e alla fondazione del principato è scandito da alcuni momenti chiave e da diversi personaggi che ne accompagnarono l'ascesa. Prima ancora che sul campo di battaglia, il figlio adottivo di Cesare riuscì a primeggiare per la grande capacità di gestire alleanze e rapporti personali, per la grande maestria con la quale riuscì a passare da capo rivoluzionario a rappresentante e membro dell'aristocrazia tradizionale. Non fu un cammino facile e lineare e forse il compito più difficile non fu sbaragliare gli avversari ad Azio, ma conservare un potere che gli fu costantemente contestato. Ancora dopo il 31 a.C., infatti, in più di un'occasione, Augusto fu chiamato a difendere la sua creatura (il principato) e a procedere a modificarne costantemente base di potere e struttura: solamente attraverso questa fondamentale, minuziosa, ma nascosta opera, egli riuscì a porre le basi per una struttura di potere destinata a durare immutata almeno per un secolo. In base a queste premesse, la ricerca è organizzata secondo un duplice criterio cronologico, inserendo -all'interno della cornice rappresentata dagli eventi- una partizione che tenga presente ulteriori cesure e momenti determinanti. Il proposito è quello di sottolineare come all'interno di un regno unitario, caratterizzato dalla permanenza di un unico sovrano, sia possibile intravedere l'alternarsi di situazioni storiche diverse, di rapporti di forze, alleanze e unioni in virtù delle quali si determinino orientamenti differenti nell'ambito tanto della politica interna quanto di quella esterna. ; The long process that would have ultimately led Ottavian to power, thus founding the principate, is marked by several characters and key moments, all along his path. Even before facing the battlefield, Caesar's adopted son managed to climb to the top ranks of the state, thanks to his great ability in forging alliances and personal relationships, and to the mastery through which he was able to transform himself from revolutionary leader to member (and a representative one) of the traditional aristocracy. This did not develop through an easy and linear track, and the most difficult task was not – very likely – defeating his opponents at Actium, but rather keeping hold of a power that was being constantly contested. Well after 31 b.C., in more than one occasion, Augustus had to defend his new creation (the principate) and tweak time after time its foundations and structure: it was only through this capital, meticulous, and hidden work that he succeeded in building the basis for an institution that would carry on almost unchanged for about one century, to say the least. On these grounds, the present research is organised following a double chronological criterion, by placing – within the framework of the main events – a partition that takes into account further breaks and critical moments. The purpose is that of highlighting how, within a single reign, determined by the presence of one ruler, it is possible to distinguish the succession of different historical situations, balances of power, alliances and marriages through which various directions were decided, both in domestic and in foreign affairs.
