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Infants expect native and non-native speech to communicate, i.e. to transfer information between third-parties. Here, we explored if infants understand that communication depends on the use of shared conventional systems (e.g. speaking the same language), and if linguistic input (monolingual vs. bilingual) influences infants' expectations about who can communicate with whom. Fourteen-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants were presented with two actresses who spoke distinct languages (Experiment 1) or the same foreign language (Experiment 2). At test, one of the actresses uttered a foreign-language sentence (communicator) to inform the other actress (recipient) about her preference for one of two objects she could not reach. Infants expected effective communication between the two actresses when they belonged to the same linguistic group. When they demonstrated to speak distinct languages, however, only bilinguals expected that the communicator's message would be effectively transmitted to the recipient –they found more surprising the condition in which the recipient gave to the communicator the non-preferred object (vs. the preferred). The results suggest that infants expect speech to convey information between third-parties only when individuals share the same conventional system. In addition, the results suggest that, unlike monolinguals, bilinguals expect speakers of their native-language to have access to multiple conventional systems. ; This research was supported by grants from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013): ERC grant agreement number 323961 (Under Control); the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-101831-B-I00 AEI FEDER, EU) and the Catalan Government (SGR 2017–268; FI-9015-456763; ICREA ACADEMIA 2018 award).

Simona Bevern addresses the questions what and why political parties communicate in the time between elections, focusing on the dynamic rise and fall of policy issues. Despite the central role of political parties and the alleged importance of communication, only few scholars have taken a closer look at the content and dynamics of parties? communication in routine times of politics. In this study, interactions between parties? communication, their party competitors, the legislative agenda, and public opinion are studied in Germany for the years 2004?2009, making use of a novel data set and quantitative methods. Contents Dynamic patterns of inter-party competition Dynamics between parliamentary activities and overall party communication Dynamics between public opinion and overall party communication The Europeanization of party communication Methods of analysis: time series and multi-level regression models Target Groups Lecturers and Students of Social Sciences, Political Sciences, Communication and Media Studies Political Parties, Organisations, Consultants in the area of Political Communications, Public and Media Relations The Author After successful completion of the PhD program in political science at the Graduate School of Economic and Social Sciences of Mannheim University, Simona Bevern is now working in research management.

This research studies the effect of news coverage on third-party interventions in negotiations. In the political context of the post-Oslo era in the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, it examines the influence of U.S. appeals, reported in the local Israeli press, that called on the Israelis to make concessions. Previous research regarding the reactive devaluation bias (Ross 1995) led to the hypothesis that a positive effect of the third-party communicator will occur: An appeal for Israeli concessions from an American source should elicit more favorable attitudes among Israeli Jews compared to the same appeal from a Palestinian communicator. In addition, I hypothesized that in line with tendencies found in regard to the reactive devaluation bias (l. Maoz et al. in preparation), the magnitude of the positive effect of the third-party communicator will depend on the recipients' political affiliation and will vary for hawks and for doves. These hypotheses are examined, using an experimental design of the communicator's identity (American versus Palestinian) by the recipient's political affiliation (hawks versus doves). The findings support the research hypotheses.

Investigates degree of influence on Israeli Jewish public opinion of Israeli press news coverage on US appeals for Israeli concessions; whether such an appeal from an American source elicits more favorable attitudes regarding concessions than from a Palestinian source would. Based on a survey of 85 Israeli Jewish undergraduate students in the Communication Department at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Simona Bevern addresses the questions what and why political parties communicate in the time between elections, focusing on the dynamic rise and fall of policy issues. Despite the central role of political parties and the alleged importance of communication, only few scholars have taken a closer look at the content and dynamics of parties' communication in routine times of politics. In this study, interactions between parties' communication, their party competitors, the legislative agenda and public opinion are studied in Germany for the years 2004-2009, making use of a novel data set and quan

Acknowledgements. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their close reading and all suggestions to improve our work. All authors have equally contributed to this publication; authorship is in alphabetical order. Funding: This work is supported by the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES), a National Research Network (NFN) sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) [S10902-G11]. ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF