Suchergebnisse

This essay formulates eight goals that have emerged from worldwide moral deliberation on "transitional justice" and that may serve as a useful framework when particular societies consider how they should reckon with violations of internationally recognized human rights. These goals include: truth, a public platform for victims, accountability and punishment, the rule of law, compensation to victims, institutional reform and long-term development, reconciliation, and public deliberation.These eight goals are used to identify and clarify (1) the variety of ethical issues that emerge in reckoning with past wrongs, (2) widespread agreements about initial steps for resolving each issue, (3) leading options for more robust solutions of each issue, and (4) ways to weight or trade off the norms when they conflict. The aim is to show that there are crucial moral aspects in reckoning with the past and to clarify, criticize, revise, apply, and diffuse eight moral norms. These goals are not a "one-size-fits-all" blueprint but rather a framework by which societies confronting past atrocities can decide–through cross-cultural and critical dialogue–what is most important to accomplish and the morally best ways to do so.

For more than a decade, Korean society has taken various legal steps to rectify past wrongs perpetrated by the old authoritarian-military regime. In 1995, the "Special Act Concerning the May 18 Democratization Movement" was passed in the National Assembly. Under this new legal circumstance, the two former presidents were imprisoned on charges of leading the 1979 military coup and brutally oppressing the May 18 Uprising of 1980. However, because such a transition from the authoritarian-military rule was established through a political compromise, Korean society had to experience a limited transitional justice. As another step to rectify past wrongs, the "Act for Restoring the Honor of Democratization Movement Involvers and Providing Compensation for Them" was enacted in 2000. Under this Act, a number of democratization activists have been recognized as "democratization movement involvers." However, this Act has been strongly criticized because the activists using harsh counter-violence were also recognized as the "involvers." In 2001, the legislature enacted the "Special Act for Truth-Finding Suspicious Deaths" to handle the suspicious deaths of many democratization activists during the old authoritarian-military regime. Also, broadening the scope of illustrating past wrongs, a series of laws was recently enacted to uncover the activities of pro-Japanese collaborators under the Japanese occupation in the early twentieth century. These various Special Acts for dealing with past wrongs certainly have never been free from political struggle between the liberal and conservative. Some argue that these acts were forged by agreements between these two factions. However, although each side has advocated somewhat differently, they have come together in the belief that Korean society needs to discard the legacy of the authoritarian regime. In this light, the acts are symbolic statements that officially declare the people's dissatisfaction with the authoritarian regime. Therefore, they are necessary for Koreans to heal old ...

Trust is essential for good patient care. Abuses in research and in medical care undermines trust in governmental medical care systems. Restoring trust involves acknowledging and correcting past harms to communities and individuals.

National citizenship is still the last bastion of states' sovereignty, meaning that EU institutions cannot exercise any direct influence on national citizenship legislation in the EU member states. On the other hand, the process of political integration in the EU, international human rights' development and globalization are claimed to have indirectly challenged states' exclusive competences in that legal area. As a consequence of these processes a number of questions arise: what kind of national citizenship has developed in the member states of the European Union? Which principles have informed it? Which factors have triggered the legislative reforms? This book sheds light on the processes that have transformed national citizenship of the European Union's member states and explains the legislative changes that€have taken€place since the mid-1980s in Germany, Hungary and Poland.