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The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents. ; The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

Apart from trade in goods & services, there has emerged a new field of international trade & it is trade in intellectual property rights. Its most important & represented form is trade in patent rights. Possession of patent rights is an increasingly important factor of competitiveness on the international market. This field is very dynamic & therefore there is a need to be constantly followed. In this paper, the author analyses the origin, process of changes & prospects for trade in patent rights. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The author deals with the role of constitutional courts in democracies. Though they have religious roots, nowadays they are entirely secularized because interpretation of constitutions is neither a religious event nor are constitutions the Scriptures. Since constitutions today are exposed to a more rapid political change, constitutional courts are the institutions that determine the validity of political projects, which makes them political actors. Although they make decisions based on relatively patent constitutional/legal criteria, they nevertheless contradict the dominant democratic principle. This friction is more pronounced in the field of symbolic politics in which decisions are brought via political argumentation circumventing the formal criteria. Political individuality of constitutional courts consists in moderating the process of political bargaining beyond the principle of democratic majority. The author concludes that their primary task is to maintain a sensitive balance, with uncertain results. 16 References. Adapted from the source document.