SummaryLibya is one of the Middle East nations with very high fertility, and data from 1973 suggest the presence of a natural fertility regime marked by the absence of fertility limitation within marriage. Analysis of paternity data by occupation, however, identifies major differences in the level and pattern of childbearing. The Libyan data are compared with fertility and paternity data from an American frontier population to demonstrate that the general patterns observed are consistent with other natural fertility populations, while selected occupational groups may limit family size.
93State Succession — Judicial Proceedings and Judgments of Courts — Re-Emergence of Independent Austrian State after Temporary Incorporation in German Reich — Agreement on Competence of Austrian Courts — Agreement Concluded While Austria Part of Reich — Whether Austrian Court Entitled to Exercise Jurisdiction after Severance of Austria from Reich.
We find that the introduction of two weeks of paid paternity leave in Spain in 2007 led to delays in subsequent fertility. Following a regression discontinuity design and using rich administrative data, we show that parents who were (just) entitled to the new paternity leave took longer to have another child compared to (just) ineligible parents. We also show that older eligible couples were less likely to have an additional child within the following six years after the introduction of the reform. We provide evidence in support of two potentially complementary channels behind the negative effects on subsequent fertility. First, fathers' increasing involvement in childcare led to higher labor force attachment among mothers. This may have raised the opportunity cost of an additional child. We also find that men reported lower desired fertility after the reform, possibly due to their increased awareness of the costs of childrearing, or to a shift in preferences from child quantity to quality. ; Farré acknowledges the financial support by Fundación Ramon Areces (CISP15A33179), the Government of Catalonia (grant SGR2014-325), and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant ECO2014-59959-P-P). González acknowledges the financial support of ICREA Academia and the ERC (CoG-2017-770958).
AbstractParenthood is a transforming and enduring experience worldwide, yet it occurs in culturally distinctive ways. Anthropologists' analyses of this aspect of social life need to attend to these distinctions by applying concepts that are flexible but offer meaningful insights. This article investigates the complexities of modern parent–child relations, making two propositions that expand the concept of parenthood. I begin by arguing that the termparenthoodshould be more widely utilized by anthropologists when investigating kinship, due to its specificity and ability to address and contest issues of care and inequality. The notion of parenthood can reflect a diverse array of practices far beyond those of childbearing heterosexual couples—fostering, adoption, surrogacy, queer parenthoods, and parenthood via assisted reproductive technologies (ART)—while acknowledging the continued salience of normative parenting relations. I propose that feminist anthropologists could use the termparenthoodto challenge the gendered assumptions surroundingmotherhoodandfatherhood(which remain highly influential regardless of parents' relationship forms and sexualities) and to recognize and facilitate less rigid, less binary parenting performances. Drawing on anthropological, sociological, and feminist works on kinship, reproduction, and gender, I thus advocate for the conceptual utility of the termparenthoodand point to future directions for such research.
