Suchergebnisse

Die philosophische Schirmherrschaft uber die Sozialherferinnen
Auf die Kongresse der Nationalen Organisation der Sozial-helferinnen werden seit 1945 bekannte Universitatsprofessoren, "eminente" hohe Staatsbeamte und politische Persönlichkeiten eingeladen. Den Sinn dieser Beteiligung kann man erkennen, wenn man die Vorträge dieser Personen mit den offiziellen Stellungnahmen vergleicht : das Bild des Unpolitischen und des rein technischen Konnens, das die ANAS von sich geben will, dient nur dazu, jenen realen Prozess zu verschleiern, durch den die herrsehende Ideologie in ihrer katholischen Form durch-gesetzt wird.

Het doel van dit artikel is het begrip 'patronage-relaties' te verduidelijken. Er wordt daarbij gesteld dat deze kunnen worden gekarakteriseerd als particularistisch, diffuus en verworven. Verscheidene andere geregistreerde eigenschappen, blijken uit deze drie kenmerken voort te vloeien. Deze karakterisering laat bovendien toe : 1. een onderscheid te maken tussen een sociale relatie als een modus van uitwisseling en een sociale relatie als een normatief paradigma, en de onderlinge afhankelijkheid hiervan te bestuderen;  2. het ontstaan van patronage te relateren aan factoren endogeen aan het verwantschapssysteem;  3. de rol van patronage te belichten in de structuratie van sociale ongelijkheid.  Dit artikel vormt een inleiding tot een analyse van het voorkomen, de evolutie en de huidige rol van patronage als modus van uitwisseling.

Considered are criticisms of the patronage now exercised by British Government Ministers as a result of the growth of public bodies-semiautonomous bodies funded by Governments whose Ministers apppoint the membership but whose functions are independent of political control or civil service administration. The criticism alleged partisan selection & suggested possible control of public bodies through such appointments which would lead to an unwelcome extension of executive power. Using information from the Directory of Paid Public Appointments made by Ministers (HMSO, 1976), it is concluded that while the mebership of public bodies was extensive there were few grounds to support the criticism. Most appointments were unpaid, save for expenses, for limited functions which had no political connotations. However, the flexible structure of public bodies could be used for political purposes which may give Governments an extension of executive power. Modified AA.

Towards a political analysis of patronagePolitical patronage is a phenomenon which has already been analysed and evaluated from many angles. An analytical model inspired by cybernetics is proposed here as a framework for the interpretation of the phenomenon. Such a model leads one to observe interactions between the different actors of a given society in terms of power relations. Using the ideas suggested by the model, the author describes patronage as a complex process in which a client relationship is established between patron and client, following which the former tries to alter his relationship with his opponents in political competition. Through the establishment of a client relationship, the patron helps to pull the client out from a certain state of weakness so as to obtain the means which the client wants for himself. Consequently, thanks to the means obtained by the client, which help him augment his power, the patron tries once more to alter his relations with his rivals in the political competition. In this sense, patronage permits a double transformation.On an empirical level two questions are posed. Can one trace an evolutionary pattern in the practice of patronage by political parties in Quebec between 1944 and 1972, and in what sense can patronage be defined? Does patronage have different characteristics depending on whether it is practised by the Liberal party or the Union nationale in the period under review?

What is meant by "patronage"? The term appears with increased frequency in anthropological analysis. Indeed, it has become a major concept in the study of peasant societies, somewhat analogous to the concept of the "big man" in certain kinds of chiefdoms, or "fission and fusion" in lineage-type societies. There is, however, considerable ambiguity in the meaning given to the term. Consider, as examples, the following three excerpts from recent anthropological studies:Patronage is founded on the reciprocal relations between patrons and clients. By patron I mean a person who uses his influence to assist and protect some other person, who then becomes his "client", and in return provides certain services for his patron… Patronage is thus the complex of relations between those who use their influence, social position or some other attribute to assist and protect others, and those whom they so help and protect.