Suchergebnisse

В статье рассматриваются процессы формирования, функционирования и уничтожения патронажных связей[4], обеспечивавших кадровую основу систем управления регионального уровня СССР. При этом в данном исследовании провинциальные элиты – ведущий объект воздействия патронажа – выступают в качестве силы, имевшей собственное влияние на политическое развитие страны. ; The author discusses the processes of the formation, functioning and destruction of patronage relations, which provided the cadre basis of administration systems at the regional level of the USSR, and thus in this research considers provincial elites the leading object of patronage influence as a force, which had its own influence on the political development of the country.

The U.S. Army's Counterinsurgency Field Manual, Bremer's My Year in Iraq, and Xenophon's Education of Cyrus all consider problems of establishing a state. Bremer sees constitutions as fundamental, and the Field Manual emphasizes local security operations and effective governance to establish legitimacy. But Xenophon shows how states are founded by leaders with reputations for reliably rewarding supporters. Agency incentive problems in government make patronage an essential aspect of state-building, and political leaders become fundamentally constrained by their reputations. Democratic competition requires many leaders to develop independent reputations for exercising power and patronage responsibly, which can be encouraged by political decentralization.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-144). ; This thesis examines Mangosuthu Buthelezi's emergence as a national leader during the Apartheid era in South Africa and his subsequent decline in status thus far in the country's democratic context. Much of the literature written on Buthelezi's ascent to power focuses on his engagement with the process of ethnic mobilization and on his dispensing of patronage to those who were residing in the homeland and KwaZulu. Whilst attention is given to Buthelezi's involvement with ethnic mobilization and with patronage, the focal point of this study is that of the plausibility of categorizing him as a charismatic leader.

The manner by which politicians attempt to mobilize support helps determine the character and quality of democracy, as well as the possibility for democratic consolidation. This article argues that the mobilization strategies politicians pursue as they attempt to win elections are affected by their access to secondary organizations, patronage, mass media outlets, and the electoral system. The results suggest that in cases where only one of these resources is available, the model performs as expected. In cases where multiple options are available, the politicians seem to prefer indirect methods of mobilization to direct ones, as well as using state patronage to support their efforts.

This article identifies four primary sources of upward mobility within public sector organizations, namely, ability, reputation, social credentials, and patronage. Ability is the single most important source, but the other factors taken collectively are at least equally as important. Reputation rests on three factors: ability, visibility, and demeanor. Social credentials comprise race, ethnicity, gender, education, personality traits, attitudes, and values. Reputation, social credentials, and patronage figure as sources of upward mobility for three reasons: the fact that ability is assessed subjectively, the requirement for trustworthiness in administrative work, and the fact that superiors and subordinates engage in social exchanges.

This paper addresses two issues empirically that have been somewhat neglected in the marketing literature. The first one is whether or not basic marketing relationships at the establishment level are robust or stable to the realization of major events that change the market environm ent. The second one is whether after these events take place the marketing relationships for new establishments are the same or different from those of existing establishments. What allows us to address these issues is a combination of factors af fecting the operation of gas stations in Pamplona, Spain. We conducted a survey of gas stations in 1998 when prices of gasoline products were fixed by the government and a similar survey in 2007 when gas retail prices were set by market participant. This major change in market environment was the result of a price liberalization law. A comparison of the same establishments in the two surveys allows us to address the first issue identified above. A comparison of new establishments and existing ones in the most recent survey allows us to addr ess the second issue identified above. Briefly put, customer satisfaction and its determinants prove to have a robust, stable relationship with respect to the changed market environment during this nine year period. On the other hand, some aspects of the relation between future patronage intentions and its determinants are subs tantially altered by the changed market environment. The aspects that remain the same in both comparisons are, thus, geographically as well as inter-temporally stable. Those that change often can be associated with specific changes in the nature of the market for gas stations in Pamplona during this nine year period. ; The authors acknowledge financial support for this research from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science: Project SEJ2005-0663/ECON.

Strategies for mobilizing and maintaining political interest groups; based on data from 62 interviews with group leaders; US. Focuses on patronage and member support.

El constante deterioro económico y social que experimentó el obispado de Durango y su catedral, desde su fundación en 1620 hasta por lo menos principios del siglo XVIII, propició que la mayoría de los obispos estuvieran al frente de las obras constructivas y del embellecimiento al recinto catedralicio a través de las constantes donaciones de objetos artísticos. Recurrentemente, dentro de la Historia del Arte novohispano, esta situación se ha clasificado como mecenazgo, a pesar de ser un término que aún no tiene una definición clara, y que nada tiene que ver con el contexto renacentista. Empero, para el caso de Durango, el término mecenazgo, se utiliza para explicar los casos de los obispos Pedro Barrientos Lomelín (1654-1658) y Manuel Escalante Colombres y Mendoza (1699-1704), quienes además de sus donaciones evidencian, de acuerdo a la revisión de sus carreras, una agenda político-religiosa muy clara en torno a dos cultos: la Virgen de Guadalupe y San Pedro. ; The constant economic and social deterioration experienced by Durango's bishopric and its cathedral from its foundation in 1620 until at least the beginning of the eighteenth century led to the majority of the bishops being in charge of the construction and embellishment of the cathedral site through constant donations of artistic objects. Time and again in New Spain Art History, this situation has been classified as "patronage", despite being a term that does not yet have a clear definition, and has nothing to do with the Renaissance context. However, in the case of Durango, the term "patronage" is used to describe the cases of Bishops Pedro Barrientos Lomelín (1654-1658) and Manuel Escalante Colombres and Mendoza (1699-1704); in addition to their donations, their careers reflect a very clear political-religious agenda surrounding two cults: The Virgin of Guadalupe and San Pedro. ; Área de Historia del Arte, UPO ; Preprint

The article is devoted to the theoretical and positive legal bases of inclusion of patronage employees in the circle of persons covered by the anti-corruption legislation. The problematic aspects of the introduction of the criterion of "public principles" as a basis for leveling the anti-corruption subjectivity are singled out and characterized: its contextual insignificance (lack of significance for the purposes of thematic regulation); the property of gratis volunteer service conditions for many functionaries and quasi-functionaries directly enshrined in the thematic subjectivity of functionaries and quasi-functionaries; the likelihood (albeit ideological unfoundedness) of manipulative references to the public nature of the service in some jurisdictional proceedings. The incoherence and selectivity of the legislative qualification of patronage officials as persons covered by the Law "On the Prevention of Corruption" are criticized, in particular: a) the period of privileged position of parliamentary "patrons", which had no substantive motivation, is predictably had over, left unnecessary (meaningless, dead) wording-exceptions in a number of regulations; b) The period of burdened position of presidential and court patronage officials (in context of general loyalty to other service agents), which is also not meaningfully harmonious. The integrity of the coverage by the sectoral legislation of public quasi-functionaries (in competitive or disciplinary commissions) was positively assessed. The absence of anticorruption subjectivity entity of the judge assistants of the CCU has been proved, validity and longevity of which has been questioned. It has been established that municipal patronage officials: face and had faced anti-corruption regulation (within the concept of "local government officials"), categorially separated from other "patrons", actualize the more general problematique of systematic of public service.

В статье рассматривается приоритетное направление по развитию семейного устройства в Российской Федерации для детей-сирот и детей, оставшихся без попечения родителей, а именно развитие института патронатной семьи. Проводится анализ терминов «патронат», «патронатная семья», «патронатное воспитание». Авторы классифицируют виды патроната, патронатного воспитания, патронатной семьи, а также выделяют различные основания для классификации семей, которые замещают собой биологическую. Цель рассмотреть сущность и выделить особенности патронатной семьи в современном российском обществе. Метод или методология проведения работы: контент-анализ законодательства о патронатном воспитании в субъектах РФ. Результаты: представлены различные основания трактовок «патроната», «патронатной семьи» в субъектах Российской Федерации, а также даны классификации видов патроната и семей, которые замещают собой биологическую. Область применения результатов: семейное право, социология детства, психология, ювенальное право. ; The article discusses the priority direction on development of the family device for orphan children and children without parental support, namely development of institute of a foster fa-mily in the Russian Federation. The analysis of the terms «patronage», «foster family», «foster education» is carried out. Authors are classified types of patronage, foster education, a foster family, and allocate various bases for classification of families which replace the biological also. The purpose: consider the nature and highlight features of foster families in contemporary Russian society. Method or methodology of carrying out work: a content analysis of the legislation on foster education in territorial subjects in the Russian Federation. Results: presented different interpretations of the base «patronage», «foster family» in the Russian Federation, and also given a classification of patronage and families, which override the biological. Scope of results: a family law, childhood sociology, psychology, the juvenile right.