Suchergebnisse

Justice and peace are commonly seen as mutually reinforcing, and key international peacebuilding documents stress the importance of human rights. Is this apparent normative shift reflected in post-Cold War peace agreements? The existing literature is divided on this issue but has crucially treated both conflicts and peace agreements as aggregate categories. This article argues that the conflict type and the agreement's 'core deal' impact on the inclusion, or exclusion, of human rights provisions. Based on new coding of the 29 comprehensive agreements signed between 1990 and 2010, it compares agreements signed in territorial and non-territorial conflicts, and agreements with and without territorial autonomy. Qualitative Comparative Analysis is used to examine the different combinations of conditions that led to the inclusion of human rights. The analysis finds that agreements signed in territorial conflicts are significantly less likely to include effective human rights provisions, especially if the settlement includes territorial autonomy. Moreover, such provisions tend to be the result of high levels of international involvement, and the consequent lack of local commitment, or outright resistance, undermines their implementation. These findings point to important trade-offs between group rights and individual rights, and qualifies the notion of a liberal peace.

AbstractEducation has been on the minds of peacemakers since the end of the Cold War, contrary to expectations. An examination of how education is addressed in full and partial post‐Cold War peace agreements shows that education is mentioned in a large number of the agreements. However, the way in which education is addressed and incorporated into peace agreements varies significantly in terms of what is mandated to occur in the education sector after the signing of the peace agreement, including what kind of education will be provided and to whom and how education is viewed in these agreements.

AbstractFor societies transitioning from conflict to peace, the phenomenon of child soldiers poses significant challenges. These include quandaries associated with assisting in the reintegration of serving child soldiers, determining how to prevent future recruitment of child soldiers, and pursuing accountability of those who utilize child soldiers. In addition, questions are also raised as to whether and how child soldiers responsible for crimes committed during conflict are to be held to account. While no one mechanism or response can adequately and sufficiently address the multifaceted issues that arise, peace agreements, as foundational documents that serve as the blueprint for peacebuilding and the post-conflict State, can make a useful contribution to some or all of them. Drawing on all references to child soldiers in 77 peace agreements signed between 1990 and 2022, this article examines the ways in which peace agreements address the issue of child soldiers.

In 2005, there were 31 ongoing conflicts, down by 1 from 2004. Notable for 2005 as well as for the previous year is that, while there were no major fluctuations in the number of conflicts, there were numerous changes when it comes to the conflicts listed. While ten of the conflicts recorded for 2004 were no longer active in 2005, nine conflicts restarted, four with action taken by new rebel groups and five by previously recorded actors. A total of 231 armed conflicts have been recorded since the end of World War II and 121 after the end of the Cold War. In one-third of the conflicts recorded after the Cold War, the conflicting parties have concluded peace agreements, solving, regulating, or deciding the incompatibility. Of the 144 accords, 70% were signed in conflicts over government; many of them were part of a peace process containing more than one agreement. In conflicts over government, the most common provision for resolving the incompatibility was the holding of elections. In conflicts over territory, the agreements often established local governance over the disputed territory.

"Sudan erlebt den ersten Jahrestag des umfassenden Friedensabkommens zwischen der Regierung und der (süd)sudanesischen Befreiungsbewegung SPLM. Der Jahrestag ist Anlass, die bisherige Umsetzung der Friedensvereinbarungen zu analysieren und nach den künftigen Perspektiven zu fragen, steht doch am Ende der vereinbarten sechsjährigen Interimsperiode das Referendum über die Sezession des Südsudan. Das sudanesische Friedensabkommen erweist sich als dadurch belastet, dass es exklusiv zwischen der Regierung und der SPLM geschlossen wurde ohne andere südsudanesische Kräfte und Oppositionsgruppen einzubeziehen. Entscheidend für den Fortgang des Friedensprozesses bleibt der Wille der Regierung in Khartum, die im Friedensabkommen gemachten Zusagen auch de facto zu erfüllen und die Legitimitätsbasis durch Berücksichtigung bislang marginalisierter Bevölkerungsgruppen zu verbreitern. Die SPLM-dominierte südsudanesische Regierung unter Salva Kiir steht vor der Aufgabe, die autoritären Strukturen des 'System Garang' zu überwinden und die ethnische Dominanz der Dinka in den administrativen Strukturen abzubauen. Von Bedeutung für Konsolidierung und Stabilität des Friedensprozesses ist schließlich auch, dass die internationale Gemeinschaft ihre Zusage zur Entsendung einer UN-Friedensmacht zügig umsetzt." (Autorenreferat)