Suchergebnisse

This article criticizes overly ambitious definitions of globalization both on theoretical & empirical grounds. Globalization seems to be a less universal & unprecedented process than often described. It also seems that its most important effects are limited to the economic sphere, while in the political one it has not destroyed the traditional organization of states or the heterogeneous nature of the international system. Its main political effects are twofold. On the one hand, in the more globalized areas, open economies demonstrate & reinforce more peaceful international relations. On the other hand, in the less globalized areas, conflicts may arise between those who want to integrate into the world economy & those who are opposed. The most important political issue arising from globalization may therefore be the future relationship between the more & the less globalized areas. 2 Tables, 4 Figures, 68 References. Adapted from the source document.

Discusses European reaction & unified action to the tragic events of 11 Sept. One consequence of the events important for the future of Europe is the progressive transformation of transatlantic relations & the subsequent reconfiguration of NATO activities. Although US President George W. Bush seized the occasion to further affirm US control in the post-Cold War era, the European powers -- with the exception of GB -- have failed to agree on a specific course of action in addressing terrorism. Aside from committing to an international peacekeeping force, NATO & the UN have remained detached from the US reaction. Because of its relative inaction, Europe has undoubtedly compromised its authority & international prestige. A call is made for alternative solutions to the Treaty of Maastricht & its provisions for reinforced collaboration in defense issues. J. Sadler

This article examines the increasing importance of the policies in international relations of Vatican City. The recent attention given to the Pope's role in achieving peaceful negotiations around the world is discussed. The ability to achieve peace through the intervention of the church, its influence on the members of the community especially young people is highlighted. The author also discusses several books that study the church's involvement in international relations in various countries & geographical locations, such as Latin America, Asia, & Africa, & with other religious groups. The author draws conclusions based on what the rest of the world can learn about diplomacy from the Vatican. E. Miller

Examines former Chancellor of Germany & Nobel Prize laureate Willy Brandt's ambition to portray Germany as a peacemaker & to normalize the situation of the Federal Republic (FRG) in Europe. Brandt's project to reconcile nationalist interests & the federalist/European inclination of the FRG was testimony to his dedication to European identity in the second half of the twentieth century. After discussing the question of "European formation" formulated by Brandt while living in exile, & later as the mayor of Berlin, the evolution of his agenda during his chancellorship (1969-1974) is outlined, noting his focus on European reconstruction & complimentary efforts at reconciliation/normalization with Eastern Germany. It is noted that the Chancellor anticipated a postnationalist period, in which the question of borders would be minimized & where the two Germanys would enter a new era of coexistence. J. Sadler

The May 2001 Italian elections have been significantly different from the previous ones for three main reasons. First, for the first time in Italian postwar political history, an incumbent government was challenged by an opposition prepared to replace it. Second, the nature of the electoral competition between the Olive-tree government & the Casa delle Liberta led by Silvio Berlusconi was clearly & unequivocally bipolar. Third, because of Berlusconi's victory, the outcome of this competition led to the first peaceful alternation ever in the Italian political system. In a sense, then, the May 2001 elections may be considered "founding elections," similar to those won by the Christian Democrats in 1948 that inaugurated the postwar democratic Italian Republic. This article suggests, however, that much remains to be done to consolidate the political regime, reform the institutions, & create a stable competition between more homogeneous coalitions. 9 References. Adapted from the source document.

The 14th century was the high-point of German mercenary activity in the service of Italian princes and cities. For the first time in 60 years, this study addresses the multifarious implications of this intriguing subject. On the basis of newly discovered sources, it analyzes the general parameters defining international mercenary service in 14th century Italy and describes the life-situations of German mercenaries in war and peacetime. Inquiry into the motives of the mercenaries extends the purview to their geographical origins north of the Alps.