Suchergebnisse

This article examines the implications of international intervention against piracy off the coast of Somalia backed by several Security Council resolutions since 2008. Based on a seminal academic debate generically known as naval peacekeeping, the article argues that the intervention against Somali piracy is the empirical realization of an autonomous concept of peacekeeping at sea, disconnected from the concepts usually applied to the land-based UN peace operations framework. Adapted from the source document.

This article offers a critical review of the few existing scholarly attempts to conceptualize & theorize the study of peacekeeping operations. It reveals that even though the study of peacekeeping operations is burgeoning, most of the available literature is idiosyncratic & atheoretical. Although some authors have recently utilized various concepts from international relations theory for analysis of peacekeeping operations, the potentially diverse international peacekeeping theories are yet to be fully integrated into international relations theory. After inspecting future research agendas outlined by the leading experts in the field, the author critiques the recent calls for a "macrotheory" of international peacekeeping. Adapted from the source document.

Based on a state policy perspective, this paper presents the path of Brazil's participation in U.N. peace operations, from its genesis in 1947 to the present day, with the intent to comprehend if there is in fact a progressive and evolutionary pattern in the participation of Brazil in peacekeeping, and which would be the challenges, contributions and future orientations to the country in this matter. For that, in a first moment, the text will bring a conceptual discussion regarding the different definitions and understandings on peacekeeping operations. Subsequently, we will analyze the evolution of UN peacekeeping operations throughout its 70 years and the Brazilian positions during this period. In a third moment, we will present the final considerations identifying the upcoming challenges and the main possible perspectives for Brazil to engage in future peacekeeping operations. The intention, therefore, is to ascertain whether peacekeeping operations, as an instrument of international policy aligned to the guidelines of Brazilian defense policy and foreign policy, should continue to be supported by Brazil or if new reorientations are necessary as a national strategy.

This article addresses the way the work performed by the Brazilian Engineering Company (BRAENGCOY) produced the soft power needed to convert the action of the Brazilian troops at MINUSTAH into smart power. The study presents a profiling of the Brazilian military power deployed in the mission, represented by the security and stabilization forces, and the way that their actions contributed to show its hard power to the world. Following to this, it analyses BRAENGCOY's work, with a focus on those who had a direct impact on the Haitian population, which made it exceed its traditional role as a combat power multiplier agent to also became an attraction power producer, a soft power component. Lastly, it was performed an analysis of the engineering jobs characteristics which favored the soft power production, in order to allow the observation of the advantages of the deployment of engineering troops in peacekeeping missions for the attainment of the smart power synergic effect, by the blend of hard and soft power. ; Este artigo aborda a maneira pela qual o trabalho realizado pela Companhia de Engenharia de Forças de Paz (BRAENGCOY) brasileira resultou na geração do soft power necessário para que a atuação das tropas de paz brasileiras da MINUSTAH se convertesse em smart power. O estudo apresenta uma caracterização do poder militar do Brasil presente na missão, representado pelas forças de segurança e estabilização, e a forma pela qual a sua atuação contribuiu para demonstrar o hard power brasileiro para o mundo. Em seguida, analisa o trabalho realizado pela BRAENGCOY, com um enfoque naqueles que tiveram um impacto direto na população haitiana, o que fez com que ela ultrapassasse o seu papel tradicional de elemento multiplicador do poder de combate para se tornar também em gerador de poder de atração, característica do soft power. Por fim, foi realizada uma análise das características dos trabalhos realizados que favoreceram a geração do soft power, de forma a permitir a observação das vantagens do emprego de tropas de engenharia nas operações de paz para a obtenção do efeito sinérgico do smart power pela combinação de hard e soft power.

Nas últimas décadas assistimos a um avanço dos estudos feministas, que têm trazido importantes contributos para garantir a integração e igualdade de género nas várias áreas, revelando ser uma corrente inovadora por completar e dinamizar a análise, estudo e compreensão da questão de género em especial relativamente à paz e aos conflitos. Até há pouco tempo, os assuntos relacionados com as Mulheres e a Paz não eram temas prioritários e nem eram motivos de discussão da política internacional permitindo que durante anos fossem cometidas atrocidades contra as mulheres, sem que a Comunidade Internacional desse por isso. Atualmente, as mulheres começaram a assumir um papel mais influente nos processos de reconstrução da paz. Esta evolução tem vindo a ser acompanhada por várias iniciativas e contributos a nível internacional, mediante a elaboração de importantes documentos e promoção de fóruns de debate e sensibilização da sociedade global, como é o caso da Resolução 1325 publicada pelo Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas, em 2000. Todos estes processos têm vindo a revelar a importância da promoção da igualdade de género em todas as fases dos processos de (re)construção da paz e da promoção da segurança, incluindo em países como a Guiné-Bissau; ABSTRACT: "The role of women in the peacekeeping processes. The case of Guinea-Bissau" In the last few decades we have witnessed a breakthrough of feminist studies, which have brought relevant contributions to ensure integration (of women to the politics discussion) and gender equality in various areas, what revealed to be an innovative and dynamic chain to improve the analysis, study and comprehension of the gender matters particularly peace vs. conflict subjects (issues). Until this and for many years, issues related to Women and Peace were not a priority and weren't grounds for discussion of international politics which allowed that all the atrocities committed against women remain covered to the eyes and judgement of the International community. From the last few years to now on we can observe how women start to play a more influential and active role in what concern to the development of peacemaking (and peacekeeping) processes. Such evolution has been motivated by different worldwide initiatives and contributions, followed by the development of important documents, promotion of discussions and the awareness of global society forums, such as the 1325 resolution, published by the Security Council of the United Nations in 2000. All these actions (processes) revealed the importance of promoting gender equality in all phases of the (re)construction of peace and the improvement of women rights and safety, including in countries such as Guinea-Bissau.

This article discusses the growing role of China in UN peacekeeping operations since 1989. First, the reasons for the non-engagement of China after its admission to the UN and its Security Council in 1971 are described to stress the difference of the Chinese behavior after the end of the Cold War. Second, the increasing Chinese activity in UN peacekeeping is shown by describing China's gradually changing behavior in three areas: voting in the Security Council, personnel contributions to peacekeeping operations and financial contributions to the UN peacekeeping budget. In the end, the article suggests that China's growing role in UN PKO could be understood as an important part of China's peaceful rise policy. Adapted from the source document.

The paper addresses the transformation of UN peacekeeping operations after the Cold War, based on the Liberian case. The aim is to show the consolidation of a nexus between security and development, which would be related to a process of normalization of international relations, informed by a liberal-democratic vocabulary. Adapted from the source document.

The making of a Constitution is a fundamental process towards the development of a post-conflict State, the peaceful coexistence of its citizens and, in the end, to guaranty the social cohesion & reconciliation, as well as a lasting & sustainable peace. The present article focuses on the relevance of the politico-constitutional dimension as a statebuilding element, analyzing the inherent dilemmas & perversities that may result from the intervention of external actors. The lessons that may be learned from the case of Iraq are relevant in order to identify the limits from external assistance on the making of a Constitution within a post-conflict political transition process, as well as the areas in which it can be optimized. This article argues that the intervention by external actors can be constructive if marginal or even partial at a low intensity level. Adapted from the source document.

The new paradigm in which the People's Republic of China is perceived (from weak & politically fragile to strong) & its growing soft power, in part due to the high rates of economic development, led to the general acceptance of its influence in the South. Perceived as a more convenient partner than the Western countries, China legitimates its presence in Africa & Latin America presenting its own development model, in which economic progress is not linked with political democratization. Using the slogan of South-South cooperation & replacing the so-called Western norms by others with "Chinese characteristics," as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, Beijing challenges European & US interests in those regions. Adapted from the source document.

UN peacekeeping operations are viewed as a relevant instrument of conflict resolution in the post-Cold War era. A significant part of them operates in Africa, the place with the largest "demand" for conflict resolution. Why are some operations successful, while others not? What are the determinants of their success? The author focuses on six determinants relevant for the outcome of peacekeeping operations: support of the UN Security Council, a clear & feasible mandate, equipment & size of the operation, duration of the operation, will of the belligerents to end the conflict peacefully & support of an African regional organization. Based on case studies representing ten UN peacekeeping operations in Africa, the author evaluates the determinants of success & thus shows the difficult striving of UN peacekeeping for success. Adapted from the source document.

This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the perils & benefits of peacekeeping privatization by approaching two key questions. Firstly, can private military companies (PMCs) take on peacekeeping functions consistent with the UN Charter's primary objective "to save future generations from the scourge of war?" And secondly, is peacekeeping privatization really an option for bridging the UN's peacekeeping capabilities-expectations gap? PMCs' past performances here offer no clear-cut answers for the first question. Critics have doubted their cost-effectiveness, accountability & legitimacy, while proponents have argued their cost-effectiveness, feasibility & professionalism over their UN and/or regional counterparts. On the second question, PMCs posses many capabilities necessary for peacekeeping operations that the UN often lacks. Yet the question remains how far privatization should extend, with the danger of it going too far too fast, causing PMC peacekeeping to become a substitute for, rather than an enhancement of, UN action. Adapted from the source document.