Suchergebnisse

Despite very developed international mechanisms and the great efforts made by the international community and non-governmental national and international human rights organization, there are still a lot of problems in the field of human rights at the national level. Some states are constantly neglecting and violating human rights. Hence, it is crucially relevant to modernize the process of implementation, which could be a useful tool for managing with states' reluctance and unwillingness to fulfill their obligations. The main purpose of this master's thesis is to critically analyze the role of the individual in increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of international human rights obligations at the national level at the present stage of development of international human rights law. The main objectives of the thesis are: to define the concept of \"implementation\"; identify application problems of Article 2 of the ICCPR in Belarus; determine the place of the individual in the implementation process; identify trends in the development implementation process. The object of the master's thesis is the social and legal status of the individual in the implementation process. The first chapter analyzes the concept of implementation, its essential content, and also using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the current mechanism of implementing international obligations in the absence of the state to perform them in good faith. The second chapter deals the evolution of the status of an individual in international law in general, and in human rights law in particular. This chapter also analyzes the status of an individual under the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders (Declaration on the Rights and Obligations of Individuals, Groups, and Organs of the Society to Promote and Protect Generally Accepted Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). The third chapter considers education and training in the field of human rights as a worldwide phenomenon. In addition, it analyzes such a social phenomenon as a culture of human rights and its importance for the effectiveness of the process of implementing international human rights standards at the national legal system, as well as the importance of human rights education for the formation of such culture. On the basis of the conducted study, using such methods as historical comparison, formal-logical method, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the at the present stage of human rights law development of the role of the individual has been conceptually rethought and the awareness of the importance of the role of the individual for the effective implementation of international human rights obligations and standards at the national level has increased significantly, especially when the political will for faithful observance of the state's international obligations is lacking. Traditionally, the fulfillment of implementation of international legal obligations imposed on state and, therefore, depends exclusively on its behavior. In a case when political will is lacking such concept of implementation leads to a deadlock, as it is demonstrated in the present thesis using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus. To break the deadlock the international community is taking action to enhance the human rights culture of individuals through human rights education and training aimed at all members of society. Due to the awareness of the human rights value, universal respect for and observance of them as well as the formation of relevant knowledge, skills and ideas among individuals and development of their abilities and courage to promote, defend and protect human rights, human rights culture must prevent the violation of human rights and their abuse.

Despite very developed international mechanisms and the great efforts made by the international community and non-governmental national and international human rights organization, there are still a lot of problems in the field of human rights at the national level. Some states are constantly neglecting and violating human rights. Hence, it is crucially relevant to modernize the process of implementation, which could be a useful tool for managing with states' reluctance and unwillingness to fulfill their obligations. The main purpose of this master's thesis is to critically analyze the role of the individual in increasing the effectiveness of the implementation of international human rights obligations at the national level at the present stage of development of international human rights law. The main objectives of the thesis are: to define the concept of \"implementation\"; identify application problems of Article 2 of the ICCPR in Belarus; determine the place of the individual in the implementation process; identify trends in the development implementation process. The object of the master's thesis is the social and legal status of the individual in the implementation process. The first chapter analyzes the concept of implementation, its essential content, and also using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus demonstrates the ineffectiveness of the current mechanism of implementing international obligations in the absence of the state to perform them in good faith. The second chapter deals the evolution of the status of an individual in international law in general, and in human rights law in particular. This chapter also analyzes the status of an individual under the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders (Declaration on the Rights and Obligations of Individuals, Groups, and Organs of the Society to Promote and Protect Generally Accepted Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). The third chapter considers education and training in the field of human rights as a worldwide phenomenon. In addition, it analyzes such a social phenomenon as a culture of human rights and its importance for the effectiveness of the process of implementing international human rights standards at the national legal system, as well as the importance of human rights education for the formation of such culture. On the basis of the conducted study, using such methods as historical comparison, formal-logical method, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the at the present stage of human rights law development of the role of the individual has been conceptually rethought and the awareness of the importance of the role of the individual for the effective implementation of international human rights obligations and standards at the national level has increased significantly, especially when the political will for faithful observance of the state's international obligations is lacking. Traditionally, the fulfillment of implementation of international legal obligations imposed on state and, therefore, depends exclusively on its behavior. In a case when political will is lacking such concept of implementation leads to a deadlock, as it is demonstrated in the present thesis using the example of the right to peaceful assembly implementation in the Republic of Belarus. To break the deadlock the international community is taking action to enhance the human rights culture of individuals through human rights education and training aimed at all members of society. Due to the awareness of the human rights value, universal respect for and observance of them as well as the formation of relevant knowledge, skills and ideas among individuals and development of their abilities and courage to promote, defend and protect human rights, human rights culture must prevent the violation of human rights and their abuse.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

In this paper the author performs analysis of United Nations peacekeeping legal regulation. The author's goal ‒ to analyze legal basis of different kinds of peacekeeping operations, fundamental peacekeeping principles and disclose typical problems in practice. The work is divided in two parts. First part begins with section devoted to historical development of peacekeeping missions ‒ from the Cold War to the present, and classification of peacekeeping missions. In the second section the author analyses legal basis of different types of peacekeeping operations. The third section comprises separation of powers of the main United Nations organs, while conducting security policy. Furthermore, the author analyses The Charter of The United Nations and the practice of The International Court of Justice. The fourth section consists of content analysis of three substantial peacekeeping principles. In the second part the practical peacekeeping challenges are analysed. The author reviews Official United Nations documents and raises problems related to application of legal basis and fundamental principles of traditional peacekeeping in Congo and wider peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Afghanistan. The second part is concluded by legal analysis of Lithuanian participation in peacekeeping operations: a) national legislation related to the participation in peacekeeping operations b) Lithuania's leadership in one of Afghanistan province – Ghor ‒ reconstruction. At the end, the author represents final conclusions of the analysis of legal basis and practical problems. The most frequent problem is the breach of fundamental peacekeeping principles when forces used exceed the necessary amount and are inadequate to situation on the ground.

The main objective of this study is to analyze how public diplomacy implemented in peacekeeping operations by the Lithuanian army representatives influences country's image. The subject gives a rise to a problem which needs a deeper analysis: it is vital to find out if attention drawn to public diplomacy by the state officials is sufficient, to consider the benefit it brings to the image formation process. In pursuance of purposeful analysis it is necessary to define the limits of the research – this study does not analyze all peacekeeping operations but focuses only on the NATO-led international operations in which Lithuanian soldiers are employed, i.e. the operations of Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. The Kosovo operation is already finished for us as the last squad was sent on 2009, but the participation in this mission still has an influence to Lithuania's image. This study presents the conception of public diplomacy, characterizes its main dimensions and instruments, analyzes the influence of public diplomacy on shaping an external and internal country image and reveals how the participation of Lithuanian army representatives in international peacekeeping operations contributes to the image of the state. The survey data comparisons and analysis of the results showed a public confidence in Lithuanian Armed Forces and support to country's membership in NATO. Although citizens witness the negative aspects of partaking in peacekeeping operations, i.e. an increase in spending of the state budget, threats to the employed relatives, psychological inconvenience emerging because of the separation of families for a half year etc., but all in all Lithuania's participation in NATO operations are supported and welcomed by the citizens. The results confirmed the hypothesis that Lithuanian peacekeepers are shaping a positive attitude to the country in the society, promote pride in their own state and contribute to national image building. The boom of public diplomacy was stimulated by innovations in communication technologies, political revolutions that induced many autocratic countries become democratic, and revolution in the arena of international relations, which showed that national image and reputation has become as important as military power or economic opportunities. An analysis of the benefits of public diplomacy in national image formation should encourage discussions about the use of this communication tool for the best effect in Lithuania's image building.

The main objective of this study is to analyze how public diplomacy implemented in peacekeeping operations by the Lithuanian army representatives influences country's image. The subject gives a rise to a problem which needs a deeper analysis: it is vital to find out if attention drawn to public diplomacy by the state officials is sufficient, to consider the benefit it brings to the image formation process. In pursuance of purposeful analysis it is necessary to define the limits of the research – this study does not analyze all peacekeeping operations but focuses only on the NATO-led international operations in which Lithuanian soldiers are employed, i.e. the operations of Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. The Kosovo operation is already finished for us as the last squad was sent on 2009, but the participation in this mission still has an influence to Lithuania's image. This study presents the conception of public diplomacy, characterizes its main dimensions and instruments, analyzes the influence of public diplomacy on shaping an external and internal country image and reveals how the participation of Lithuanian army representatives in international peacekeeping operations contributes to the image of the state. The survey data comparisons and analysis of the results showed a public confidence in Lithuanian Armed Forces and support to country's membership in NATO. Although citizens witness the negative aspects of partaking in peacekeeping operations, i.e. an increase in spending of the state budget, threats to the employed relatives, psychological inconvenience emerging because of the separation of families for a half year etc., but all in all Lithuania's participation in NATO operations are supported and welcomed by the citizens. The results confirmed the hypothesis that Lithuanian peacekeepers are shaping a positive attitude to the country in the society, promote pride in their own state and contribute to national image building. The boom of public diplomacy was stimulated by innovations in communication technologies, political revolutions that induced many autocratic countries become democratic, and revolution in the arena of international relations, which showed that national image and reputation has become as important as military power or economic opportunities. An analysis of the benefits of public diplomacy in national image formation should encourage discussions about the use of this communication tool for the best effect in Lithuania's image building.

The main objective of this study is to analyze how public diplomacy implemented in peacekeeping operations by the Lithuanian army representatives influences country's image. The subject gives a rise to a problem which needs a deeper analysis: it is vital to find out if attention drawn to public diplomacy by the state officials is sufficient, to consider the benefit it brings to the image formation process. In pursuance of purposeful analysis it is necessary to define the limits of the research – this study does not analyze all peacekeeping operations but focuses only on the NATO-led international operations in which Lithuanian soldiers are employed, i.e. the operations of Afghanistan, Iraq and Kosovo. The Kosovo operation is already finished for us as the last squad was sent on 2009, but the participation in this mission still has an influence to Lithuania's image. This study presents the conception of public diplomacy, characterizes its main dimensions and instruments, analyzes the influence of public diplomacy on shaping an external and internal country image and reveals how the participation of Lithuanian army representatives in international peacekeeping operations contributes to the image of the state. The survey data comparisons and analysis of the results showed a public confidence in Lithuanian Armed Forces and support to country's membership in NATO. Although citizens witness the negative aspects of partaking in peacekeeping operations, i.e. an increase in spending of the state budget, threats to the employed relatives, psychological inconvenience emerging because of the separation of families for a half year etc., but all in all Lithuania's participation in NATO operations are supported and welcomed by the citizens. The results confirmed the hypothesis that Lithuanian peacekeepers are shaping a positive attitude to the country in the society, promote pride in their own state and contribute to national image building. The boom of public diplomacy was stimulated by innovations in communication technologies, political revolutions that induced many autocratic countries become democratic, and revolution in the arena of international relations, which showed that national image and reputation has become as important as military power or economic opportunities. An analysis of the benefits of public diplomacy in national image formation should encourage discussions about the use of this communication tool for the best effect in Lithuania's image building.

This dissertation has 3 objectives: 1) to study and analyze the problems related to organizational engagement of Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA) personnel., 2) to study the strengthening commitment in the organization according to the Buddhist peace method., 3) to present peaceful innovation, strengthening engagement in the organization of the MWA personnel using mixed-methods of collecting quantitative data by answering online questionnaires of employees with simple random sampling method of 354 sampling people. The statistics used in the analysis are percentage, mean, standard deviation and factor analysis by using the software package. To analyze qualitative data from in-depth interviews, selecting a sample group, specifically interviewing key informants, totaling 9 groups of 29 people, and by examining the data with 7 experts/persons. The dissertation found that the MWA employees, in general, have strong ties in the organization at a level that is considered high. The Buddhist peaceful method for enhancing organizational commitment is of 1) creating good relationships with other people or groups of people in society, 2) creating trust and confidence for others, 3) creating participation among stakeholders, 4) creating fairness for all stakeholders, 5) persistently meeting to discuss with one another, and 6) sharing resources and things to human fellows, which the researcher considers that the most important thing is the matter of morality; the researcher found that Buddhist Peace is the main principle to manage organization for success. Peaceful Innovation for Promotion of Engagement in Organization of MWA Personnel is formulated as the STRATEGIES for MWA's PEACE: Peace Policy Participation (PPP) is defined as a 4 peace policy: 4's Peace Participation, which consists of 1) providing an environment that is conducive to create engagement, 2) providing promotions of physical and mental health, and finance to enhance personal stability, 3) promoting the creation of engagement in the organization with care and continuance, and 4) giving time and opportunity to create a culture of praising good people. ; การวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) ศึกษาและวิเคราะห์สภาพปัญหาที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความผูกพันในองค์กรของบุคลากรการประปานครหลวง 2) ศึกษาการเสริมสร้างความผูกพันในองค์กรตามหลักพุทธสันติวิธี 3) เสนอสันตินวัตกรรมการเสริมสร้างความผูกพันในองค์กร เก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลเชิงคุณภาพจากการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกแบบเจาะจงผู้ให้ข้อมูลสำคัญ 9 กลุ่ม รวม 29 รูป/คน ข้อมูลเชิงปริมาณจากการตอบแบบสอบถามด้วยวิธีการสุ่มตัวอย่าง 354 คน สถิติที่ใช้ คือ ค่าร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ค่าเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน และการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบ โดยโปรแกรมสำเร็จรูป ตรวจสอบข้อมูลด้วยผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิ 7 รูป/คน ผลการวิจัยพบว่าพนักงานการประปานครหลวงภาพรวมมีความผูกพันในองค์กรในระดับมากทุกด้าน ได้แก่ ความรู้สึกมีความหมาย ความรู้สึกปลอดภัย และความพร้อมที่จะผูกพัน ซึ่งสามารถเสริมสร้างความผูกพันได้โดยหลักพุทธสันติวิธีเชิงรุก คือ การสร้างความสัมพันธ์ที่ดีต่อบุคคลหรือกลุ่มบุคคลในสังคม สร้างความไว้วางใจ ความเชื่อมั่นแก่คนอื่น สร้างการมีส่วนร่วมสร้างความเป็นธรรมให้ผู้มีส่วนได้ส่วนเสียทุกคน หมั่นประชุมเพื่อปรึกษาหารือซึ่งกันและกัน และแบ่งปันทรัพยากรและสิ่งอื่นแก่เพื่อนมนุษย์ ผู้วิจัยรวบรวมข้อมูลจากการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกและการวิเคราะห์องค์ประกอบกำหนดเป็นปัจจัยความผูกพันองค์กรและนำหลักพุทธสันติวิธีมาสนับสนุนการกำหนดกลยุทธ์นโยบายสันติสุข 4 ประการ คือ การจัดสภาพแวดล้อมที่เอื้อต่อการสร้างความผูกพัน การจัดส่งเสริมสุขภาพทางกายทางการเงินและทางใจเพื่อเสริมสร้างความมั่นคงในระดับบุคคล การส่งเสริมการสร้างความผูกพันในองค์กรอย่างเอาใจใส่และต่อเนื่องพร้อมทั้งการให้เวลาและโอกาสในการสร้างวัฒนธรรมยกย่องคนดี

การวิจัยครั้งนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ นำเสนอ "กระบวนการการสื่อสารเพื่อเสริมสร้างองค์กรสันติสุขโดยพุทธสันติวิธี" การวิจัยครั้งนี้ การวิจัยแบบผสมผสาน(Mixed-Methods Research Design) กลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ใช้ในการศึกษาคือพนักงานองค์กรด้านการให้บริการ จำนวน 17 คน ได้มาโดยการกำหนดคุณสมบัติดังนี้ พนักงานที่เข้าร่วมวิจัยต้องเป็นผู้ที่ใช้การสื่อสารภายในองค์กรทั้งราบและทางดิ่งตั้งแต่ระดับพนักงานชำนาญการจนถึงพนักงานระดับบริหาร มีประสบการณ์ในการทำงานมาไม่น้อยกว่า 1 ปีขึ้นไป เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูล คือเครื่องบันทึกเสียง การถ่ายภาพ การจดบันทึกข้อมูล ระบบคอมพิวเตอร์วิเคราะห์ข้อมูลโดยการวิเคราะห์แบบอุปนัยโดยการตีความสร้างข้อสรุปจากข้อมูลจากเอกสารที่เกี่ยวข้อง และที่ได้จากแบบสัมภาษณ์ ตามกรอบแนวคิดในการวิจัยดูความสมบูรณ์ของข้อมูลนั้น ว่าสามารถตอบคำถามตามวัตถุประสงค์ของการวิจัยได้ครบแล้วนำเสนอผลการวิเคราะห์ในรูปแบบการบรรยาย โดยมีขั้นตอน ดังนี้1) ข้อมูลจากการศึกษาเอกสารต่าง ๆ ที่เกี่ยวข้อง นำมาจัดแยกประเด็นและหมวดหมู่ตามความมุ่งหมายในการวิจัย2) ข้อมูลจากการสัมภาษณ์ นำมาวิเคราะห์เชิงพรรณนา (Descriptive and analytic Study) โดยการนำข้อมูลเบื้องต้นมาวิเคราะห์แยกประเภทหาข้อสรุป แล้วเก็บข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเพื่อนำมาวิเคราะห์ขั้นสุดท้าย สำหรับสร้างข้อสรุปตามวัตถุประสงค์ และนำมาเป็นฐานในการสร้างชุดฝึกอบรมกระบวนการการสื่อสารเสริมเพื่อเสริมสร้างสันติสุขในองค์กรโดยพุทธสันติวิธี ผลการวิจัยพบว่า กระบวนการการสื่อสารเพื่อเสริมสร้างองค์กรสันติสุข ประกอบไปด้วย 5 องค์ประกอบหลัก ดังนี้ S : Sammadhiti : (Right Understanding) การมองเห็นตามความเป็นจริง A: Aligned by listening (Align yourself with others by listening): การฟังแบบเป็นระนาบเดียวกัน M: Mindfulness: การมีสติกับปัจจุบันขณะสื่อสาร E: Empathy: การเอาใจใส่กับผู้ที่กำลังสื่อสารด้วย Peace: Peace Messages: การสื่อสารด้วยสารสันติ ; This research is for the objectives of presenting "A Process of Communication for Building Peaceful Organizations by Buddhist Peaceful Means"; it mixed-Method Research Design with studied organizational-service-staff sampling group of 17 persons, together with designated qualifications of the followings: the joined staff had to be both horizontally and vertically communicative users in organizations from the staff levels of experts up to executives, and having not less than one-year experience upward. The tools to collect information were tape recorder, photographing, information jotting down; data computerized-system analysis was done by induction analysis interpreting conclusion from relevant document and the acquired interviews according to research conceptual framework, seeing to the completion of that information whether or not able to answer the questions in accordance with the overall research objectives, and then present the result of the analysis in narrative form by having the following steps: 1) bringing the data from studying various related document to separate issues and groups according to the research aim, 2) bringing the data from the interviews to analyze descriptively by separating the primary information in types and finding conclusion, then collecting additional information for the final analysis in order to create the conclusion according to objectives and bringing it to be the base for making the training set of A Process of Communication for Building Peaceful Organizations by Buddhist Peaceful Means From the research, it was found that 1) A Process of Communication for Building Peaceful Organizations by Buddhist Peaceful Means consists of the 5 main configurations of S: Sammadhiti: Right Understanding: the seeing according to the truth; A: Aligned by listening (Align yourself with others by listening): the listening in the same level; M: Mindfulness: having mindfulness at the present moment while communicating; E: Empathy: the care for the ones whom are communicating with; and Peace: Peace Messages: the communication with peace, respectively.

บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์ 3 ประการคือ 1) เพื่อศึกษาหลักการ แนวคิด ทฤษฎีและแนวปฏิบัติเกี่ยวกับรูปแบบการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสากลและรูปแบบการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทของศูนย์ไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสภาทนายความ 2) เพื่อศึกษารูปแบบในการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาททางพุทธศาสนาเถรวาท 3) เพื่อเสนอรูปแบบการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทของศูนย์ไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสภาทนายความโดยแนวทางพุทธสันติวิธี การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ โดยเน้นการวิจัยเชิงเอกสารและการสัมภาษณ์ผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิด้านการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทจากสภาทนายความจำนวน 9 ท่าน ด้านการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสากลจำนวน 6 ท่านและด้านพระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาทจำนวน 5 ท่าน ผลการศึกษาวิจัยพบว่า รูปแบบการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทของศูนย์ไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสภาทนายความมีความสอดคล้องกับหลักการ วิธีการ และกระบวนการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสากล ในด้านกระบวนการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาททางพุทธศาสนาเถรวาทเป็นแนวปฏิบัติตามหลักพุทธสันติวิธีโดยยึดหลักอริยสัจ4 ส่วนรูปแบบการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทของศูนย์ไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทสภาทนายความโดยแนวทางพุทธสันติวิธี ประกอบด้วยรูปแบบด้านคุณสมบัติของผู้ไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาท มีคุณสมบัติภายในคือ เป็นผู้มีสติ มีขันติ ไร้อคติ และมีเมตตา คุณสมบัติภายนอกคือ มีกัลยาณมิตรธรรม มีศีลธรรม และมี คารวธรรม ด้านวิธีการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาทคือมีบทบาทด้านเมตตาตามหลักสาราณียธรรมและใช้เทคนิคที่เป็นทางสายกลางหรือมัชฌิมาปฏิปทา และด้านกระบวนการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาท มีขั้นตอนของการไกล่เกลี่ยข้อพิพาท 5 ขั้นตอน คือ 1) ตั้งต้นวิเคราะห์ทุกข์ 2) เปิดมุขด้วยปิยวาจา 3) ใช้เมตตาค้นหาประเด็น 4) ร่วมคิดเห็นอย่างไร้อคติ และ 5) มุ่งมิติอภัยทาน ; This research is of 3 objectives, i.e., (1) to study principal, ideas, theories and practices related to the model of the international dispute mediation, and the model of dispute mediation of the Lawyers Council, (2) to study model of dispute resolution in Theravada Buddhism, and (3) to present a model of dispute settlement of Mediation Center of Lawyers Council by Buddhist Peaceful Means. This research is qualitative, emphasizing documents and interviews with experts and scholars in dispute resolution from the Lawyers Council of Thailand 9 persons, from the Other Organization 6 persons and persons who experts and scholars in Theravada Buddhism 5 persons, respectively. The outcome of the research found the followings: The principles and process related to the model of the international dispute mediation and the current state of dispute mediation of the Lawyers Council are consistent. For the process of dispute resolution in Theravada Buddhism, its way of practice is by Buddhist peaceful means with the holding on to the principle of the Four Noble Truths in analyzing problems. In this research, it presents a model of dispute settlement of Mediation Center of Lawyers Council by Buddhist Peaceful Means comprising mediators' inner and outer qualities; the inner defined as being conscious, patient, unbiased and benevolent while the outer are having good friends, morality, honoring others. For the method model of dispute resolution, it consists of the role and mediating technique of dispute mediators, i.e. the role of loving kindness in accordance with the virtues for fraternal living or Sārāniyadhamma and the use of the Middle Way or technique Majjhimā patipadā. The process model of dispute mediation is the use of the Four Noble Truths in proceeding the process of dispute mediation of which having 5 steps of 1) start to analyze sorrows or Dukkha, 2) start talking with nice words or Piyavaca, 3) search for issues with loving kindness, 4) sharing opinions without bias, and 5) aiming for the aspect of forgiveness with the dispute mediating purpose of 'Peace' or disputants' settlement of disputes by forgoing matters towards each other.

This Master Thesis aims to take a closer look at peacebuilding processes regarding women during post-conflict period in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both of these countries are Muslim, belong to the same Middle East region and have endured long years of conflict which affected the society. After the intervention of USA together with coalition countries the conflicts have been stopped and the new government structure has been established. International community was encouraging the inclusion of all social groups in post-conflict processes, however women remained a marginalized part of the society who are denied access to various resources or power structures. Therefore, sustainable peace cannot be achieved. The main question raised in this thesis – in which country during the defined period – Afghanistan or Iraq, sustainable peace was achieved more successful from the women point of view? In order to create a research model Johan Gatling's peace theory has been combined with critical feminism notions. Using the created research model the post-conflict period is analyzed through gender lens because women remain marginalized and excluded from peacebuilding processes in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main variables that are used to evaluate and determine a more successful peacebuilding case regarding women focus on structural and cultural violence. Direct violence is not analyzed because direct violence is considered to be stopped and negative peace is achieved. Structural violence is analyzed and evaluated through positioning women in private or public spheres, poverty rate, access to education, the empowerment of women organizations, the participation of women in political processes. Meanwhile, the aspects of cultural violence are evaluated through cultural and religious gender norms regarding women. These variables help to evaluate Iraq and Afghanistan post-conflict period and determine a more successful peacebuilding case. The main finding was that peacebuilding regarding women in post-conflict period of 2001-2016 has been more successful in Iraq than in Afghanistan. This conclusion has been reached because in Iraq women had better possibilities to combine responsibilities to family and work and that let to enter labor market easier, the poverty rate is also lower that way there are more jobs for women and women are allowed to participate in public affairs, accessibility and quality of education is better in Iraq compared to Afghanistan. Regarding cultural violence, the analyzed fertility rate and sharia law showed that women in Iraq are not so strongly limited to the gender roles of "mother "or "wife "compared to Afghanistan. It is important to mention that analyses discovered that political women participation is better in Afghanistan compared to Iraq and the situation of women organizations were similar. However, even with better political participation of women Afghanistan was lacking in other aspects and it was not enough in order to create a sustainable peace regarding women. It can be stated that in order to establish a sustainable or as Galtung calls it positive peace, women must be empowered in all aspects of life. The creation of sustainable peace and problems that it is facing are complex, therefore it calls for complex measures. There is still a lot of room for research regarding this field of study. The area of research is wide and different aspects of peacebuilding regarding women could be analyzed. The process of peacebuilding in Iraq and Afghanistan is also ever-changing therefore the later periods could be researched. Also women are not the only marginalized group in the analyzed societies so the same field of study could be analyzed from different perspectives.

This Master Thesis aims to take a closer look at peacebuilding processes regarding women during post-conflict period in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both of these countries are Muslim, belong to the same Middle East region and have endured long years of conflict which affected the society. After the intervention of USA together with coalition countries the conflicts have been stopped and the new government structure has been established. International community was encouraging the inclusion of all social groups in post-conflict processes, however women remained a marginalized part of the society who are denied access to various resources or power structures. Therefore, sustainable peace cannot be achieved. The main question raised in this thesis – in which country during the defined period – Afghanistan or Iraq, sustainable peace was achieved more successful from the women point of view? In order to create a research model Johan Gatling's peace theory has been combined with critical feminism notions. Using the created research model the post-conflict period is analyzed through gender lens because women remain marginalized and excluded from peacebuilding processes in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main variables that are used to evaluate and determine a more successful peacebuilding case regarding women focus on structural and cultural violence. Direct violence is not analyzed because direct violence is considered to be stopped and negative peace is achieved. Structural violence is analyzed and evaluated through positioning women in private or public spheres, poverty rate, access to education, the empowerment of women organizations, the participation of women in political processes. Meanwhile, the aspects of cultural violence are evaluated through cultural and religious gender norms regarding women. These variables help to evaluate Iraq and Afghanistan post-conflict period and determine a more successful peacebuilding case. The main finding was that peacebuilding regarding women in post-conflict period of 2001-2016 has been more successful in Iraq than in Afghanistan. This conclusion has been reached because in Iraq women had better possibilities to combine responsibilities to family and work and that let to enter labor market easier, the poverty rate is also lower that way there are more jobs for women and women are allowed to participate in public affairs, accessibility and quality of education is better in Iraq compared to Afghanistan. Regarding cultural violence, the analyzed fertility rate and sharia law showed that women in Iraq are not so strongly limited to the gender roles of "mother "or "wife "compared to Afghanistan. It is important to mention that analyses discovered that political women participation is better in Afghanistan compared to Iraq and the situation of women organizations were similar. However, even with better political participation of women Afghanistan was lacking in other aspects and it was not enough in order to create a sustainable peace regarding women. It can be stated that in order to establish a sustainable or as Galtung calls it positive peace, women must be empowered in all aspects of life. The creation of sustainable peace and problems that it is facing are complex, therefore it calls for complex measures. There is still a lot of room for research regarding this field of study. The area of research is wide and different aspects of peacebuilding regarding women could be analyzed. The process of peacebuilding in Iraq and Afghanistan is also ever-changing therefore the later periods could be researched. Also women are not the only marginalized group in the analyzed societies so the same field of study could be analyzed from different perspectives.

This Master Thesis aims to take a closer look at peacebuilding processes regarding women during post-conflict period in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both of these countries are Muslim, belong to the same Middle East region and have endured long years of conflict which affected the society. After the intervention of USA together with coalition countries the conflicts have been stopped and the new government structure has been established. International community was encouraging the inclusion of all social groups in post-conflict processes, however women remained a marginalized part of the society who are denied access to various resources or power structures. Therefore, sustainable peace cannot be achieved. The main question raised in this thesis – in which country during the defined period – Afghanistan or Iraq, sustainable peace was achieved more successful from the women point of view? In order to create a research model Johan Gatling's peace theory has been combined with critical feminism notions. Using the created research model the post-conflict period is analyzed through gender lens because women remain marginalized and excluded from peacebuilding processes in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main variables that are used to evaluate and determine a more successful peacebuilding case regarding women focus on structural and cultural violence. Direct violence is not analyzed because direct violence is considered to be stopped and negative peace is achieved. Structural violence is analyzed and evaluated through positioning women in private or public spheres, poverty rate, access to education, the empowerment of women organizations, the participation of women in political processes. Meanwhile, the aspects of cultural violence are evaluated through cultural and religious gender norms regarding women. These variables help to evaluate Iraq and Afghanistan post-conflict period and determine a more successful peacebuilding case. The main finding was that peacebuilding regarding women in post-conflict period of 2001-2016 has been more successful in Iraq than in Afghanistan. This conclusion has been reached because in Iraq women had better possibilities to combine responsibilities to family and work and that let to enter labor market easier, the poverty rate is also lower that way there are more jobs for women and women are allowed to participate in public affairs, accessibility and quality of education is better in Iraq compared to Afghanistan. Regarding cultural violence, the analyzed fertility rate and sharia law showed that women in Iraq are not so strongly limited to the gender roles of "mother "or "wife "compared to Afghanistan. It is important to mention that analyses discovered that political women participation is better in Afghanistan compared to Iraq and the situation of women organizations were similar. However, even with better political participation of women Afghanistan was lacking in other aspects and it was not enough in order to create a sustainable peace regarding women. It can be stated that in order to establish a sustainable or as Galtung calls it positive peace, women must be empowered in all aspects of life. The creation of sustainable peace and problems that it is facing are complex, therefore it calls for complex measures. There is still a lot of room for research regarding this field of study. The area of research is wide and different aspects of peacebuilding regarding women could be analyzed. The process of peacebuilding in Iraq and Afghanistan is also ever-changing therefore the later periods could be researched. Also women are not the only marginalized group in the analyzed societies so the same field of study could be analyzed from different perspectives.

This Master Thesis aims to take a closer look at peacebuilding processes regarding women during post-conflict period in Iraq and Afghanistan. Both of these countries are Muslim, belong to the same Middle East region and have endured long years of conflict which affected the society. After the intervention of USA together with coalition countries the conflicts have been stopped and the new government structure has been established. International community was encouraging the inclusion of all social groups in post-conflict processes, however women remained a marginalized part of the society who are denied access to various resources or power structures. Therefore, sustainable peace cannot be achieved. The main question raised in this thesis – in which country during the defined period – Afghanistan or Iraq, sustainable peace was achieved more successful from the women point of view? In order to create a research model Johan Gatling's peace theory has been combined with critical feminism notions. Using the created research model the post-conflict period is analyzed through gender lens because women remain marginalized and excluded from peacebuilding processes in Afghanistan and Iraq. Main variables that are used to evaluate and determine a more successful peacebuilding case regarding women focus on structural and cultural violence. Direct violence is not analyzed because direct violence is considered to be stopped and negative peace is achieved. Structural violence is analyzed and evaluated through positioning women in private or public spheres, poverty rate, access to education, the empowerment of women organizations, the participation of women in political processes. Meanwhile, the aspects of cultural violence are evaluated through cultural and religious gender norms regarding women. These variables help to evaluate Iraq and Afghanistan post-conflict period and determine a more successful peacebuilding case. The main finding was that peacebuilding regarding women in post-conflict period of 2001-2016 has been more successful in Iraq than in Afghanistan. This conclusion has been reached because in Iraq women had better possibilities to combine responsibilities to family and work and that let to enter labor market easier, the poverty rate is also lower that way there are more jobs for women and women are allowed to participate in public affairs, accessibility and quality of education is better in Iraq compared to Afghanistan. Regarding cultural violence, the analyzed fertility rate and sharia law showed that women in Iraq are not so strongly limited to the gender roles of "mother "or "wife "compared to Afghanistan. It is important to mention that analyses discovered that political women participation is better in Afghanistan compared to Iraq and the situation of women organizations were similar. However, even with better political participation of women Afghanistan was lacking in other aspects and it was not enough in order to create a sustainable peace regarding women. It can be stated that in order to establish a sustainable or as Galtung calls it positive peace, women must be empowered in all aspects of life. The creation of sustainable peace and problems that it is facing are complex, therefore it calls for complex measures. There is still a lot of room for research regarding this field of study. The area of research is wide and different aspects of peacebuilding regarding women could be analyzed. The process of peacebuilding in Iraq and Afghanistan is also ever-changing therefore the later periods could be researched. Also women are not the only marginalized group in the analyzed societies so the same field of study could be analyzed from different perspectives.

The article analyzes the attitide of Lithuanian lawyers (advocates) towards the peaceful settlement of disputes and mediation, which are embedded in Lithuanian law, are started to be applied in practice in Lithuanian courts (judicial mediation) since year 2005, but hardly find proper place in practice of Lithuanian lawyers. The publication contains brief theoretical analysis on role of a lawyer in mediation (lawyer-mediator, lawyer-neutral adviser and lawyer-party representative), their different functions. Also the necessity of additional education for lawyers in the field of alternative dispute resolution is highlighted. Afterwards the article presents a survey on attitide of Lithuanian advocates towards peaceful settlement of disputes and mediation. This survey was performed in 2015 at the General meeting of Lithuanian advocates. 354 advocates participated in the survey. The conducted survey examines issues of lawyers' knowledge about mediation, their use of mediation in practice and reasons for non-use. Based on the survey findings proposals for measures that could encourage the advocates to have more favorable attitude to the peaceful settlement of disputes and mediation, making these advanced processes natural and priority-order way of dispute resolution, were formulated.