Suchergebnisse

BM örgütünün en temel görevi; uluslararası barış ve güvenliği sağlamak ve korumaktır. Bu görevi doğrultusunda, uluslararası güvenliği tehdit eden durumlarda çeşitli yöntemlerle soruna müdahale etmektedir. BM barış gücü misyonları, BM'nin çatışma çözümü yöntemleri arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. BM Güvenlik Konseyi'nce görevlendirilen barış gücü misyonları, çatışan taraflar arasında konuşlandırılan çok taraflı güçlerdir. Fakat her çatışma alanında faaliyetleri ve sorunun çözümüne etkileri aynı olmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; BM barış gücü misyonlarının uluslararası çatışmaların çözümündeki rolünü araştırmaktır. Çalışmada, BM barış güçlerinin uluslararası çatışmaların çözümündeki rolü, üç örnek olay çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. UNFICYP, UNIIMOG ve UNSMIS örneklerinin karşılaştırılarak BM barış gücü misyonlarının hangi durumlarda daha etkin olduğu açıklanmıştır. Çalışmada varılan sonuç ise bir barış gücü misyonunun başarısını etkileyen en önemli unsurların, uluslararası toplumun ve çatışan tarafların desteğine sahip olmasıdır. Nitekim UNIIMOG, uluslararası toplumun ve çatışan tarafların ortak barış isteği ile oluşturulmuş, bahsi geçen diğer örneklere kıyasla daha başarılı olmuştur. ; The principal duty of the UN is to ensure and protect international peace. In accordance with this duty, in cases where international peace is threatened, it intervenes in the problem adopting various methods. UN peacekeeping missions have an important place among the conflict resolution methods of the UN. Peacekeeping missions assigned by the UN Security Council are multilateral forces deployed between conflicting parties. However, their activities and level of efficacy for the resolution of the problem vary in each conflict. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of UN peacekeeping missions in the resolution of international conflicts. In the study, the role of UN peacekeeping forces in the resolution of international conflicts are examined within the framework of three case studies. Comparing the cases of UNFICYP, UNIIMOG and UNSMIS, it is explored in what situations UN peacekeeping missions are more effective. The study concludes that the most important factor that affects the success of a peacekeeping mission is the support of the international community and the conflicting parties. Indeed, UNIIMOG was created as a result of the common desire of the international community and the conflicting parties for peace, thus became more successful compared to the other two cases.

In the article it disclosed influence of national factor on formation of cadre of peace's courts in Volyn. It found, that in 1871-1919 Russian government looked on wise personnel policy in Western region as a main key to resolution of «polish question» and final integration these territories to Russian empire. Moreover, when power solved can representatives of national minorities served in state bodies or not, it thinking first about their useful in her fight against Polish affairs. That's why Russians and Ukrainians from Left-bank Ukraine received different benefits in their career's advancement in western provinces. But this category of population was a minority and power began to search another «natural allies». For such purpose, it used Protestants and Jews, based on their confessional, cultural and social contradictions with poles. That's why from the middle of XIX century part of vacancies in administrative management was occupied by Protestants and Jews. But from beginning they were only «temporary surrogate» of Russian element in Volyn bureaucratic structure and as soon as part of ethnic Russian among local population was increased, it refused from such cooperation. In 1871-1919 peace's court became first front inRussian-Polish struggle, because it was authority and clear institute for localpeople. Russian power chosen farmers as its support in region and wantedlimited polish influences on them. That's why it very carefully selects personnel to peace's courts and introduced some new nonofficial select criteria for candidates to peace's judges, which was strictly complied. It was creed (Protestant or Orthodox). Such policy had double effects: from one side, it was manifestation of nation discrimination and violent assimilation, but from another side – it helped rise of effectiveness of peace's proceedings, because Russian government appointed on vacancies of peace's judges political well-affected, mentally stable and experienced lawyers, but mainly Russians for their origin. ; W artykule wyjaśniono wpływ czynnika narodowego na kształtowanie się składu kadrowego sędziów pokoju na Wołyniu. Stwierdzono, że rząd rosyjski w sprawie rekrutacji kadrów na objęcie stanowisk w zakładach pokojowych, jako jedno z najważniejszych kryteriów rozpatrywał pochodzenie etniczne, które występowało gwarancją prawomyślności oraz lojalności władz carskich. Udowodniono, że Polacy i Żydzi w okresie 1871 – 1919 doznawali szeregów ograniczeń wobec ich służby w sądach Wołynia, wtedy jak Rosjanom i Ukraińcom gubernii lewobrzeżnych wręcz przeciwnie nadawano znaczne ulgi. ; У статті розкрито вплив національного чинника на формування кадрового складу мирових судів Волині. Встановлено, що російський уряд одним із основних критеріїв при доборі кандидатів для заміщення посад у мирових установах розглядав етнічне походження, яке виступало запорукою політичної благонадійності та лояльності до імперської влади. З'ясовано, що поляки і євреї протягом 1871-1919 рр. зазнали низки обмежень щодо їх служби у судах Волині, тоді як росіянам та українцям лівобережних губерній навпаки надавалисязначні пільги.

BM, dünya barışının sağlanması maksadıyla gönüllü olarak bir araya gelmiş milletler topluluğudur. Barışın sağlanması için BM, öncelikle barışçıl yöntemlere başvurur, eğer bu mümkün olmazsa silahlı kuvvet kullanmak zorunda kalabilir. BM'nin silahlı güç kullanmak zorunda kaldığı yerlerden olan Kosova, Bosna-Hersek ve Afganistan'da Türkiye'nin katkılarının ne boyutta olduğu irdelenecektir. Bu katkıların genel çerçevede yeterli olduğu tezimizde açıklanacaktır. ; UN is the union of countries which has come together voluntarily for the purpose of the settlement of world peace. For the settlement of peace, UN applies principally peaceful solutions, if this is not possible, UN might be obliged to use armed forces. Turkey's contributions in Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Afghanistan where UN has obliged to use armed forces will be examined. These contributions which are being sufficient in general framework will be explained in our thesis.

The article includes an analysis of the peace mission in Lebanon with the participation of the Polish Military Contingent. The organizational structure of the military health service securing our soldiers in that mission was also presented, bearing in mind the initial intended use of Polish units in this mission. The article is looking for an answer to the question about the importance of participation in peacekeeping missions of the Polish Armed Forces. It is also a description of the first mission in Lebanon, with a view to the re-participation of Polish troops in the mission at the end of 2019. Poland is considered a responsible member of NATO and the European Union.

The article discusses the experience of creation of peacekeeping missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eastern Slavonia, Kosovo and East Timor with the use of comparative method. It also raises the role of international and regional actors in post-conflict peacebuilding. The author presents some practical solutions for the implementation of the effective peace process in eastern Ukraine, aimed at the reintegration of temporarily occupied territories.

Birleşmiş Milletler (BM)'in barışı koruma misyonu kuruluşundan itibaren günümüze kadar gelen süreçte uluslararası barış ve istikrarın sağlanması konusundaki en önemli araçların başında gelmiştir. 1950'li yıllarda ilk örneklerinin görüldüğü barışı koruma misyonları Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde değişime uğramıştır. İnsani müdahale ve devlet egemenliği kavramları çerçevesinde yeniden değerlendirilen barışı koruma misyonları uluslararası barış ve güvenliğin sağlanmasındaki en önemli araçlardır. Bu çalışmada BM'nin geleneksel barışı koruma misyonu yapısı koruma sorumluluğu normu çerçevesinde incelenecektir. Koruma sorumluluğunun uygulama alanı olarak Sudan incelenecektir. ; The United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission since its establish has been one of the most important tools for achieving international peace and stability. In the 1950s the first examples of peacekeeping missions were seen and have been transformed in post Cold War era. After re-evaluated through humanitarian intervention and state sovereignty the peacekeeping missions are the most important instruments in ensuring international peace and security. This study will examine traditional UN peacekeeping missions within the framework of responsibility to protect norm. As case study Sudan will examine through responsibility to protect.

War conditions cause favorable stituations for the destruction of human development. It has caused widespread corruption in political, economic and cultural fieldand confronted society with various problems. However, in contrast to war condition, peace serves the needs of everybody in the best possible way and raises human development cycles to high levels. Throughout history, Afghanistan has been regarded as the battlefield of the colonial countries of the world. This rivalry between colonial countries has harmed Afghanistan and prevented Afghanistan from building its own future. This process, which was ongoing from British intervention to invansion of Soviet Union created political contitions that hinder the development and triggered çivil war in Afghanistan. In addition to the attacks of colonial countries, Afghanistan has always been a victim of ethnic politics. Besides, In Afghanistan, ethnic politics have a lot of negative consequences. However, it is possible to say that the most destructive one is the national identity crisis. Ethnic politics in Afghanistan have been partially successful. This stiuation interrupts relations between to-days Afghanistan ve its past that base on glorious civilization of Aghanistan. Afghanistan needs to seek rational and peaceful means to overcome these challenging crises. In these cases, it would be more consistent to resolve Afghanistan's internal problems by using influential elements such as diplomacy. Diplomacy plays a very important role in ensuring peace and stability in Afghanistan. Because, by using diplomatic means, country politicians can create lasting peace in Afghanistan and provide hope for progress in the country. ; Savaş koşulları insanî kalkınmanın tahrip edilmesine elverişli ortamlar doğurmaktadır. Siyasi, ekonomik, kültürel ve sosyal alanlarda yaygın yolsuzluklara neden olur ve toplumu çeşitli sorunlarla karşı karşıya bırakır. Ancak, savaşın aksine barış, herkesin ihtiyacına en iyi şekilde hizmet eder ve insani gelişim döngülerini yüksek seviyelere çıkarır. Afganistan, tarih boyunca dünyanın sömürgeci ülkelerinin savaş alanı olarak telakki edilir. Sömürgeci ülkeler arasındaki bu rekabet Afganistan'ınkendi yolunda yürümesini engellemiştir. Britanya'nın müdehalesinden Sovyetler Birliği'nin işgaline kadarki süreç, gelişmeye engel olan tüm politikalara ortam hazırlamış ve Afganistan'da iç savaşın çıkmasını tetiklemiştir. Afganistan, sümürgeci ülkelerin saldırısına ek olarak, daima etnik siyasetin kurbanı olmuştur. Afganistan'da etnik siyasetin olumsuz getirileri çoktur. Ancak bunlardan en yıkıcı olanının ulusal kimlik krizi olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Diğer yandan Afganistan'da etnik siyaset kısmen başarılı olmuştur. Bu durumgünümüz Afganistanı ile Horasan'ın görkemli uygarlığına dayanan geçmişi arasındaki ilişkiyi tamamen kesintiye uğratmıştır. Ülkenin, bu zorlu krizleri aşması için rasyonel ve barışçıl yollar aramasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu durumlarda, Afganistan'ın iç sorunlarını diplomasi gibi etkili unsurları kullanarak çözmek daha tutarlı bir yol olur. Afganistan'da barış ve istikrarın sağlanmasında diplomasi çok önemli bir rol oynar. Zira ülke politikacıları, diplomatik araçları kullanarak Afganistan'da kalıcı barış ortamı yaratabilir ve ülkede ilerleme umutları sağlayabilirler. Anahtar kelimeler: Afganistan, Diplomasi, Etnisite, Kriz, Savaş

The article describes the more important quality assurance projects in higher education that originated in Poland in 1993-1998. The thesis that in most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe accreditation agencies are a substitute for central control of the state over higher education is discussed on selected examples of Solutions to the quality monitoring problem existing in those countries. On the basis of studies, observations and results of the discussion that has been going on for many years in the academic community, the author sketches possible scenarios of development and changes in the conceptions being implemented today. The expression optima, I solution here means a solution that perhaps to a lesser degree results from an analysis of real needs, but is the one that has a chance of being accepted by the academic community. ; W artykule zostały przedstawione ważniejsze projekty systemów zapewniania jakości kształcenia w szkolnictwie wyższym, powstałe w Polsce w latach 1993-1998. Teza, iż w większości krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej agencje akredytacyjne stanowią substytut centralnej kontroli państwa nad szkolnictwem wyższym omawiana jest na wybranych przykładach istniejących w tych krajach rozwiązań problemu monitorowania jakości. Na podstawie badań, obserwacji oraz wyników dyskusji toczącej się od wielu lat w środowisku akademickim autorka wskazuje na możliwe scenariusze rozwoju i zmian obecnie wdrażanych koncepcji. Przedstawia również własną propozycję optymalnego rozwiązania problemu. Określenie optymalne rozwiązanie oznacza tu w istocie rozwiązanie, które może w mniejszym stopniu wynikać z realnej analizy potrzeb, ale za to ma szanse akceptacji przez środowisko akademickie.

Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti 1980'li yıllardan itibaren her alanda (ekonomik, siyasi, askeri) istikrarlı bir kalkınma sürecine girmiştir ve 21. yüzyılda küresel bir aktör olarak dünya siyasetinde yerini almıştır. Yükselen Çin, ABD ve Batılı ülkeleri endişelendirmiş ve bir tehdit olarak algılanmıştır. Çin ise barışçıl bir şekilde kalkındığını iddia etmektedir. Barışçıl kalkınma Konfüçyüs öğretisi/felsefesi temel alınarak oluşturulmuş bir kavramdır. Çalışmada, Konfüçyüs öğretisi ve Çin'in bu öğretiyi temel alarak oluşturduğu dış politika davranışları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, Çin'in yumuşak güç unsurlarını kullanması, uluslararası örgütlere verdiği önem, üçüncü dünya ülkeleri ile ilişkileri ve Modern İpek Yolu projesi (Bir Kuşak Bir Yol) barışçıl bir kalkınma/dış politika izlediğinin temel göstergeleridir. ; The People's Republic of China has entered a stable development process in all fields (economic, political, military) since the 1980s and has taken its place in world politics as a global actor in the 21st century. Rising China worried the USA and Western states and was perceived as a threat. However China claims that it developed peacefully. Peaceful development is a concept based on the Confucian doctrine/philosophy. In the study, the Confucian doctrine and the foreign policy behavior of China based on this doctrine were examined. In this context, China's use of soft power elements, the importance it attaches to international organizations, its relations with third world countries and the Modern Silk Road project (One Belt One Road) are the main indicators that it pursues a peaceful development/foreign policy.

The initiative to establish the Military Housing Fund (Fundusz Kwaterunku Wojskowego, FKW) was launched in 1925 in the Polish Senate, which, during considering the draft Act on accommodation for the army in peacetime adopted by the Polish Sejm opposed the possibility provided for by the draft law (causing social unrest) to seize (for a compensation) private premises for permanent accommodation for officers and married non-commissioned officers, in a situation where other (specified in the Act) methods of acquiring housing for this purpose did not bring the expected results. The Senate voted in favour of the construction and maintenance of residential buildings intended as permanent housing for the military by a specially established FKW. A fundamental role in the structure of its financing (as non-returnable income) was played by the accommodation tax. However, it covered the same premises and the same people who were already burdened with the municipal tax on premises and the state tax on premises. The situation in which the same premises and the same individuals were burdened, according to the same rules, with three taxes (in the total amount of up to 15% of rent), changed on 2 August 1926 with the enactment of the Act on the tax on premises, which replaced the previous ones and the new tax was to be collected starting from 1 August 1926, also for the purposes of the FKW (a total of 114,174,379 Polish zlotys was paid to the FKW account by the end of 1938). This solution, combined with the authorisation of the FKW to take out (with the guarantee of the Government) a loan of up to 140 million zlotys, allowed the FKW to pursue a quite broad construction activity, which resulted (in the period 1927–1937) in 7,334 dwellings for officers and married non-commissioned officers (in 1938 a total of 1,577 dwellings were under construction). ; Inicjatywa odnośnie do utworzenia Funduszu Kwaterunku Wojskowego (FKW) narodziła się w 1925 r. w Senacie, który rozpatrując uchwalony przez Sejm projekt ustawy o zakwaterowaniu wojska w czasie pokoju, sprzeciwił się przewidzianej przezeń (i wywołującej niepokoje społeczne) możliwości zajmowania (za wynagrodzeniem) pomieszczeń prywatnych na kwatery stałe dla oficerów i żonatych podoficerów zawodowych w sytuacji, gdy inne (wskazane w ustawie) sposoby pozyskania pomieszczeń na ten cel nie przyniosły oczekiwanych rezultatów. Senat opowiedział się za wznoszeniem, utrzymaniem i konserwacją budynków mieszkalnych przeznaczonych na kwatery stałe dla wojska przez specjalnie utworzony w tym celu FKW. W strukturze jego dochodów zasadniczą rolę (wśród dochodów bezzwrotnych) odgrywał podatek kwaterunkowy. Podlegały mu jednak te same lokale i te same osoby, które już były obciążone komunalnym podatkiem od lokali oraz państwowym podatkiem od lokali. Sytuacja, w której te same lokale i te same osoby obciążone były, według tych samych zasad, trzema podatkami (w łącznej wysokości do 15% komornego), zmieniła się wraz z uchwaleniem w dniu 2 sierpnia 1926 r. ustawy o podatku od lokali, który (zastępując dotychczasowe) miał być pobierany od 1 sierpnia 1926 r., m.in. na rzecz FKW (do końca 1938 r. na konto FKW wpłynęło 114 174 379 zł). Rozwiązanie to, w połączeniu z upoważnieniem FKW do zaciągnięcia (za poręką Rządu) pożyczki do wysokości 140 mln zł, pozwoliło FKW rozwinąć stosunkowo szeroko zakrojoną działalność budowlaną, która zaowocowała (w latach 1927–1937) 7334 mieszkaniami dla oficerów i żonatych podoficerów (w 1938 r. pozostawało w budowie 1577 mieszkań).

Operations under the auspices of the Security Council mandate span over 70 years. Repeatedly involved in resolving armed conflicts, they have made a significant contribution to ensuring security and stability around the world. In practice, they have taken the form of operations by individual states, coalitions, other international organizations or simply as United Nations missions composed of contingents provided by Troop Contribution Countries (TCC). While operations under the auspices of the United Nations have been involved on several occasions in offensive activities under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and the question of responsibility for these actions has been the subject of many legal analyses and judgments, missions organized by the United Nations are always recognized as neutral, and their activities as conciliatory and focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, or supervising the disengagement between the parties of the conflict, with the use of force limited to self-defence. Thus, such operations benefited from legal protection, and any action against them was considered a violation of international law. The current engagement of United Nations goes far beyond the traditional understanding of peacekeeping operations. UN missions are frequently authorized to employ all necessary means, up to and including the use of lethal force or even neutralization of the armed group. This creates a situation where in the light of International Humanitarian Law, such actions can be recognized as involvement in armed conflict. This article is intended to show the problems that the international community will soon face to in using United Nations' missions as an instrument for resolving armed conflicts and as a tool for restoring peace and providing stability and securityin the area of operations. It presents the processes of decision-making and subordination, which in some circumstances might result in the United Nations missions being deprived of legal protection and, in addition, made liable for non-compliance with the provisions of International Humanitarian Law. ; Operations under the auspices of the Security Council mandate span over 70 years. Repeatedly involved in resolving armed conflicts, they have made a significant contribution to ensuring security and stability around the world. In practice, they have taken the form of operations by individual states, coalitions, other international organizations or simply as United Nations missions composed of contingents provided by Troop Contribution Countries (TCC). While operations under the auspices of the United Nations have been involved on several occasions in offensive activities under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and the question of responsibility for these actions has been the subject of many legal analyses and judgments, missions organized by the United Nations are always recognized as neutral, and their activities as conciliatory and focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, or supervising the disengagement between the parties of the conflict, with the use of force limited to self-defence. Thus, such operations benefited from legal protection, and any action against them was considered a violation of international law. The current engagement of United Nations goes far beyond the traditional understanding of peacekeeping operations. UN missions are frequently authorized to employ all necessary means, up to and including the use of lethal force or even neutralization of the armed group. This creates a situation where in the light of International Humanitarian Law, such actions can be recognized as involvement in armed conflict. This article is intended to show the problems that the international community will soon face to in using United Nations' missions as an instrument for resolving armed conflicts and as a tool for restoring peace and providing stability and securityin the area of operations. It presents the processes of decision-making and subordination, which in some circumstances might result in the United Nations missions being deprived of legal protection and, in addition, made liable for non-compliance with the provisions of International Humanitarian Law.

Operations under the auspices of the Security Council mandate span over 70 years. Repeatedly involved in resolving armed conflicts, they have made a significant contribution to ensuring security and stability around the world. In practice, they have taken the form of operations by individual states, coalitions, other international organizations or simply as United Nations missions composed of contingents provided by Troop Contribution Countries (TCC). While operations under the auspices of the United Nations have been involved on several occasions in offensive activities under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, and the question of responsibility for these actions has been the subject of many legal analyses and judgments, missions organized by the United Nations are always recognized as neutral, and their activities as conciliatory and focused on monitoring the cessation of hostilities, or supervising the disengagement between the parties of the conflict, with the use of force limited to self-defence. Thus, such operations benefited from legal protection, and any action against them was considered a violation of international law. The current engagement of United Nations goes far beyond the traditional understanding of peacekeeping operations. UN missions are frequently authorized to employ all necessary means, up to and including the use of lethal force or even neutralization of the armed group. This creates a situation where in the light of International Humanitarian Law, such actions can be recognized as involvement in armed conflict. This article is intended to show the problems that the international community will soon face to in using United Nations' missions as an instrument for resolving armed conflicts and as a tool for restoring peace and providing stability and securityin the area of operations. It presents the processes of decision-making and subordination, which in some circumstances might result in the United Nations missions being deprived of legal protection and, in addition, made liable for non-compliance with the provisions of International Humanitarian Law.