Suchergebnisse

Preliminary Material -- Introduction -- International Peace Conferences: A Historical Overview -- Institutional Architectures -- Conflict Prevention -- Peacemaking -- Peacekeeping -- Peacebuilding -- Human Rights -- Justice -- Conclusion -- Introduction: The un Idea and the Art of the Possible -- Conflict Containment and Prevention: Successes and Misses -- Peacemaking: Success on Greece-Macedonia -- Peacemaking: Success on the Danube Region of Croatia: The Erdut Agreement -- Peacemaking: Successes and Sabotage on Bosnia -- Humanitarianism: Heroism in the Face of Inhumanity -- Peacekeeping in the Face of Ingratitude, Opportunism, and Treachery -- Peacekeeping: Negotiating the Peacekeeping Mandate in Croatia -- Human Rights: How to Protect in the Heart of Darkness?: The un Special Rapporteur -- Political Leadership: The First War-Time srsg -- Conclusion: The un Served Magnificently in Practising the Art of the Possible -- Bibliography -- Index.

" The law of nations is naturally based upon the principle that different nations in time of peace shall do each other the most good and in time of war the least evil possible." — Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois, iii. I.When Count Mouravieff, at the order of the Emperor of Russia, convoked the first peace conference by the circular of the 12th/24th August, 1898, hardly any one foresaw the importance which this first move was to take, which seemed then in the opinion of the writer Mommsen like " a printer's error in the history of the world."In order to realize the extent of the development to which coming periodical peace conferences are destined it is sufficient to examine the facts of yesterday and the road already traversed.The object of the first Russian project was very limited; its purpose was to call together a certain number of Powers to study the possibility of " putting a limit " on armament for the purpose of diminishing the financial burdens of the states, but the exchanges of opinion which preceded the assembly of these " disarmament conferences " having shown that the chances of success were very feeble, a second circular by Mouravieff (January 11, 1899) extended the first program by attaching thereto particularly "the possibility of preventing armed conflicts by pacific means " and the reduction of " the laws and customs of war " to a system of rules. These two new subjects changed the character of the assembly, the title of which even was modified. It was called thenceforth the " Peace Conference." And, in fact, the conference in obedience to the very force of things soon completed the transformation of accession to principle, subordinated the premature question of disarmament, and applied its efforts towards justifying its title by concentrating all its force on the matter of pacific adjustment of international conflicts.

This book has emerged out of the author's experience as Director of an innovative peacemaking, peacekeeping and humanitarian initiative, the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia, between 1992 and 1996. What was striking about this conference was the experiment of two full-time Co-Chairmen, one from the United Nations and one from the European Union, who laboured tirelessly for peace in different parts of the former Yugoslavia for three and a half years. The strategies and organization of the conference had to be pieced together from the start by the Co-Chairmen and their colleague

U.S. letters of assurances on the terms of the Peace Conference to the Palestinians, to Syria, to Lebanon, and to Israel, mid-October 1991 (main points); U.S.-Soviet letter of invitation to peace talks in Madrid, 18 October 1991; delegations to Madrid (biographical information about the various participants); Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir's letter to Secretary of State Baker, 28 October 1991; opening addresses in Madrid (Bush, Gorbachev, van den Broek, Musa, Shamir, Abu Jaber, Abd al-Shafi, Bouez, al-Sharaa, Baker); closing remarks in Madrid (Shamir, Abd al-Shafi, al-Sharaa); U.S. Secretary of State James Baker's press conference, 3 November 1991. (DÜI-Hns)