Suchergebnisse

Introduction. As a result of the fact that the government of the Russian Empire implemented the policyof accelerated industrial development and that indirect taxes increased at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries, thenoble and peasant issue in the state became aggravated. The nobles suffered from the loss of lands, and peasantswere deprived of them because of high prices for the land rent and high taxes. The procrastination and ineffectivenessof government measures to resolve the peasant issue resulted in an intensifi cation of political and social struggle, andthen its transformation into the peasant revolution.The historical literature covers in detail the specifi cs of the peasant issue in early 20th century, governmentpolicy to resolve it, peasant demonstrations and the noblemen's problems. The attitude of the last Russian emperorMykola II to the peasant issue needs comprehensive studying as іt can reveal the causes and course of the peasantrevolution in the Russian Empire in early 20th century (until 1917).Purpose. The purpose of this study is to present the emperor Mykola II's views and directions of his activities toresolve the peasant issue in the Russian Empire.Results. The authors identify main directions of the emperor's activity concerning peasant issue which wererefl ected in his «Diaries»: methods of noblemen's and peasants' deputations, reaction to the manifestations of thepeasant revolution (1902, 1905–1906), evaluation of the Second State Duma and the acquaintance with the results ofStolypin land reform. The offi cial receptions of peasant deputations took place on the occasion of religious holidays,state events (celebration of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Poltava, the 50th anniversary of peasant reform, the300th anniversary of Romanov family's reign), important events for the emperor's family etc. Peasant demonstrationsin 1902 in Poltava and Kharkiv provinces did not have a signifi cant impact on the monarch; although a year laterthe collective responsibility in the rural community ...

Partial contents: Adequacy of social science models for the study of peasant movements, by John D. Powell; "IRI": a simplified predictive index of rural instability, by Roy L. Prosterman; Violence and social change in the Yugoslav revolution, by Bogdan Denitch.

The article reveals the peculiarities of the activity of theFirst All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies. The authorselucidate the circumstances of the development of an agrarianresolution, which was signed on May 25, 1917. The issuesdiscussed by the delegates at the congress were researched.The main provisions of the resolution and its importance forthe development of agricultural legislation by the ProvisionalGovernment are outlined. The influence of the activity of theFirst All-Russian Congress of Peasant Deputies on theagrarian policy of the Provisional Government wasinvestigated.

Abstract.  In Emile de Laveleye's demonstration that communal landholding was universally a characteristic of primitive societies, Henry George saw evidence of a golden age before the development of private ownership of land. Though he agreed with George that unequal access to land was a major cause of the social evil of poverty, de Laveleye did not consider it the sole cause of poverty. Where George would nationalize land rent, de Laveleye would make private ownership more widespread; and he faulted George for giving too little attention to the question of how government would use the revenue from a land tax, and for failing to consider the concentration of capital as a cause of poverty.

Статья посвящена малоизученной в историографии проблеме реакции властей Российской империи на жалобы владельческих крестьян на своих хозяев. Рассматривается система наказаний жестоких помещиков в правовой системе государства; показан процесс ее формирования, главное же внимание уделено законодательству конца XVIII первой половины XIX в. На основании привлечения новых, в том числе архивных источников автор делает попытку в постановочном плане обозначить тенденции в развитии данных явлений. ; The article is devoted to the little-studied in historiography problem of the reaction of the authority of the Russian Empire to the complaints of possessory peasants against their masters. The system of the punishments of cruel landowners in the legal system of the state is considered, the process of its formation is shown, and the main attention is drawn to the legislation at the end of the XVIII in the first half of the XIX century. On the basis of the use of new, including archival sources, the author makes an attempt to outline tendencies in the development of these phenomena.

The English Peasants' Revolt of 1381 is a pivotal moment in Britain's history. The complaints of the peasantry during the revolt would echo through the following centuries. The chronicles of Jean Froissart, Henry Knighton, Thomas Walsingham, as well as the Anonimalle Chronicle recorded the events before, during, and after the uprising and gave sometimes conflicting interpretations of the Revolt. Analyzing these chronicles and other medieval documents, historians have developed their own idea explanation of the motivations of the Peasants' Revolt ranging from social, to political, to economic, or to religious incentives for rebelling—or some combination of these factors. With an issue as complicated as the Peasants' Revolt, these motivations were likely to have been heavily intertwined. It is the goal of this paper to piece various chronicles, court cases, and labor legislation together with the secondary scholarship of other historians and show the underlying tensions of the Peasants' Revolt: a drive for economic security. Although the common people reacted to a variety of religious, political, social and economic concerns during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381, a quest for economic security was an underlying motivation for people of all social and economic statuses.

The profitability of the French agricultural sector has fallen over the last two decades, leading to the suggestion of a &ldquo ; rupture in technical progress&rdquo ; . Additionally, the intellectual property regime in force has contributed to the erosion of the cultivated biodiversity, limiting plant resiliency to climate change and other hazards. In the face of these challenges, agroecological farming practices are a viable alternative. This paper investigates the positive and negative aspects associated with the development of alternative seed procurement networks in France. The findings indicate that peasant seed networks can effectively contribute to overcoming many of the structural blockages with which French agriculture is confronted, but that yield concerns ; higher information and supervisory costs, as well as the unfavourable legislative context, constitute key challenges to their development. However, these could be partially or totally eliminated if adequate policies are implemented. In this regard, the recommendations are to: (i) strengthen the dialogue with farmers in the shaping of policies related to the use of plant genetic resources ; (ii) abrogate the &ldquo ; obligatory voluntary contribution&rdquo ; on farm-saved seeds ; (iii) diversify the collection of Centres for Biological Resources, increase their number, and democratize their access ; (iv) harmonize the French and European regime on intellectual property ; and (v) encourage participatory research.

This short essay begins by revisiting John Saul's landmark article in the first issue of the Review of African Political Economy in 1974, which was, inevitably, very much of its historical moment. The author suggests that Saul used an ideal-typical conception of 'peasants' combined with a particular view of 'incomplete' capitalism established by colonial rule in Africa and continuing since political independence. He then proposes, in highly selective and abbreviated fashion, an alternative approach to understanding the social conditions of existence of African 'peasants' and the politics of Africa's agrarian questions. He illustrates his argument with special reference to the current moment of globalisation and neoliberalism. 'Globalisation' serves as shorthand for the restructuring of capital on a world scale since the 1970s (and not least 'financialisation'), while he uses 'neoliberalism' to refer to the political and ideological project of promoting the interests of capital in such restructuring at the expense of the interests of labour. He concludes with some broad historical theses about 'African Peasants and Revolution'.