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The paper presents the analysis of pensioning as a social contract. The aim of research is to reveal the features of the Russian pension contract taking into account transformations of pension process in the 2000s. In accordance with the aims this article analyzes the contract bases of pension interactions. As a methodological basis the author applies the theory of social contracts, institutional model of the Principal-Agent and the McGuire-Olson theory of stationary bandit. The conducted research offers to consider pensioning as a special case of a social contract. It also identifies the general trend in changes of the Russian pension contract during the period since 2002 till the present period. The pension policy in 2002-2018 resulted in further strengthening of the state position as a stakeholder of the pension contract, decrease in the role of private structures in pensioning, replacement of pension accumulating with a distribution method, reduction in the value of personified interactions in the pension process and, on the contrary, increase in the role of common pension rules as an implicit basis of the pension contract.

Recently released archives from the Irish military service pensions collection (M.S.P.C.) offer an important opportunity to examine the post-conflict experience of veterans of guerrilla conflicts. Pensioning has been used effectively to study the post-conflict lives of veterans of conventional wars but the experience of guerrillas after the conflict is largely limited to analysing the security threat posed to peace by these former combatants. The pensions awarded to veterans of the Irish revolution (1916-1923) indicate that recognition was central to veterans' concerns and serve as a useful historical example of the post-conflict reintegration of ex-combatants.

For many people the pensioning is a new condition as well as new challenge fulfilled with many news and uncertainty. The fact that the work lifetime is finished, involves him in a totally unknown and new situation, a challenge which leads to cancelling of all that have fulfilled their lives till then. The person at that age must face up with the truth that his work abilities are getting weaker and it is the right time to retire and leave the workplace to the younger generation. Oftentimes the challenges in the old people life are with negative connotation, followed with feeling of confusion, consternation, inferiority, decreased self-confidence and high sentimentality in relations with the other people. Also, the conditions of pensioning are followed with new problems which must be overcome. The main aim of this research paper is to investigate the conditions and challenges in the modern living of the old people in terms of contemporary social care in Republic of Macedonia. In the investigation of the social care of the old people, we treated the organized and spontaneous forms, acts and activities which reflect the quality of living of the old people. In the investigation are included 600 participants above 60 years old with stratified example in appropriate relation by age and gender, place of living (Skopje, Kumanovo, Kicevo and Strumica) and ethnicity, and at the same time the example is designed based on the institutions where the investigation is completed. The findings on the status and challenges of the aging are based on the strive for the realization of progressive approaches, legislation, programs and strategies to improve the lives of the old people. The main aim of this research is gaining knowledge and challenges in contemporary life of the old people, especially in terms of social care to create conditions, guidelines and bases for an organized approach. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n1s2p89

1. Introduction;. Margaret Cook Andersen and Melissa K. Byrnes -- 2. Colonial Reckoning: Population, Power, and Liberty in the French Atlantic, 1660-1787; Robert Scafe and Jennifer J. Davis -- 3. Pensioning Pondicherry's Enfants and Orphelins: Social Welfare and the French East India Company in Eighteenth-century French India; Jakob Burnham -- 4. "Free and Naturalized Frenchwomen": Gender and the Politics of Race on Revolution-Era Bourbon Island; Nathan Marvin -- 5. Lipiodol and Fertility Medicine in Interwar Colonial Algeria; Margaret Cook Andersen -- 6. Rituals of the Matrice: Maternal and Infant Protection in French Colonial Cambodia; Tara Tran -- 7. The Colonial Origins of Mass Prophylaxis as a Public Health Panacea; Aro Velmet -- 8. Categorizing the Maghrib: How Census Data, Demography, and Population Studies Facilitated Governance Strategies and Public Messaging in Colonial and Postcolonial North Africa; Jennifer Johnson -- 9. Modernizing Migrants: Welfare and the Transformation of Marseille's African Communities; Gregory Valdespino -- 10. Criminal Fertility: Policing North African Families after Decolonization; Melissa K Byrnes -- 11. Inessential Labour: Reproduction, work, and Algerian Family Migration after Independence; Elise Franklin. .

The article provides the analysis of pension inequality in the system of modern state pension provision in Russia. The purpose of work is to reveal pension inequality at each stage of forming pension good and to show the correlation between pension inequality and the implementation of pension preferences mechanism in the system of state pensioning. The paper briefly considers the evolution of social inequality concepts and studies the reasons for social inequality. The author views pension inequality as the subject differentiations arising in the course of forming and receiving pension good. The research analyzes the factors which entail deprivations both in the course of forming pension rights and receiving pension good. The analysis reveals numerous manifestations of pension inequality at different stages of pension process and identifies the correlation between particular forms of pension inequality and pension preferences policy. The paper offers conclusions and recommendations that can be used for further examination of particular aspects in pension inequality.

Frente a los requerimientos para el pago efectivo de las pretensiones que se demanden, los entes públicos han respondido de diversa manera, sobre todo cuando lo que se dispone es el cumplimiento del pago de montos pensionarios; aun cuando existen prohibiciones absolutas a todas las autoridades, como son las de dejar sin efecto resoluciones que han pasado en autoridad de cosa juzgada o se retarde su ejecución. Los órganos judiciales son quienes deben reaccionar frente a ulteriores actuaciones o comportamientos enervantes de sus decisiones, adoptando las medidas oportunas y necesarias para llevar a efecto la ejecución del fallo.También, resulta imprescindible proponer alguna medida para asegurar el respeto irrestricto del debido proceso y la tutela jurisdiccional efectiva, con la consecuente ejecución de las sentencias en las que el Estado Peruano resulta ser el demandado. ; In response to the requests for the actual payment of the claims, public entities have responded in different forms, particularly when the order is the compliance of pensioning payments. Even though there are absolute prohibitions to all the authorities, such as to void resolutions actually considered as res judicata or delay their execution. Judiciary bodies are those to react in response to further actions or behaviors enervating from their decisions. They must adopt appropriate and necessary measures to carry out the judgment. It is also essential to propose some measures to guarantee the unconditional respect to the due process and the effective judicial protection; along with the execution of judgements where the Peruvian government ends up being the defendant.

The paper focuses on a special status of the Patriotic War invalids as a social group in a post-war Ukrainian society as well as the attitude towards them by the Soviet state. The Purpose of the Research. The objective is historically to reconstruct the basic principles of the Soviet policy on social protection of veterans with disabilities and its first results during the first post-war years. The Methodological Basis. The principles of objectivity, historicism, system, and research comprise the methodology basis. There have been applied historical and genetic, comparative, statistic, diachronic, historical and anthropological methods. The scientific novelty of the study consists in doing for the first time the analysis of the Soviet regime's attitude to the Patriotic War invalids against the background of the Third famine in Ukraine. The Conclusions. The institutionalization of the social protection system for the Patriotic War invalids in the Ukrainian SSR took place during the period of 1940 – 1946. During the period of 1940 and 1941 the authorities legitimated pensioning for the potential war invalids. With the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, the Union and Republic Governments identified people with disabilitiesas a result of the war with Germany among other invalids officially calling the first "the Patriotic War invalids" and adding some new forms of social protection for them. The number of the Patriotic War invalids abruptly increased under conditions of the worsened economic situation and the beginning of the Third famine in the Ukrainian SSR. We have determined the fact of decreasing the number of registered war-disabled people with the help of "thorough medical and labour examination". Medical and Labour Examination Commissions took such actions under the pressure of the Party and Government of the Ukrainian SSR. They declared invalids as "fully recovered". Besides, many front-line invalids were transferred to lower groups of disability. The Ukrainian Republic governance had to turn to such actions to avoid the budget deficit for the system of social protection and additional economy of bread. Key words: The Patriotic War invalids, social protection, pensioning, social protection bodies, Medical and Labour Examination Commissions, group of disability. ; Досліджено статус особливої соціальної групи післявоєнного українського суспільства – інвалідів Вітчизняної війни і ставлення до неї з боку радянської держави. Метою роботи є історична реконструкція провідних елементів радянської політики соціального захисту ветеранів-інвалідів і її результатів у перші післявоєнні роки. Методологію складають принципи об'єктивності, історизму, системності, науковості. Застосовано історико-генетичний, порівняльний, статистичний, діахронний, історико-антропологічний методи. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше проаналізовано ставлення радянського режиму до інвалідів Вітчизняної війни на тлі Третього голоду в Україні. Висновки. Становлення системи соціального забезпечення інвалідів Вітчизняної війни в УРСР відбувалося упродовж 1940 – 1946 рр. У 1940 – 1941 рр. влада юридично впорядкувала пенсіонування майбутніх інвалідів війни. З початком німецько-радянської війни постановами союзного та республіканського урядів було виділено осіб з інвалідністю внаслідок війни з Німеччиною з-посеред інших контингентів інвалідів, присвоєно їм офіційну назву "інваліди Вітчизняної війни" й додано нові види соціального захисту. В умовах погіршення економічної ситуації в УРСР і початку Третього голоду в республіці відбулося різке зростання кількості інвалідів Вітчизняної війни. Встановлено, що під тиском партійно-урядового керівництва УРСР Міністерство соціального забезпечення і Лікарсько-трудові експертні комісії провели акцію скорочення кількості взятих на облік інвалідів війни за допомогою "глибокої лікарсько-трудової експертизи", оголошуючи їх такими, що "цілком одужали". Крім того, багатьом інвалідам-фронтовикам знизили групу інвалідності. Причиною таких дій керівництва республіки стала необхідність уникнути дефіциту бюджету системи соціального забезпечення й додаткова економія хліба. Ключові слова: інваліди Вітчизняної війни, соціальне забезпечення, пенсіонування, соцзабези, лікарсько-трудові експертні комісії, група інвалідності.

The rollback of the welfare state in countries such as the UK, coupled with population ageing, have contributed to a situation in which responsibility for older people's wellbeing is placed more heavily on the individual. This is exemplified in the notion in popular and policy circles that individuals should plan for later life, particularly financially, and a corresponding concern that they are not doing so sufficiently. This scoping review aimed to identify the structural factors which inhibit people from engaging in planning for later life. For the purposes of this review, we characterised planning as the range of activities people deliberately pursue with the aim of achieving desired outcomes in later life. This entails a future, as opposed to shorter-term, goal orientation. In study selection, we focused on planning at mid-life (aged 40 to 60). Systematic and snowball searching identified 2,317 studies, of which 36 were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The review found that limited financial resources were a key barrier to planning. Related factors included: living in rented accommodation, informal caring, and working part-time. A lack of support from employers, industry, regulators and landlords was also found to inhibit planning. The findings suggest that certain sections of society are effectively excluded from planning. This is particularly problematic if popular and policy discourse comes to blame individuals for failing to plan. The review also provides a critical perspective on planning, highlighting a tendency in the literature towards individualistic and productivist interpretations of the concept.

This paper considers the rise of defined-contribution (DC) pensions - such as 401(k) plans - in order to contribute to the debate about neoliberalism. It challenges the generalizability of two common accounts: the weak state intervention thesis, which argues that neoliberal policy change is driven by state retreat and deregulation, and the state-managed transition thesis, which argues that neoliberal policies are both enacted and managed through new regulations. In contrast, this paper argues that the development of the employer-based pension system between 1970 and 1995 is an instance of "neoliberalism without neoliberals." A battery of regulations was passed between 1974 and the late 1980s that were intended to make the traditional system of definedbenefit (DB) pensioning more secure. However, this legislation triggered a business shift to 401(k)s. The legislation worked in such a counterintuitive way because of three factors related to changes in "the balance of class forces" in American society: (1) new laws increased costs for firms, with small businesses being hit the heaviest, (2) employment in the manufacturing sector, labor's traditional stronghold, declined as a share of total employment, and (3) because unions were unable or unwilling to unionize emergent sectors of the economy, new businesses in them were not compelled to negotiate DB plans. In such a context, growing regulatory costs pushed many firms to adopt DC pensions for their employees. The outcome was a major policy shift, considered by many to be a defining feature of the neoliberal era. ; Als Beitrag zur Debatte um den Neoliberalismus befasst sich dieser Artikel mit dem Aufstieg der betrieblichen Altersversorgung auf Basis 'garantierter Beiträge' (defined contributions, DC) in den USA, wie etwa der 401(k)-Rentenpläne. Er stellt zwei weitverbreitete Auffassungen hinsichtlich ihrer Allgemeingültigkeit infrage: zum einen die These des schwachen, in seinen Interventionsfähigkeiten begrenzten Staates, die besagt, der Politikwechsel hin zum Neoliberalismus werde durch den Rückzug des Staates und die Deregulierung vorangetrieben, und zum anderen die des staatlich gelenkten Übergangs, die behauptet, neoliberale politische Maßnahmen würden durch neue Regelungen in Kraft gesetzt und gesteuert. Demgegenüber legt diese Studie dar, dass die Entwicklung der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge zwischen 1970 und 1995 als ein Fall von "Neoliberalismus ohne Neoliberale" bezeichnet werden kann. Von 1974 bis in die späten 1980er-Jahre wurde eine Vielzahl von Regelungen verabschiedet, um das traditionelle Altersversorgungssystem auf Basis "garantierter Leistungen" (defined benefits, DB) sicherer zu machen. Doch lösten diese Gesetze vielmehr eine Umorientierung der Unternehmen zu 401(k)-Rentenplänen aus. Drei Faktoren im Zusammenhang mit den Veränderungen des "Kräfteverhältnisses zwischen den Klassen" in der US-amerikanischen Gesellschaft führten dazu, dass sich die Gesetze völlig anders auswirkten als erwartet. Erstens verursachten neue Gesetze Kostensteigerungen in Unternehmen, wobei Kleinbetriebe am stärksten betroffen waren. Zweitens sank der Anteil der Beschäftigung im produzierenden Gewerbe, einer traditionellen Arbeiterhochburg, an der Gesamtbeschäftigung. Und drittens konnten oder wollten die Gewerkschaften junge Wirtschaftssektoren nicht gewerkschaftlich organisieren; neue Unternehmen in diesen Bereichen waren nicht zur Aushandlung von Altersversorgungsplänen auf Basis garantierter Leistungen verpflichtet. In einem solchen Kontext wurden viele Betriebe durch die steigenden regelungsbedingten Kosten dazu gedrängt, für ihre Mitarbeiter eine Altersversorgung auf Basis garantierter Beiträge einzuführen. Die Folge war ein Politikwechsel von großer Tragweite, den viele als ein prägendes Merkmal der neoliberalen Ära ansehen.

The current landscape of retirement is changing dramatically as population aging becomes increasingly visible. This review of pressing retirement issues advocates research on (a) changing meanings of retirement, (b) impact of technology, (c) the role of housing in retirement, (d) human resource strategies, (e) adjustment to changing retirement policies, (f) the pension industry, and (g) the role of ethnic diversity in retirement.

In an aging work society, the transition to retirement represents a crucial passage in status for older adults. The conditions and the forms of the age-related status transition have changed substantially in Germany over recent decades. Thus, in addition to "indirect" retirement paths from various forms of non-employment, there is an increasing tendency to continue paid work beyond the regular retirement age limit. Moreover, older adults volunteer in civil society and are engaged within the family after retirement. These activities, together with prolonged labor market participation, form a central dimension of old age potential that can be a societal as well as an individual benefit. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of research, provide an overview of basic concepts as well as to advance the discourse on the transition to retirement and the potential of older people in Germany. One focus is on the labor market participation of older adults, even beyond the legal retirement age limit. In addition, we emphasize the interaction between different productive activities with regard to complementary or substitute relationships. These considerations are united in the concept of unretirement, which complements the traditional concept of retirement. A modified Rubicon model of action is presented as a heuristic framework for further empirical research on the labor market participation of older adults.

Die umlagefinanzierte gesetzliche Pensionsversicherung stellt weiterhin die größte Säule der Pensionsvorsorge in Österreich dar, wobei sie aufgrund geänderter Rahmenbedingungen so angepasst werden muss, dass ihre langfristige Finanzierbarkeit erhalten bleibt. Ausgehend von der Frage, inwieweit eine nachhaltige Finanzierung durch Aufteilung auf die fünf im Gesetz genannten Steuerungsparameter (Antrittsalter, Bundesmittel, Beitragssatz, Pensionsanpassung, Steigerungsbetrag) überhaupt sinnvoll und möglich ist, gelangt die Kommission zur langfristigen Pensionssicherung zur Ansicht, das primäre Zielobjekt zur Steuerung sei die Anhebung des effektiven Pensionsantrittsalters. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt demnach ein valides und umfassendes Monitoring dieses Parameters dar. Ziel ist die Darstellung des Pensionsantrittsverhaltens im Jahr 2011 und insbesondere die gezielte Analyse des effektiven Pensionsantrittsalters, wobei ein Konnex zur demografischen Entwicklung und zur Erwerbsbeteiligung hergestellt wird.

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkungen und Risiken der jüngsten Rentenreformen in Deutschland. Während die deutsche Rentenpolitik über viele Jahre systematisch die Frühverrentung gefördert hat, um den regulierten Arbeitsmarkt in Zeiten wirtschaftlicher Stagnation zu entlasten, hat die Rentenpolitik in der jüngeren Vergangenheit einen deutlichen Paradigmenwechsel erfahren. Die jüngsten Reformen gehen von einem längeren Verbleib älterer Arbeitnehmer im Erwerbsleben aus. Anhand von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) sowie mithilfe von Längsschnittanalysen auf Mikroebene kommt dieser Beitrag zu dem Ergebnis, dass die aktuelle Trendwende im Bereich der Frühverrentung in Deutschland auf Kosten zunehmender sozialer Ungleichheiten innerhalb der älteren Bevölkerung geht." (Autorenreferat)