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The article deals with a subject of origins and spread of suffi x -ett-. The suffi x is used to form the fi rst and the third persons singular and the third person plural of the Italian perfect form (passato remoto) of some second conjugation verbs (-ere conjugation verbs). Since the midnineteenth century a number of European experts in Romanic languages have off ered different theories of suffix -ett- origins (ideas by Demattio, Amedeo and others). On considering them we have found the majority of the theories groundless and uncreditable. We believe the Bybee - Slobin supposition to be worth noticing among contemporary ones. Their idea suggests the spread of suffi x -ett- as a consequence of rethinking the pattern that reads as follows: "Passato remoto can have a segment with a double sibilant". The double sibilant is really present in such Italian perfect forms as disse, scrisse, visse, resse and in the corresponding forms of cognate verbs. This supposition is quite logical but still has a number of drawbacks, which prevents us from admitting it as the principle one.We suppose the theory of suffi x -ett- originating from perfect forms of the verb stare off ered by Friedrich Diez to be the most logical and verifi able. Documented evidence of it is contained in the works of Italian scholars F. D'Ovidio and R. Spina, yet the latter has some discrepancies between the periodization of the suffi x spread off ered in the work and the actual data. Some written sources may have failed to survive till present, which makes it diffi cult to reconstruct an objective picture of the process under consideration development. Yet that doesn't mean that we shouldn't tackle the issues of the Italian verb historical morphology.Summarizing and analyzing the views of the experts in Romanic languages mentioned above, we have put forward our own periodization of the phenomenon under consideration basing on the documented data.

The article deals with a subject of origins and spread of suffix -ett-. The
suffix is used to form the fi rst and the third persons singular and the third person
plural of the Italian perfect form (passato remoto) of some second conjugation verbs
(-ere conjugation verbs). Since the mid-nineteenth century a number of European
experts in Romanic languages have offered different theories of suffi x -ett- origins
(ideas by Demattio, Amedeo and others). On considering them we have found the
majority of the theories groundless and uncreditable. We believe the Bybee — Slobin
supposition to be worth noticing among contemporary ones. Th eir idea suggests the
spread of suffix -ett- as a consequence of rethinking the pattern that reads as follows:
"Passato remoto can have a segment with a double sibilant". The double sibilant is
really present in such Italian perfect forms as disse, scrisse, visse, resse and in the
corresponding forms of cognate verbs. Th is supposition is quite logical but still has
a number of drawbacks, which prevents us from admitting it as the principle one.
We suppose the theory of suffix -ett- originating from perfect forms of the verb
stare offered by Friedrich Diez to be the most logical and verifiable. Documented
evidence of it is contained in the works of Italian scholars F. D'Ovidio and R. Spina,
yet the latter has some discrepancies between the periodization of the suffi x spread
offered in the work and the actual data. Some written sources may have failed to
survive till present, which makes it diffi cult to reconstruct an objective picture of
the process under consideration development. Yet that doesn't mean that we shouldn't
tackle the issues of the Italian verb historical morphology.
Summarizing and analyzing the views of the experts in Romanic languages
mentioned above, we have put forward our own periodization of the phenomenon
under consideration basing on the documented data.

Одной из основ развития любого государства является экономика страны, которая в свою очередь выступает гарантией независимости, условием стабильности и эффективности жизнедеятельности общества. Она обеспечивает материальную жизнеспособность общества, создает условия развития отдельного человека и социума в целом. Уровень развития экономики определяет уровень и качество жизни народа, течение политических, социальных и социокультурных процессов. ; One of the foundations of the development of any state is the country's economy, which in turn acts as a guarantee of independence, a condition for the stability and efficiency of society's life. It ensures the material viability of society, creates conditions for the development of an individual and society as a whole. The level of economic development determines the level and quality of life of the people, the course of political, social and socio-cultural processes.

The article analyzes the basic principles of the formation of an ideal society in the works of M. K. Gandhi. An important conclusion in the concept of the author is the provision on the need to provide equal access to the resources required to meet the most necessary needs of individuals in society. The declaration of freedom of religion, speech, media, comprehensive full physical and spiritual development of the individual as a member of society indicates the relevance of the study of the experience of the liberation of India at the present stage. In the complex project of an ideal social structure developed by Gandhi, we focused on such structural aspects as universal, applicable to any kind of social structure, and national, applicable only for the Indian state. Thus, the universal element is a synthesis of western and eastern directions. At the same time, the national component was created as a result of the rethinking of the sociocultural characteristics of the Indian society itself, which in turn determines the individual way of the development and formation of independent India in the political and legal concept of Gandhi. ; В статье проведен анализ базовых начал формирования свободного общества в работах М. К. Ганди. Важным выводом в концепции автора мы считаем положение о необходимости предоставления равного доступа к ресурсам, требующимся для удовлетворения самых необходимых потребностей индивидов в социуме. Декларирование свободы вероисповедания, слова, средств массовой информации, всестороннее полноценное физическое и духовное развитие индивида как члена общества говорит об актуальности исследования опыта освобождения Индии на современном этапе. В комплексном проекте идеального общественного устройства, разработанном Ганди, мы акцентировали внимание на таких структурных моментах, как универсальный, применимый к любому виду социального устройства, и национальный, применимый только для индийского государства. Таким образом, универсальный элемент представляет собой синтез западных и восточных направлений. В то же время национальный компонент создан в результате переосмысления социокультурных особенностей непосредственно индийского общества, что в свою очередь определяет индивидуальный путь развития и становления независимой Индии в политико-правовой концепции Ганди.

Esse-perfect in Macedonian: lexical distribution and contextual restrictions - The present article deals with the esse-perfect in Macedonian, also found in Aromanian and some Albanian dialects, which is formed with verbs of both aspects by means of the auxiliary sum 'to be' plus the (formally) passive participle. In contrast to previous work on this topic, our research sets out to determine the domains of usage for this construction in Macedonian, both in the standard language and its dialects, especially those on the western periphery and in linguistic enclaves surrounded by Albanian-speaking communities. In addition to personal fieldwork, three main corpora serve as a material basis for this task; see the list of sources at the end of the article. The formation of the esse-perfect is rather limited when compared with the other two perfects of Macedonian. In particular, its distribution clearly depends on lexical verb classes, with language contact accounting for less rigid restrictions and a wider usage of this construction.

Предметом исследования выступают федеративные отношения современных государств и роль местного самоуправления в этом процессе. Задачами исследования являются: рассмотрение вопросов идеального территориального устройства государства; сравнительный анализ федеративных и унитарных форм организации власти; выявление недостатков децентрализованной формы построения государства; рассмотрение сущности суверенитета при территориальном разделении властных полномочий. Рассматривая сущность федеративного и унитарного государственного устройства, а также роль автономий и местного самоуправления в распределении и использовании властных полномочий, автор приходит к выводу, что федеративное государство может и должно существовать только в постановке понимания государственной власти как единственной и неделимой не по территориальному, а тем более по национальному признаку. Власть субъекта федерации не является государственной, так как не обладает необходимым признаком – суверенитетом (верховенством). Местное же самоуправление является спасительным институтом в структуре федеративного государства, построенного по принципу сильной централизованной власти. В Российской Федерации на данный момент местное самоуправление как таковое отсутствует. ; The object of research is the federal relations between modern states and the role of local self-government in this process. The objectives of research are consideration of questions of the perfect territorial division of the state; comparative analysis of federal and unitary forms of the organization of power; observation of shortcomings of the decentralized form of building a state; consideration of the essence of sovereignty in the territorial division of authority powers. Considering the essence of a federal and unitary state system, and also the role of autonomies and local self-government in distribution and use of authority powers the author comes to a conclusion that the federal state can and has to exist only when there is understanding of the government authority as only and indivisible neither according to territorial, nor to the national principles. The power of the subject of federation is not the same as the state power as does not possess a necessary feature – the sovereignty (supremacy). The local self-government is helpful institute in the structure of the federal state constructed according to the principle of the strong centralized power. Presently in the Russian Federation the local self-government is absent in its essence.

The banking system must be seen as a whole comprising different national banks and loan institutions which activities are governed by the monetary mechanism. The banking system includes the network of commercial banks as well as other credit and settlement centers. The central bank is responsible for the state emission and foreign exchange policy and constitutes the core of the reserve system. [1, p. 234]. Commercial banks carry out a wide range of functions: keeping of customer current accounts, crediting of individuals and legal entities, purchase and sale of government and corporate securities, and many others [2]. Today most European banks are highly developed banking institutions providing a broad range of banking services. Therefore, the analysis of the European banking sector is of particular interest to banking analysts.The article analyzes the structure of the European banking market,determines the level of market competition,and identifies the commercial bank which position on the analyzed market is close to monopolistic. ; Банковская система -совокупность различных видов национальных банков и кредитных учреждений,действующих в рамках общего денежно-кредитного механизма. Банковская система включает центральный банк, сеть коммерческих банков и других кредитно-расчетных центров. Центральный банк проводит государственную эмиссионную и валютную политику, является ядром резервной системы [1, с. 234]. Коммерческие банки осуществляют широкий спектр операций: ведение расчетных счетов клиентов, кредитование физических и юридических лиц, привлечение вкладов, покупку и продажу государственных и корпоративных ценных бумаг и многие другие [2]. Одним из самых развитых банков, предлагающих широкий перечень банковских услуг, являются европейские банки. Поэтому анализ банковского сектора Европы представляет особый интерес для банковских аналитиков. В данной статье проведен анализ структуры европейского банковского рынка,определен уровеньрыночной конкуренции на нем,а также выявлен коммерческий банк, положение которого по анализируемому рынку приближено к монополистическому.

The actuality of a present work is determined by a wide spreading of a smoking-mixtures, necessity to perfect the legislation and existing law enforcement praxis as well as searching new forms of counteraction its illegal trafficking.

Предложена более совершенная базовая схема военных эталонов (исходного и рабочих) фазовых сдвигов на основе цифрового двухфазного генератора с цифроаналоговым синтезом сигналов по методу кусочно-ступенчатой аппроксимации. ; Запропонована досконаліша базова схема військових еталонів (початкового і робітників) фазових зрушень на основі цифрового двофазного генератора з цифроаналоговим синтезом сигналів по методу кусочно-ступінчастої апроксимації. ; More perfect base chart of soldiery standards (initial and workers) of phase changes is offered on the basis of digital dysphasic generator with the D/A synthesis of signals on the method of piece-step approximation.

Some issues concerning the problems of legislative regulation of recidivism in Russian criminal law are considered. The author comes to the conclusion that the construction of the article of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is not perfect and requires some additions. The need to legislatively fix the provision that conditional conviction and delay should be taken into account in the recognition of a relapse if they were abolished, but the person shied away from serving a prison sentence. In addition, the article addresses the issue of preventing recidivism and conviction as an indispensable feature of professional crime. In addition, measures to prevent recidivism are proposed, as well as suggestions for improving existing criminal legislation.

Computer and IT ; The usage of ranking techniques to create league tables for universities is a current trend topic. The increase in the number of interconnected elements of the system (students, teachers, potential employers, grant funds) leads to an extreme diversity of potential patterns of communication. Informational globalization allows promoting a world-wide comparison of higher educational organizations as knowledge-transfer "hubs". League tables have many advantages. First, they allow governments in particular and society in general, to get more or less 'politically' independent and scientifically verified data on how effective the public spending is, in the sphere of higher education and how competitive is certain organization in world's education market. Second and even more important for the educational organizations, is that league tables can stimulate universities to empower some 'public' activities: knowledge sharing through scientific and educational webs (publications, conferences, creation of specialized web libraries, etc.), stimulation of student mobility, expansion of research programs. There are a lot of critics to currently existing ranking systems. They argue that the list of control parameters that is used in them is not sufficient to allow the system be assessed as 'perfect' even for certain geographical regions, not to mention the whole world. Rather than trying to figure out if the ranking for certain university is perfect, let us to consider how that rank influences on the education area as a whole from the sustainable development perspective. The following two questions illustrate the problem: "is it better the education area to have the one extremely strong university and a few weak ones or to have a several average instead", "do the ranking coefficients need to be changed dynamically as a function of the current state of education market, or should they remain solid regardless of education state". We investigate how some mathematics and computer science models can help to resolve the aforementioned questions.

The paper provides analysis of means of individualization (trademarks) as an institutional alternative to ensure quality of market goods and to enforce specific contractual performance of sellers and buyers. In general, the price mechanism as described in the perfect competition paradigm fails to ensure efficient market exchange of sophisticated goods and supplementary institutions such as a reputational mechanism are often required. Means of individualization as part of the reputational mechanism contribute to increasing efficiency of the market exchange by ensuring quality of market goods and, in broader context, by enforcing specific performance within the market contracts. The paper provides analysis of advantages and disadvantages of the means of individualization as compared with its institutional alternatives - "pure" market institutions, and centralized regulation of quality/contract performance.

The purpose of this article is a theoretical substantiation of the possibility of DOS reaches the maximum possible public efficiencies of government spending, investments and taxes in perfect condition coordination bath open economic system. The proposed model can always bring in the ideal case («zero-loss" public effectively scope of public expenditure and investment) to the maximum possible rate of economic growth, that allows you to substantiate the main directions of the relevant macroeconomic (fiscal, tax and budget) policy. ; В статье излагаются теоретические обоснования возможности достижения максимально возможных общественных эффективностей государственных расходов, инвестиций и налогов в идеальном состоянии сбалансированной открытой экономической системы. Предложенная модель всегда может привести в идеальном случае («нулевых потерь» общественных эффективностей государственных расходов и инвестиций) к максимально возможному темпу экономического роста, что позволяет обосновать основные направления соответствующей макроэкономической (финансовой, налоговой и бюджетной) политики.