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In The Nomos of the Earth, Carl Schmitt presents an account of the end of the epoch of European public law, and the state that it supported, which has received little attention. Yet Schmitt s account serves to illustrate broader issues involved in the periodization of international relations. This article begins by pointing out the comparative neglect of periodization in international relations before turning to a critical assessment of Schmitts account in The Nomos of the Earth. It concludes by suggesting how Schmitt s flawed account can help us to understand the wider significance of periodization in international relations. Adapted from the source document.

Partiendo del principio que la evolución histórica de la sociedad está determinada por las interacciones sociales y la continua readaptación de la dinámica política, es necesario redefinir los diferentes periodos de la evolución andina. En este sentido, la división cronológica propuesta en el capítulo III se muestra más Fidel a la realidad de las sociedades prehispánicas de los Andes centrales en su conjunto. Hemos dado al periodo Formativo el lugar que el merita, situándolo un milenio antes de la fecha fijada por la división cronológica tradicional, que sugiere que el Formativo surge con la aparición de la cerámica. Interpretamos ante todo el Formativo como un proceso en el cual se fueron enriqueciendo los mecanismos políticos, sociales y económicos que condicionaron la formación del Estado. Por otra parte, nuestra concepción del Horizonte Antiguo o Temprano, difiere totalmente de la época llamada "Horizonte Chavín", cuya aceptación a deformado la visión del proceso sociopolítico andino del último milenio antes de nuestra era. El Horizonte Antiguo tal como lo entendemos, no se limita al desarrollo de una sola sociedad, sino que corresponde más que nada al desenvolvimiento de un proceso de fuertes interacciones entre múltiples sociedades ligadas por el culto a divinidades con rasgos felinos entre las que destacan los Cupisnique y los Chavín. El Horizonte antiguo es entonces una época de importancia mayor, puesto que marca el progreso de los contactos regionales e interregionales que facilitaron la formación del Estado Nazca. ; Partant du principe que l'évolution historique de la société est déterminée par les interactions sociales et la continuelle réadaptation de la dynamique politique, il était nécessaire de redéfinir les différentes périodes de l'évolution andine. En ce sens, le découpage chronologique proposé au chapitre III apparaît plus fidèle à la réalité des sociétés préhispaniques des Andes centrales dans leur ensemble. Nous avons donné à la période formative la place qu'elle mérite, en la situant un ...

Partiendo del principio que la evolución histórica de la sociedad está determinada por las interacciones sociales y la continua readaptación de la dinámica política, es necesario redefinir los diferentes periodos de la evolución andina. En este sentido, la división cronológica propuesta en el capítulo III se muestra más Fidel a la realidad de las sociedades prehispánicas de los Andes centrales en su conjunto. Hemos dado al periodo Formativo el lugar que el merita, situándolo un milenio antes de la fecha fijada por la división cronológica tradicional, que sugiere que el Formativo surge con la aparición de la cerámica. Interpretamos ante todo el Formativo como un proceso en el cual se fueron enriqueciendo los mecanismos políticos, sociales y económicos que condicionaron la formación del Estado. Por otra parte, nuestra concepción del Horizonte Antiguo o Temprano, difiere totalmente de la época llamada "Horizonte Chavín", cuya aceptación a deformado la visión del proceso sociopolítico andino del último milenio antes de nuestra era. El Horizonte Antiguo tal como lo entendemos, no se limita al desarrollo de una sola sociedad, sino que corresponde más que nada al desenvolvimiento de un proceso de fuertes interacciones entre múltiples sociedades ligadas por el culto a divinidades con rasgos felinos entre las que destacan los Cupisnique y los Chavín. El Horizonte antiguo es entonces una época de importancia mayor, puesto que marca el progreso de los contactos regionales e interregionales que facilitaron la formación del Estado Nazca. ; Partant du principe que l'évolution historique de la société est déterminée par les interactions sociales et la continuelle réadaptation de la dynamique politique, il était nécessaire de redéfinir les différentes périodes de l'évolution andine. En ce sens, le découpage chronologique proposé au chapitre III apparaît plus fidèle à la réalité des sociétés préhispaniques des Andes centrales dans leur ensemble. Nous avons donné à la période formative la place qu'elle mérite, en la situant un ...

Partiendo del principio que la evolución histórica de la sociedad está determinada por las interacciones sociales y la continua readaptación de la dinámica política, es necesario redefinir los diferentes periodos de la evolución andina. En este sentido, la división cronológica propuesta en el capítulo III se muestra más Fidel a la realidad de las sociedades prehispánicas de los Andes centrales en su conjunto. Hemos dado al periodo Formativo el lugar que el merita, situándolo un milenio antes de la fecha fijada por la división cronológica tradicional, que sugiere que el Formativo surge con la aparición de la cerámica. Interpretamos ante todo el Formativo como un proceso en el cual se fueron enriqueciendo los mecanismos políticos, sociales y económicos que condicionaron la formación del Estado. Por otra parte, nuestra concepción del Horizonte Antiguo o Temprano, difiere totalmente de la época llamada "Horizonte Chavín", cuya aceptación a deformado la visión del proceso sociopolítico andino del último milenio antes de nuestra era. El Horizonte Antiguo tal como lo entendemos, no se limita al desarrollo de una sola sociedad, sino que corresponde más que nada al desenvolvimiento de un proceso de fuertes interacciones entre múltiples sociedades ligadas por el culto a divinidades con rasgos felinos entre las que destacan los Cupisnique y los Chavín. El Horizonte antiguo es entonces una época de importancia mayor, puesto que marca el progreso de los contactos regionales e interregionales que facilitaron la formación del Estado Nazca. ; Partant du principe que l'évolution historique de la société est déterminée par les interactions sociales et la continuelle réadaptation de la dynamique politique, il était nécessaire de redéfinir les différentes périodes de l'évolution andine. En ce sens, le découpage chronologique proposé au chapitre III apparaît plus fidèle à la réalité des sociétés préhispaniques des Andes centrales dans leur ensemble. Nous avons donné à la période formative la place qu'elle mérite, en la situant un ...

The objective of this paper is to propose a periodization of the international policy between Quebec and the United States from a framework of analysis developed by Peter Hall. This framework covers two levels of analysis : the first level is interested in public policy instruments, while the second focuses on the paradigm of public action. From these two main criteria, we propose a periodization into five periods. The first period (1867-1960) is characterized by the absence of structured paradigm and the virtual absence of instrument with the exception of a commercial and tourist office in New York. The second period (1960-1976), reflects a desire to develop Quebec's largest presence in the United States with the creation of many instruments as the paradigm of public policy is gradually being built. The third period (1976-1980) is characterized by an awareness of the Quebec sovereignists of the importance of the United States. This period is noted for a significant paradigm shift. The fourth period (1980-2001) is marked by the free trade turn. The last period (2000 to present) is characterized by the importance of the new challenges that extend the paradigm of public policy such as security issues after 9/11, but also the energy and environmental issues. Adapted from the source document.

War as a revolution.
Social history of the war years (1939-1945) in East Central Europe reveals that societies in the region were launched on the path of radical transformation (including etatization, elite replacement, demographic changes, or ethnic homogeniza- tion) that would later be continued under Communist regimes. Hence "1945" is less of a threshhold than traditional periodization would imply. Also, it is shown that the Holocaust was a central experience for most non- Jewish inhabitants of the largest country in the region - Poland. History of the war years in East Central Europe must be written anew, it is argued.

The periodization of social housing policies in Morocco makes it possible to identify moments of continuity and rupture, and constitutes a prelude to the analysis of the change or inertia of these policies. Within this framework, several theoretical approaches and analytical grids allow us to understand and explain the processes of change, particularly the public policy network ; La périodisation des politiques de l'habitat social au Maroc permet d'identifier les moments de continuité et de rupture, elle constitue un prélude à l'analyse du changement ou de l'inertie de ces politiques. Dans ce cadre, plusieurs approches théoriques et grilles d'analyse permettent d'appréhender, et expliquer les processus de changement notamment le réseau de politique publique

3) It is known that in Indonesia, the periodization of literary history has provoked many theses and quarrels and it does not seem that the book of H.B. Jassin, Angkatan 66, is destined to calm the debate. In fact, as Henri Chambert-Loir remarks, do historical circumstances, certainly capital, but whose evolution and issue were so rapid, suffice to make of several militant poems a new literary generation ? Finally, if the preface should be considered more as a polemical stance, the anthology retains all its interest, and the reader who does not have access to Indonesian reviews will find there a good choice of tjerpén and poems. Henri Chambert-Loir notes certain omissions, which are inevitable, but remarks that a greater breadth of inspiration is to be found, a certain maturity, among writers like Ajip Rosidi who seem to have found a second wind, rich in promise.

The illustrated parliament. (Self-)portrait of the group, faits divers and "grand personalities" (1860-1915). Through the study of communication networks that make extensive recourse to visual culture and several generations of illustrated periodicals, this essay aims, first of all, to critically discuss recent interpretations that insist on solemnity and gravitas in the (self)-representation of elected representatives in post-unification Italy. It suggests a different analysis and a different periodization regarding the light, seductive and spectacular ways that the Italian parliamentary class was presented, and presented itself, in the public space. As a second point, it intends to demonstrate how, in the face of a progressive construction of a negative political discourse around parliament, from 1848 (and in particular from 1860-1861) there was a strong attention on and curiousity about the figures and stories – public and private – of parliamentarians. Those figures were involved, sometimes without their volition, in melodramatic mediatization and celebrity politics.

After the peak period during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2100-1800/1750 B.C.), around 1750 B.C. the Oxus civilization knows a phase of deep transformations leading to its disappearance and to the emergence of a new cultural complex around 1500 B.C. The Final Bronze Age, yet not much undocumented in Southern Central Asia, seems to be too unknown, and hence disparaged. It represents though a major period in the Central Asia history, where remain unanswered complex questions such as the one of the "decline" of societies, or the one of the interactions between miscellaneous ethnocultural groups. This work, based on ancient and unpublished sources, in a multidisciplinary approach, allows us to specify this era pointing out especially its multicultural characteristic. The study of the periodization is another major aspect of this work. Approached, until now, as an only chronological block, the Final Bronze Age may be shared out in two phases. The material complex, typical of each phase, is unevenly distributed over the territory. In addition, reviewing the causes of the shifts, previously proposed, allows to revise, temper or eliminate some of them. Finally, the analysis of mutations gives us the opportunity to conceive not a general decline, but gradual and heterogeneous developments leading to the emergence of a new type of society, which continuities are visible in the Early Iron Age. Despite some resiliency phenomenons, the impact of the noticed transformations won't allowed the political and cultural structures of the Oxus civilization to be maintained in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. ; Après une phase d'apogée au cours de l'âge du Bronze moyen (environ 2100-1800/1750 av. n.è.), la civilisation de l'Oxus connaît à partir de 1750 av.n.è. environ une phase de transformations profondes menant à sa disparition et à l'émergence d'un nouvel ensemble culturel aux alentours de 1500 av. n.è. Cette période de l'âge du Bronze final encore peu documentée en Asie centrale méridionale apparaît bien méconnue et, de ce ...

After the peak period during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2100-1800/1750 B.C.), around 1750 B.C. the Oxus civilization knows a phase of deep transformations leading to its disappearance and to the emergence of a new cultural complex around 1500 B.C. The Final Bronze Age, yet not much undocumented in Southern Central Asia, seems to be too unknown, and hence disparaged. It represents though a major period in the Central Asia history, where remain unanswered complex questions such as the one of the "decline" of societies, or the one of the interactions between miscellaneous ethnocultural groups. This work, based on ancient and unpublished sources, in a multidisciplinary approach, allows us to specify this era pointing out especially its multicultural characteristic. The study of the periodization is another major aspect of this work. Approached, until now, as an only chronological block, the Final Bronze Age may be shared out in two phases. The material complex, typical of each phase, is unevenly distributed over the territory. In addition, reviewing the causes of the shifts, previously proposed, allows to revise, temper or eliminate some of them. Finally, the analysis of mutations gives us the opportunity to conceive not a general decline, but gradual and heterogeneous developments leading to the emergence of a new type of society, which continuities are visible in the Early Iron Age. Despite some resiliency phenomenons, the impact of the noticed transformations won't allowed the political and cultural structures of the Oxus civilization to be maintained in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. ; Après une phase d'apogée au cours de l'âge du Bronze moyen (environ 2100-1800/1750 av. n.è.), la civilisation de l'Oxus connaît à partir de 1750 av.n.è. environ une phase de transformations profondes menant à sa disparition et à l'émergence d'un nouvel ensemble culturel aux alentours de 1500 av. n.è. Cette période de l'âge du Bronze final encore peu documentée en Asie centrale méridionale apparaît bien méconnue et, de ce ...

After the peak period during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2100-1800/1750 B.C.), around 1750 B.C. the Oxus civilization knows a phase of deep transformations leading to its disappearance and to the emergence of a new cultural complex around 1500 B.C. The Final Bronze Age, yet not much undocumented in Southern Central Asia, seems to be too unknown, and hence disparaged. It represents though a major period in the Central Asia history, where remain unanswered complex questions such as the one of the "decline" of societies, or the one of the interactions between miscellaneous ethnocultural groups. This work, based on ancient and unpublished sources, in a multidisciplinary approach, allows us to specify this era pointing out especially its multicultural characteristic. The study of the periodization is another major aspect of this work. Approached, until now, as an only chronological block, the Final Bronze Age may be shared out in two phases. The material complex, typical of each phase, is unevenly distributed over the territory. In addition, reviewing the causes of the shifts, previously proposed, allows to revise, temper or eliminate some of them. Finally, the analysis of mutations gives us the opportunity to conceive not a general decline, but gradual and heterogeneous developments leading to the emergence of a new type of society, which continuities are visible in the Early Iron Age. Despite some resiliency phenomenons, the impact of the noticed transformations won't allowed the political and cultural structures of the Oxus civilization to be maintained in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. ; Après une phase d'apogée au cours de l'âge du Bronze moyen (environ 2100-1800/1750 av. n.è.), la civilisation de l'Oxus connaît à partir de 1750 av.n.è. environ une phase de transformations profondes menant à sa disparition et à l'émergence d'un nouvel ensemble culturel aux alentours de 1500 av. n.è. Cette période de l'âge du Bronze final encore peu documentée en Asie centrale méridionale apparaît bien méconnue et, de ce ...

After the peak period during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2100-1800/1750 B.C.), around 1750 B.C. the Oxus civilization knows a phase of deep transformations leading to its disappearance and to the emergence of a new cultural complex around 1500 B.C. The Final Bronze Age, yet not much undocumented in Southern Central Asia, seems to be too unknown, and hence disparaged. It represents though a major period in the Central Asia history, where remain unanswered complex questions such as the one of the "decline" of societies, or the one of the interactions between miscellaneous ethnocultural groups. This work, based on ancient and unpublished sources, in a multidisciplinary approach, allows us to specify this era pointing out especially its multicultural characteristic. The study of the periodization is another major aspect of this work. Approached, until now, as an only chronological block, the Final Bronze Age may be shared out in two phases. The material complex, typical of each phase, is unevenly distributed over the territory. In addition, reviewing the causes of the shifts, previously proposed, allows to revise, temper or eliminate some of them. Finally, the analysis of mutations gives us the opportunity to conceive not a general decline, but gradual and heterogeneous developments leading to the emergence of a new type of society, which continuities are visible in the Early Iron Age. Despite some resiliency phenomenons, the impact of the noticed transformations won't allowed the political and cultural structures of the Oxus civilization to be maintained in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. ; Après une phase d'apogée au cours de l'âge du Bronze moyen (environ 2100-1800/1750 av. n.è.), la civilisation de l'Oxus connaît à partir de 1750 av.n.è. environ une phase de transformations profondes menant à sa disparition et à l'émergence d'un nouvel ensemble culturel aux alentours de 1500 av. n.è. Cette période de l'âge du Bronze final encore peu documentée en Asie centrale méridionale apparaît bien méconnue et, de ce ...

After the peak period during the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2100-1800/1750 B.C.), around 1750 B.C. the Oxus civilization knows a phase of deep transformations leading to its disappearance and to the emergence of a new cultural complex around 1500 B.C. The Final Bronze Age, yet not much undocumented in Southern Central Asia, seems to be too unknown, and hence disparaged. It represents though a major period in the Central Asia history, where remain unanswered complex questions such as the one of the "decline" of societies, or the one of the interactions between miscellaneous ethnocultural groups. This work, based on ancient and unpublished sources, in a multidisciplinary approach, allows us to specify this era pointing out especially its multicultural characteristic. The study of the periodization is another major aspect of this work. Approached, until now, as an only chronological block, the Final Bronze Age may be shared out in two phases. The material complex, typical of each phase, is unevenly distributed over the territory. In addition, reviewing the causes of the shifts, previously proposed, allows to revise, temper or eliminate some of them. Finally, the analysis of mutations gives us the opportunity to conceive not a general decline, but gradual and heterogeneous developments leading to the emergence of a new type of society, which continuities are visible in the Early Iron Age. Despite some resiliency phenomenons, the impact of the noticed transformations won't allowed the political and cultural structures of the Oxus civilization to be maintained in the middle of the 2nd millennium B.C. ; Après une phase d'apogée au cours de l'âge du Bronze moyen (environ 2100-1800/1750 av. n.è.), la civilisation de l'Oxus connaît à partir de 1750 av.n.è. environ une phase de transformations profondes menant à sa disparition et à l'émergence d'un nouvel ensemble culturel aux alentours de 1500 av. n.è. Cette période de l'âge du Bronze final encore peu documentée en Asie centrale méridionale apparaît bien méconnue et, de ce ...