Suchergebnisse

Electoral institutions shape the incentive that elected representatives have to cultivate a personal vote, a geographically-concentrated personal vote in particular. But are electoral institutions able to make representatives do what they would not do otherwise and to make them not do what they otherwise would have done? Using data from the cross-national PARTIREP MP Survey, it is demonstrated that electoral institutions shape elected representatives' local orientation. Local orientation decreases as district magnitude grows - regardless of what representatives think about political representation. But representatives' conceptions of representation do shape their uptake in the legislative arena from their contacts with individual constituents. The effect of the electoral incentive grows stronger as elected representatives think of representation as a bottom-up rather than a top-down process. Adapted from the source document.

Master's thesis object is the protection of personal information data on social networking sites. The aim of thesis is to analyze the protection of personal data on social networking sites and set the users' personal data publishing practices. The thesis tasks: to reveal the conception of social networking sites; clarify the popularity features of social networking sites; analyze the structure of social networking sites; examine the conception and protection of personal privacy and personal data; find the threats rising on social networking sites to the personal data as part of personal privacy; analyze personal data protection policy on social networking sites; determine the Lithuanian consumers attitude to the protection of personal data on Facebook.com website and compare it with foreign Facebook.com users' approach. Using the scientific literature analysis methods (analysis and comparative) the conception of social networking sites, emerging relations between users and the structure of these sites was defined. Using analytical and comparative methods the attention was drawn to importance of personal data protection on social networking sites and to threats related to data publicity. It is noted that in order to protect personal privacy and personal data on social networking sites the attitude and behavior of consumers is important. After examining the personal data protection politics published on social networking sites (two - foreign, two - Lithuania 's) by document analysis method and comparing these politics, it was observed that the structure, content and main identified conditions of these politics are similar. However, the examined sites on their personal data protection policy do not provide the purpose for which the personal data are collected. Also it was found that three of examined social networking sites, while user registration do not mention this policy (there is no reference to it). It follows, that social networking sites do not encourage users to be interested in the use of their personal data. Also, it was observed, that social networking sites assume that only by sharing personal information significant opportunities are provided for people to communicate with each other, so users are motivated to provide more information. Consequently, in order to avoid limit's decline between privacy and publicity the person himself should show more interest for whom and what purpose the information is provided. By applying empirical method (questionnaire survey), it was concluded that for Lithuanian users one of social networking sites - Facebook.com is an integral part of their daily activities. After research it was noticed that Lithuanian users provide most of self-identifying information but understanding the possible consequences of such publicity determines that majority uses privacy settings that prevent the data leaked. During survey results were compared with the results of overseas researches and it was observed that Lithuanian consumers of Facebook.com sites are more cautious - consider whom they take to the contact list, asses the threats rising to their privacy and personal data, notice the published personal data protection policy. It was assumed, that if social networking sites will not strengthen protection of personal data and will not abide by the policies posted - the number of Lithuanian users will decrease.

Master's thesis object is the protection of personal information data on social networking sites. The aim of thesis is to analyze the protection of personal data on social networking sites and set the users' personal data publishing practices. The thesis tasks: to reveal the conception of social networking sites; clarify the popularity features of social networking sites; analyze the structure of social networking sites; examine the conception and protection of personal privacy and personal data; find the threats rising on social networking sites to the personal data as part of personal privacy; analyze personal data protection policy on social networking sites; determine the Lithuanian consumers attitude to the protection of personal data on Facebook.com website and compare it with foreign Facebook.com users' approach. Using the scientific literature analysis methods (analysis and comparative) the conception of social networking sites, emerging relations between users and the structure of these sites was defined. Using analytical and comparative methods the attention was drawn to importance of personal data protection on social networking sites and to threats related to data publicity. It is noted that in order to protect personal privacy and personal data on social networking sites the attitude and behavior of consumers is important. After examining the personal data protection politics published on social networking sites (two - foreign, two - Lithuania 's) by document analysis method and comparing these politics, it was observed that the structure, content and main identified conditions of these politics are similar. However, the examined sites on their personal data protection policy do not provide the purpose for which the personal data are collected. Also it was found that three of examined social networking sites, while user registration do not mention this policy (there is no reference to it). It follows, that social networking sites do not encourage users to be interested in the use of their personal data. Also, it was observed, that social networking sites assume that only by sharing personal information significant opportunities are provided for people to communicate with each other, so users are motivated to provide more information. Consequently, in order to avoid limit's decline between privacy and publicity the person himself should show more interest for whom and what purpose the information is provided. By applying empirical method (questionnaire survey), it was concluded that for Lithuanian users one of social networking sites - Facebook.com is an integral part of their daily activities. After research it was noticed that Lithuanian users provide most of self-identifying information but understanding the possible consequences of such publicity determines that majority uses privacy settings that prevent the data leaked. During survey results were compared with the results of overseas researches and it was observed that Lithuanian consumers of Facebook.com sites are more cautious - consider whom they take to the contact list, asses the threats rising to their privacy and personal data, notice the published personal data protection policy. It was assumed, that if social networking sites will not strengthen protection of personal data and will not abide by the policies posted - the number of Lithuanian users will decrease.

For two decades, Lithuania is on the way a democratic state, in keeping with the global information space, involvement in the processes of globalization. It promises greater economic, political, socio-cultural and even moral norms and rules, unification, the transition to a new, comprehensive system of values. Professor J. Vaitkevicius (1995) claimed that Lithuanian revival is directly linked to the school and the teacher's renaissance. Values change pasulyje play a major role in the cycle of art subjects, including dance. Pupils' willingness to learn dance strongly influenced by the personality of the teacher - learner psychological characteristics, the subject of dance knowledge and ability to creatively use a variety of teaching methods that encourage students to act. Dance dance teacher's role in student motivation for learning is one of the most important. Teacher's responsibility - not only impart knowledge, to develop capacity and skills, but also to create an environment that promotes intellectual and emotional expression of students. This creative environment depends on the creation of dance teacher's personality, dance teacher teaching abilities, professional competence and communication with students. In other words, the same dance teacher's personality can be seen as a dance student learning motivation factor. It is difficult to separate the personality from the profession, particularly in the areas of fuel requires constant interaction with other people. The persipynimas obvious case of a teacher. In order to reveal pinavertės and mature personality traits can be based on psychological literature. Psychology, understanding the structure of a single personality nėra.Todėl to reveal the most important personality characteristics, it is to answer three questions: what the personality and where it is, what it can, what it is (Butkienė A. Kepalaitė 1996). Based on these issues suggests that the psychological structure of personality can be divided into the following: the orientation of the intentions, needs, interests, value attitudes, worldview and beliefs, temperament, character, ability, emotion and will. (Butkienė, Kepalaitė, 1996 ) Educational theory and educational practice is important not only for personal research but nothing is more important, and reason in principle and Diversity awareness and knowledge. However, the reasons are not static: they occur, evolve, and, depending on the situation, may enhance or weaken. Some reasons - short-term, others long-term stimulation of human activity. Grounds of origin and dynamics of matter is very important teachers who care about learning effectiveness and motivation of its determinants. Psychology and Educational Sciences reasons dynamics of recognition is very important paving the way for search performance. Reasons creates a single mindedness to learn, and the target depends on what the specific learning factors. The reasons are varied in its depth, the level of aggregation: one which derives from the needs of other interests, the fear of life of goodwill. The authors stress that the reasons arising from the needs of very effective, because the needs of expressing the necessary, vital body and the spiritual life of the contacts with external conditions, which can overcome the shortcomings. The value of the various motives vary: some considerations to keep learning more, others less, one must be more motivated reasoning powers of the younger school age, the other - the older. Learning is enhanced by all types of reasons for the development of social, moral and personal activity of working. For the same reasons of diversity is recognized, it is impossible to create a single, universal theory of motivation, which could explain both animal and human behavior, the reasoning problems of different approaches and different interpretations of the theory. They can be divided conditionally into certain groups: 1st theory of human behavior in reaction to highlight some of the pressure. 2nd theory, which recognizes that human behavior is determined not only the external or internal pressure. 3rd theory explaining human behavior in the inner disposition It can be argued that all discussed various aspects of the theory helps explain individual's behavior and can help teachers, as well as dance teachers seeking to stimulate students' learning motivation. Adapted for the practice of each of these theories can improve educational reality. Reasoning creates a general disposition to learn, but depends on the objectives, what is the specific learning activities.

For two decades, Lithuania is on the way a democratic state, in keeping with the global information space, involvement in the processes of globalization. It promises greater economic, political, socio-cultural and even moral norms and rules, unification, the transition to a new, comprehensive system of values. Professor J. Vaitkevicius (1995) claimed that Lithuanian revival is directly linked to the school and the teacher's renaissance. Values change pasulyje play a major role in the cycle of art subjects, including dance. Pupils' willingness to learn dance strongly influenced by the personality of the teacher - learner psychological characteristics, the subject of dance knowledge and ability to creatively use a variety of teaching methods that encourage students to act. Dance dance teacher's role in student motivation for learning is one of the most important. Teacher's responsibility - not only impart knowledge, to develop capacity and skills, but also to create an environment that promotes intellectual and emotional expression of students. This creative environment depends on the creation of dance teacher's personality, dance teacher teaching abilities, professional competence and communication with students. In other words, the same dance teacher's personality can be seen as a dance student learning motivation factor. It is difficult to separate the personality from the profession, particularly in the areas of fuel requires constant interaction with other people. The persipynimas obvious case of a teacher. In order to reveal pinavertės and mature personality traits can be based on psychological literature. Psychology, understanding the structure of a single personality nėra.Todėl to reveal the most important personality characteristics, it is to answer three questions: what the personality and where it is, what it can, what it is (Butkienė A. Kepalaitė 1996). Based on these issues suggests that the psychological structure of personality can be divided into the following: the orientation of the intentions, needs, interests, value attitudes, worldview and beliefs, temperament, character, ability, emotion and will. (Butkienė, Kepalaitė, 1996 ) Educational theory and educational practice is important not only for personal research but nothing is more important, and reason in principle and Diversity awareness and knowledge. However, the reasons are not static: they occur, evolve, and, depending on the situation, may enhance or weaken. Some reasons - short-term, others long-term stimulation of human activity. Grounds of origin and dynamics of matter is very important teachers who care about learning effectiveness and motivation of its determinants. Psychology and Educational Sciences reasons dynamics of recognition is very important paving the way for search performance. Reasons creates a single mindedness to learn, and the target depends on what the specific learning factors. The reasons are varied in its depth, the level of aggregation: one which derives from the needs of other interests, the fear of life of goodwill. The authors stress that the reasons arising from the needs of very effective, because the needs of expressing the necessary, vital body and the spiritual life of the contacts with external conditions, which can overcome the shortcomings. The value of the various motives vary: some considerations to keep learning more, others less, one must be more motivated reasoning powers of the younger school age, the other - the older. Learning is enhanced by all types of reasons for the development of social, moral and personal activity of working. For the same reasons of diversity is recognized, it is impossible to create a single, universal theory of motivation, which could explain both animal and human behavior, the reasoning problems of different approaches and different interpretations of the theory. They can be divided conditionally into certain groups: 1st theory of human behavior in reaction to highlight some of the pressure. 2nd theory, which recognizes that human behavior is determined not only the external or internal pressure. 3rd theory explaining human behavior in the inner disposition It can be argued that all discussed various aspects of the theory helps explain individual's behavior and can help teachers, as well as dance teachers seeking to stimulate students' learning motivation. Adapted for the practice of each of these theories can improve educational reality. Reasoning creates a general disposition to learn, but depends on the objectives, what is the specific learning activities.

Confidentiality of personal health information is an important value which is protected by The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania and other laws. However, the right to confidentiality is not recognized as absolute in the doctrine of law, legislation and legal cases. When there is the restriction of confidentiality of personal health information, it is necessary to emphasize the principle of necessity to protect a legitimate target which is necessary in a democratic society. It is important to notice that every restriction must be provided at the level of a piece of legislation. In the paper there is analyzed and evaluated the cases of the disclosure of personal health information to third parties, identified violations and made recommendations what legislative measures should be implemented to ensure the patient's right to private life. In the paper there has set the following objectives: to analyze the current situation in Lithuania what there is the regulation of the patient's right to privacy; to present the practice of different countries about patient's right to privacy; to carry out a theoretical analysis by comparing the various scientific researches on the personal health privacy; to determine what is the restrictions for the principle of medical confidentiality; to identify privacy problems while disclosing personal health information; to reveal when information is disclosed in accordance or compliance with the principle of proportionality. In the paper there are formulated two hypotheses. H1 – in the case of Lithuania, disclosing personal health information to insurance companies without the consent of the patient there is violated the patient's right to privacy. H2 – in the case of Lithuania, disclosing information about the student's health to training institutions (schools) there is violated the student's right to privacy. After all researches and analysis both hypotheses are irrefutable. To achieve the purpose of the paper and test hypotheses there is used the following research methods: systematic analysis – investigating the relationship between law and the ethical, moral and policy guidelines; comparative – juxtaposing scientific opinions and experiences of different countries; law (legislation) analysis – introducing with the legal environment, presenting limitation of the scope of medical confidentiality; legal case analysis – explaining the law, giving examples of violating the law; summative – structuring the material, giving insights of the author. There is lots of laws which somehow is connected with right to privacy and disclosure of personal health information. There is some main in this area. The European Convention on Human Rights tries to find balance between respecting the public interest and fundamental rights of the individual. The Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine provides that everyone has the right to respect for private life in relation to information about his or her health. Lithuanian legislator was one of the first in the Europe who regulated the patient's rights by consolidating one legal act – the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage where is established that all information about the patient being in health care institution, his health status, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, as well as any other personal information about the patient, should be kept confidential. In Lithuanian law there are described cases when the principle of medical confidentiality may be limited and information about a person's health status may be disclosed without the patient's consent: if disclosure is needed to health care provider for medical purposes; if minor is under 16 years old, health information is disclosed to his parents (but there can be exceptions); if it is needed to contact a relative of an injured; to eliminate or reduce a significant risk of serious bodily harm to another person or the public; for legal representatives; if a court or other public authorities requires to disclose health information; if health care institution gives information about patient's health to its insurance company (author doesn't agree with last regulation). It is not always clear when disclosure is lawful and when unlawful. It also depends on the country and its value system. European Court of Human Rights in a case related to the \"necessity\" or \"restrictive\" terms often applies the margin of appreciation doctrine. It should be noted that in some countries, patient's privacy issues are regulated more strictly, and in some other countries, patient's privacy issues are regulated more softly. The patient's private life is violated not only when information about the health status is disclosed illegally in violation of laws and regulations, but also if the legislature ultra vires passes laws that are contrary to the Constitutions and international agreements. In the paper there is presented proposal to change the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage and prevent the health care institutions to disclose personal health information to their insurance companies without the consent of the patient. The main argument to support this proposal is the lack of legitimate target (national security; public safety; economic well-being of the country; prevention of disorder or crime; protection of health or morals; protection of the rights and freedoms of others) for this kind of regulation. One more proposal is to change the form of the Child Health Certificate which is approved by the Minister of Health. The main argument to support this proposal is the violation of the principle of proportionality and the excess information of the content. It is not necessary to name the exact disease because teachers are not competent to evaluate this information. It would be enough to write conclusion what child can or cannot do, and recommendations for teacher what first aid measures should be made on the basis of the child's illness (not disclosing exact disease).

Analyzing the qualitative data from 4 focus-group interviews (2 interviews were conducted in urban and 2 in rural locations), this article identifies features of political and social trust and participation in relation to the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania. Lithuanians have low trust in political institutions; their trust depends on complex factors such as a big social gap between the political institutions and citizens, negative portrayals of the political institutions in mass media, centralized decisions of the political institutions or minimization of a communal voice. Political trust is low in communities and locations in which local authorities do not support or maintain any social contacts with local residents. Mass media influence immensely citizens' political trust in the national government or political institutions; citizens' distrust is often based on media scandals involving politicians and public figures. Lithuanians' participation in communal or public activities is often characterized by the principle of competition: several communities or non-governmental organizations in the same location often duplicate same tasks and compete with each other. Similarly, because of their narrow activities and social networks, communities tend to maintain fragmentary connections with local residents. Pragmatic, rational and personal interests as well as a trust in narrow social networks characterize the low level of social trust in people and limited communal participation in Lithuania.

Analyzing the qualitative data from 4 focus-group interviews (2 interviews were conducted in urban and 2 in rural locations), this article identifies features of political and social trust and participation in relation to the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania. Lithuanians have low trust in political institutions; their trust depends on complex factors such as a big social gap between the political institutions and citizens, negative portrayals of the political institutions in mass media, centralized decisions of the political institutions or minimization of a communal voice. Political trust is low in communities and locations in which local authorities do not support or maintain any social contacts with local residents. Mass media influence immensely citizens' political trust in the national government or political institutions; citizens' distrust is often based on media scandals involving politicians and public figures. Lithuanians' participation in communal or public activities is often characterized by the principle of competition: several communities or non-governmental organizations in the same location often duplicate same tasks and compete with each other. Similarly, because of their narrow activities and social networks, communities tend to maintain fragmentary connections with local residents. Pragmatic, rational and personal interests as well as a trust in narrow social networks characterize the low level of social trust in people and limited communal participation in Lithuania.

Analyzing the qualitative data from 4 focus-group interviews (2 interviews were conducted in urban and 2 in rural locations), this article identifies features of political and social trust and participation in relation to the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania. Lithuanians have low trust in political institutions; their trust depends on complex factors such as a big social gap between the political institutions and citizens, negative portrayals of the political institutions in mass media, centralized decisions of the political institutions or minimization of a communal voice. Political trust is low in communities and locations in which local authorities do not support or maintain any social contacts with local residents. Mass media influence immensely citizens' political trust in the national government or political institutions; citizens' distrust is often based on media scandals involving politicians and public figures. Lithuanians' participation in communal or public activities is often characterized by the principle of competition: several communities or non-governmental organizations in the same location often duplicate same tasks and compete with each other. Similarly, because of their narrow activities and social networks, communities tend to maintain fragmentary connections with local residents. Pragmatic, rational and personal interests as well as a trust in narrow social networks characterize the low level of social trust in people and limited communal participation in Lithuania.

Analyzing the qualitative data from 4 focus-group interviews (2 interviews were conducted in urban and 2 in rural locations), this article identifies features of political and social trust and participation in relation to the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania. Lithuanians have low trust in political institutions; their trust depends on complex factors such as a big social gap between the political institutions and citizens, negative portrayals of the political institutions in mass media, centralized decisions of the political institutions or minimization of a communal voice. Political trust is low in communities and locations in which local authorities do not support or maintain any social contacts with local residents. Mass media influence immensely citizens' political trust in the national government or political institutions; citizens' distrust is often based on media scandals involving politicians and public figures. Lithuanians' participation in communal or public activities is often characterized by the principle of competition: several communities or non-governmental organizations in the same location often duplicate same tasks and compete with each other. Similarly, because of their narrow activities and social networks, communities tend to maintain fragmentary connections with local residents. Pragmatic, rational and personal interests as well as a trust in narrow social networks characterize the low level of social trust in people and limited communal participation in Lithuania.

Analyzing the qualitative data from 4 focus-group interviews (2 interviews were conducted in urban and 2 in rural locations), this article identifies features of political and social trust and participation in relation to the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania. Lithuanians have low trust in political institutions; their trust depends on complex factors such as a big social gap between the political institutions and citizens, negative portrayals of the political institutions in mass media, centralized decisions of the political institutions or minimization of a communal voice. Political trust is low in communities and locations in which local authorities do not support or maintain any social contacts with local residents. Mass media influence immensely citizens' political trust in the national government or political institutions; citizens' distrust is often based on media scandals involving politicians and public figures. Lithuanians' participation in communal or public activities is often characterized by the principle of competition: several communities or non-governmental organizations in the same location often duplicate same tasks and compete with each other. Similarly, because of their narrow activities and social networks, communities tend to maintain fragmentary connections with local residents. Pragmatic, rational and personal interests as well as a trust in narrow social networks characterize the low level of social trust in people and limited communal participation in Lithuania.

Each individual rational decision-making process decisions are taken on the basis of something. One or another decision process occurs two provisions egoistic and altruistic, which determines not only our choices, but also communities, while at the same time and the public. This creates inherent in individual and political connection. My paper dealt with value orientations exists in every individual and of the individual stock options depends not only on what purpose the individual will, but also means it will work. That is why I have chosen to examine the new era smart egoism theories. The very essence of selfishness is not a negative thing and personal incentives can achieve positive things for man and society. Such differences of our action orientation intersect each of us, in allowing everyday decisions making. Therefore, this theme deals with high school students the concept of selfishness is not only important but urgent. The investigation has found out senior pupils egoism understanding of the concept of causation of behavior, attitudes and securities provisions. The study participants were high school students from 17 to 20 years of age. Younger students were not selected due to the fact that their views may be influenced by adults or passing environment. This was important, because in the same society, living individuals can have completely different concepts. Be aware of other people's attitudes help us not only to individual contacts with other people, but also the common social life.

Each individual rational decision-making process decisions are taken on the basis of something. One or another decision process occurs two provisions egoistic and altruistic, which determines not only our choices, but also communities, while at the same time and the public. This creates inherent in individual and political connection. My paper dealt with value orientations exists in every individual and of the individual stock options depends not only on what purpose the individual will, but also means it will work. That is why I have chosen to examine the new era smart egoism theories. The very essence of selfishness is not a negative thing and personal incentives can achieve positive things for man and society. Such differences of our action orientation intersect each of us, in allowing everyday decisions making. Therefore, this theme deals with high school students the concept of selfishness is not only important but urgent. The investigation has found out senior pupils egoism understanding of the concept of causation of behavior, attitudes and securities provisions. The study participants were high school students from 17 to 20 years of age. Younger students were not selected due to the fact that their views may be influenced by adults or passing environment. This was important, because in the same society, living individuals can have completely different concepts. Be aware of other people's attitudes help us not only to individual contacts with other people, but also the common social life.

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the spread of corruption in Lithuania. The overview of studies and researches conducted in Lithuania allows a few observations. Research on corruption not only demonstrates the seriousness of the problem but also seeks to acknowledge its reasons and sensitive spheres. Lithuanian case study on corruption does not give a clear answer to the question whether corruption influences the economical and political development of the country or malfunction of the economic and political system creates the fertile ground for corrupt practices. Culture of blat, mutual obligations, and informal networks have not disappeared with the old system but have been transformed into new forms adapting to new circumstances. Unclear division between public-private relations, disrespect to state, authorities and law, tolerance to socially dubious practice is often observed in various spheres. It is shown that transformation to the market economy has not abolished existing social maladies but in some cases leads to new forms of corrupt practice. Process of privatization opened possibilities for free market, private initiative, and public money. Simultaneously, privatization allowed public servants - the old nomenclature, and politicians using official position, information, personal relationships and old contacts - to become richer at the expense of the rest of the society. If a corruptive behavior is based on internalized moral norms and is considered as "a part of the game", it is not easy to change. If morality is the problem, then the law may not be the first and the best answer. It is much easier to have a political will to solve institutionalized corruption by changing administrative practice, motivation, mechanisms of control and reassessment of pay system for officials. ; Korumpuotos visuomenės etiketė dažnai bandoma klijuoti jaunoms Rytų ir Vidurio Europos demokratijoms. Straipsnyje analizuojama, kiek šis neigiamas reiškinys paplitęs Lietuvos visuomenėje. Į korupciją pereinamojo laikotarpio visuomenėse žvelgiama bendro korupcijos klausimų diskurso kontekste. Remiantis atskirų sričių mokslininkų darbais ir Lietuvoje vykdytų tyrimų rezultatais, bandoma nubrėžti ribą tarp sovietmečio palikimo ir rinkos ekonomikos padiktuotų taisyklių bei gyvenimo būdo įtakos korupcinės veiklos praktikai, akcentuojant, kad dėl šių įtakų susipypinimo tai nėra lengvas uždavinys.