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Abstract The prevalence of mobile devices and their capability to access high speed internet has transformed them into a portable pocket cloud interface. Being home to a wide range of users' personal data, mobile devices often use cloud servers for storage and processing. The sensitivity of a user's personal data demands adequate level of protection at the back-end servers. In this regard, the European Union Data Protection regulations (e.g., article 25.1) impose restriction on the locations of European users' personal data transfer. The matter of concern, however, is the enforcement of such regulations. The first step in this regard is to analyze mobile apps and identify the location of servers to which personal data is transferred. To this end, we design and implement an app analysis tool, PDTLoc (Personal Data Transfer Location Analyzer), to detect violation of the mentioned regulations. We analyze 1, 498 most popular apps in the EEA using PDTLoc to investigate the data recipient server locations. We found that 16.5% (242) of these apps transfer users' personal data to servers located at places outside Europe without being under the control of a data protection framework. Moreover, we inspect the privacy policies of the apps revealing that 51% of these apps do not provide any privacy policy while almost all of them contact the servers hosted outside Europe.

Було проаналізовано сучасні науково-методичні роботи з теорії графів на тему практичного застосування теорії графів у різних галузях людського життя, використання графів для візуального моделювання об'єктів, в яких ключову роль відіграють зв'язки між елементами об'єкту, використання теорії графів для формалізації об'єктів та їх внутрішніх зв'язків. Виявлено основні напрями класичного використання теорії графів при розв'язуванні типових задач логістики, оптимізації, програмування, хімії, біології. Визначено новітні напрями застосування теорії графів у соціальних дослідженнях, які аналізують соціальні мережі (кримінальні мережі розповсюдження заборонених хімічних речовин та зброї, військові ворожі мережі, розповсюдження захворювань серед населення через особистий контакт) на виявлення ключових об'єктів або осередків захворювань. В сучасному технологічному світі теорія графів широко застосовується для аналізу соціальних комп'ютерних мереж на наявність зв'язків між людьми, на особисті вподобання для цільової реклами, для аналізу зв'язків між інтернет-сторінками з метою створення оптимальної пошукової системи. ; Examined contemporary scientific and methodical work on the theory of graphs on the practical applications of graph theory in various fields of human life, the use of graphs for visual modeling of objects in which the key role played by the relationship between the elements of object, using graph theory to formalize the notion of objects and their internal relations. The main trends of the classical use of graph theory in solving typical problems of logistics, optimization, programming, chemistry, biology. Identified new areas of application of graph theory in social research, analyzing social networks (criminal distribution networks of prohibited chemicals and weapons, military hostile network, the spread of diseases among the population through personal contact) to identify the key objects or foci of disease. In the modern technological world graph theory is widely used for the analysis of social computer networks to the existence of ties between people, on personal preferences to target the ads, to analyze the relationships between Internet pages in order to create optimal search engine.

This research article analyze with a qualitative methodology of Aurora Luque's latest collection of poems, Personal & político (2015). The veiled reference in the title to the feminist motto «the personal is political» implies that the work will focus on how the individual is inevitably connected to the social and urban dimensions of power relationships. In the book, intertextuality conveys the concerns of a lyrical subject who lives in the weak postmodern society populated by corpses that have lost the contact with nature, their yearning for life, their desire for freedom and love, their ability to discern between the useful and the trivial or to choose between what deserves to be admired and consumerist fetishes. Faced with this dichotomy, the written word and the rebellion of some female characters are entrusted with the task of sowing the seed of change. ; 1 ; indice consultabile alla pagina https://editorial.ucatolica.edu.co/index.php/RevClat/issue/view/148 testo liberamente scaricabile alla pagina . ; marina.bianchi@unibg.it ; reserved ; Non definito ; En el presente artículo de investigación se analiza, mediante una metodología cualitativa, el último poemario de Aurora Luque, Personal & político (2015). En particular, la referencia implícita en el título al lema feminista «lo personal es político» sugiere que la obra hace hincapié en cómo la dimensión individual se inserta inevitablemente en la social y urbana de las relaciones de poder. En el libro, la intertextualidad vehicula las inquietudes de un sujeto lírico que se mueve en la mortecina sociedad postmoderna poblada de cadáveres que han perdido el contacto con la naturaleza, el anhelo de vida, el deseo de libertad y de amor, la capacidad de discernir entre lo útil y lo trivial o de escoger entre lo que merece ser admirado y los fetiches consumistas. Frente a ello, se encomienda a la palabra escrita y a la rebeldía de unos personajes femeninos la tarea de sembrar la semilla del cambio. ; mixed ; Bianchi, Marina ; Bianchi, Marina

Today's smartphones are equipped with a large number of powerful value-added sensors and features, such as a low-power Bluetooth sensor, powerful embedded sensors, such as the digital compass, accelerometer, GPS sensors, Wi-Fi capabilities, microphone, humidity sensors, health tracking sensors, and a camera, etc. These value-added sensors have revolutionized the lives of the human being in many ways, such as tracking the health of the patients and the movement of doctors, tracking employees movement in large manufacturing units, monitoring the environment, etc. These embedded sensors could also be used for large-scale personal, group, and community sensing applications especially tracing the spread of certain diseases. Governments and regulators are turning to use these features to trace the people's thoughts to have symptoms of certain diseases or viruses, e.g., COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, has seen a surge of the mobile applications for tracing, tracking, and isolating the persons showing COVID-19 symptoms to limit the spread of the disease to the larger community. The use of embedded sensors could disclose private information of the users, thus potentially bring a threat to the privacy and security of users. In this article, we analyzed a large set of smartphone applications that have been designed to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus and bring the people back to normal life. Specifically, we have analyzed what type of permission these smartphone apps require, whether these permissions are necessary for the track and trace, how data from the user devices are transported to the analytic center, and analyzing the security measures these apps have deployed to ensure the privacy and security of users.

The aim of this thesis was to explore if, and then how, electric cars and buses can contribute to sustainable personal mobility. Electric vehicles have increasingly been seen as a potential sustainable solution for the transport sector due to their high energy efficiency, close to zero emissions in the use phase, and the possibility to be powered by electricity from renewable resources. However, there are concerns about future scarcity of resources (e.g. lithium and cobalt for batteries), vehicle range, costs, high energy use in the production of batteries, as well as insufficient scientific support for how electric vehicles could be a part of a transition towards sustainability regarding personal mobility. The challenges for a fast transition towards sustainability are large and many. The transport sector is not contributing to such development, mainly due to emissions, use of fossil energy, and use of materials mined and recycled under unacceptable conditions. Furthermore, existing societal goals (e.g. fossil-fuel independent vehicle fleet by 2030 in Sweden, UN Agenda 2030, and the Paris agreement) are insufficient for sustainability and are not complemented by concrete plans or an approach for how to engage stakeholders and achieve coordinated actions for sustainability. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development includes a principled definition of sustainability that is necessary and sufficient for sustainability and procedural support for collaborative innovation for a strategic transition to fulfillment of that definition, which is why it has been used as an overarching methodology in this thesis. The research verified through several studies conditions for how electric vehicles can play a vital role in a strategic transition of personal mobility towards sustainability. Through stakeholder collaboration (e.g. interviews and workshops), a vision for sustainable transport with a focus on electric vehicles and an initial development plan towards that vision were designed. Several life cycle focused studies investigated (through calculations and data collection from literature, life cycle databases, interviews and workshops) about environmental and social impacts and costs for electric cars and buses. The stakeholder collaboration, combined with conceptual modelling, also resulted in models for generic support for multi-stakeholder collaboration and planning for strategic sustainable development of transport systems and communities, and for how to include electric buses in the procurement model of public transport. The strategic sustainable development perspective of this thesis broadens the analysis beyond the more common focus on climate change issues and should be able to reduce the risk of sub-optimizations in community and transport system development when applied in that context. The generic support for multi-stakeholder collaboration could potentially also promote a more participatory democratic approach to community development, grounded in a scientific foundation. ; Contact the author to receive a pdf of the full thesis (papers included): sven.boren@bth.se or telephone +46455385723.

Part 3: Extended Abstracts ; International audience ; Data sets of biometric or forensic samples are an important basis for evaluations and research. Especially biometric data is considered as personal data, which is protected by privacy regulations. Since the data cannot be altered or revoked, at least in some countries, this poses a challenge because rights must be granted to the data's subject. In particular in Germany and probably in the entire European Union after its reformation of the data protection legislation it is challenging to use such data. Furthermore, with respect to latent fingerprints only very few public data sets exist nowadays. We propose the creation of a public data set without privacy implications consisting of latent fingerprints from artificial fingerprint patterns. On the foundation of a first set of 50 fingerprints on a compact disk surface we report challenges that need to be solved in order to create realistic samples.

Within the context of understanding the opening up of the People's Republic of China and the city of Shanghai, the aim of the study is to explore 'space' in Chinese Communist Party rhetoric, Shanghai spatial planning discourse and personal intercultural engagements. By the term 'space', the author refers to an understanding of societal production that integrates space as part of the analysis, taking into account the interplay between official statements on nation building, regional and urban planning, concrete built environments and people's situated understandings of space. With this in mind, the tripartite aim establishes an understanding of how the Chinese Communist Party envisioned the opening up of the People's Republic of China and Shanghai, how the Shanghai Municipal Government has implemented the Chinese Communist Party's visions for the city and how young Chinese talk about their experiences of the changes taking place in Shanghai in interviews about intercultural communication in the city. The tripartite understanding of the opening up of the People's Republic of China and Shanghai is established by the term 'contact space'. By this term, the author illustrates and analyses the phenomenon of the opening up processes taking place in the People's Republic of China and Shanghai, and also develops an analytical tool that allows for an analysis of how the opening up involves several integrated levels of the Chinese society. By the combined use of sociology of space and postcolonial studies, the author shows that the Chinese Communist Party encouraged a controlled insertion of capitalism within the one-party system to modernize the country. Several cities, such as Shanghai, were designated to lead the country into a modern, prosperous, socialist state. Emerging into state-sanctioned capitalist spaces within the one-party rule, the localities were named 'special economic zones' and 'open coastal cities'. Through a land-leasing system, demolition and renovation of selected built environments, the author shows that Shanghai is acquiring the material and visual components of a global city. The author illustrates that the Shanghai Municipal Government produces contemporary Shanghai into a twenty-first-century post-revolutionary city anchored in ancient China, the city's colonial heritage and Mao's socialism. By the interviews, the author demonstrates that the city of Shanghai emerges into a contact space conditioned by its colonial history and more recent changes, the city's geographical location and representations in literature. Illustrating China's emerging society, the interviewees engage in culture and language exchanges, work at international companies and take part in the city's leisure and entertainment spaces. Belonging to the emerging Chinese middle-classes, the interviewees demonstrate how they create their own contact spaces (one-to-one occasions and group gathering initiatives) and make use of established contact spaces in Shanghai (universities, language schools, international companies, leisure and entertainment spaces). The author also concludes that Shanghai's emerging society is based in China's own developmental discourses but also globally recognized patterns of social hierarchies and capitalist urban space.

Today's smartphones are equipped with a large number of powerful value-added sensors and features such as a low power Bluetooth sensor, powerful embedded sensors such as the digital compass, accelerometer, GPS sensors, Wi-Fi capabilities, microphone, humidity sensors, health tracking sensors, and a camera, etc. These value-added sensors have revolutionized the lives of the human being in many ways such, as tracking the health of the patients and movement of doctors, tracking employees movement in large manufacturing units, and monitoring the environment, etc. These embedded sensors could also be used for large-scale personal, group, and community sensing applications especially tracing the spread of certain diseases. Governments and regulators are turning to use these features to trace the people thought to have symptoms of certain diseases or virus e.g. COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, has seen a surge of the mobile applications for tracing, tracking and isolating the persons showing COVID-19 symptoms to limit the spread of disease to the larger community. The use of embedded sensors could disclose private information of the users thus potentially bring threat to the privacy and security of users. In this paper, we analyzed a large set of smartphone applications that have been designed to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus and bring the people back to normal life. Specifically, we have analyzed what type of permission these smartphone apps require, whether these permissions are necessary for the track and trace, how data from the user devices is transported to the analytic center, and analyzing the security measures these apps have deployed to ensure the privacy and security of users.

Interest in the digital economy has grown significantly due to significant changes in society and the economy. Modern technologies and platforms have helped businesses and individuals reduce costs by minimizing personal contact with customers, partners, and government agencies, as well as making interactions faster and easier. The result is a network-based, digital or electronic economy.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, governments began implementing various forms of contact tracing technology. Singapore's implementation of its contact tracing technology, TraceTogether, however, was met with significant concern by its population, with regard to privacy and data security. This concern did not fit with the general perception that Singaporeans have a high level of trust in its government. We explore this disconnect, using responses to our survey (conducted pre-COVID-19) in which we asked participants about their level of concern with the government and business collecting certain categories of personal data. The results show that respondents had less concern with the government as compared to a business collecting most forms of personal data. Nonetheless, they still had a moderately high level of concern about sharing such data with the government. We further found that income, education and perceived self-exposure to AI are associated with higher levels of concern with the government collecting personal data relevant to contact tracing, namely health history, location and social network friends' information. This has implications for Singapore residents' trust in government collecting data and hence the success of such projects, not just for contact tracing purposes but for other government-related data collection undertakings.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the German government took drastic measures and ordered the temporary closure of early childhood education and care services (apart from emergency care). Most pedagogical professionals in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings were unable to provide institutional care for children during this period, and thus experienced difficulties fulfilling their legally mandated professional obligation to educate children. Building on the importance of professional–parent collaboration, this study investigates the reasons ECEC professionals gave for (not) being in contact with parents during the pandemic. The database comprises a nationwide survey conducted between April and May 2020 (n = 2,560 ECEC professionals). The results show that the vast majority of respondents were in contact with parents; their stated motives include providing informational or emotional support for parents and children, maintaining a relationship, or inquiring about family wellbeing. The explanations for not being in contact with parents include already existing contact with parents by another member of the ECEC staff, an employer-mandated contact ban, problems on the parents' side, or personal reasons. We find some differences between managers in center-based childcare, pedagogical employes in center-based childcare, and professionals in family based childcare. Practical implications concerning professional–parent collaboration and the temporary closure of ECEC services are discussed.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the German government took drastic measures and ordered the temporary closure of early childhood education and care services (apart from emergency care). Most pedagogical professionals in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings were unable to provide institutional care for children during this period, and thus experienced difficulties fulfilling their legally mandated professional obligation to educate children. Building on the importance of professional–parent collaboration, this study investigates the reasons ECEC professionals gave for (not) being in contact with parents during the pandemic. The database comprises a nationwide survey conducted between April and May 2020 (n = 2,560 ECEC professionals). The results show that the vast majority of respondents were in contact with parents; their stated motives include providing informational or emotional support for parents and children, maintaining a relationship, or inquiring about family wellbeing. The explanations for not being in contact with parents include already existing contact with parents by another member of the ECEC staff, an employer-mandated contact ban, problems on the parents' side, or personal reasons. We find some differences between managers in center-based childcare, pedagogical employes in center-based childcare, and professionals in family based childcare. Practical implications concerning professional–parent collaboration and the temporary closure of ECEC services are discussed.

Based on theory regarding mobile communication in general, this essay relates the experiences of migrant workers from both rural and urban areas in Fuzhou, who used mobile phones to stay in contact with the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, to how these contacts supported and encouraged migrant workers to persist in gathering Olympic Games information. In other words, does the relationship between demographics and knowledge about the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games differ according to the use of mobile phones among migrant workers? Results indicate that television became the primary source of Olympic Games news for migrant workers, but actually with few advantages as the respondents considered the mobile phone as their second source of information. Given the higher than average mobile media penetration rate among the sample of migrant workers and their information expectations, we cannot ignore the mobile phone's impact as a channel for information and public services. This essay's focus is also on how the government, the official press and service providers (China Mobile and China Unicom) appreciated the mobile phone as a means of spreading the Olympic Games' influence, making it possible for a large majority of people to enjoy the Olympic Games, and popularizing knowledge.

The right to the protection of personal data, which is part of the right to privacy, is a fundamental human right. Thus, its guarantees were included in the high-level regulations of the European Union as well as the legal norms of the EU Member States. The first Polish law regulating the protection of personal data was adopted in 1997 as the implementation of EU Directive 95/46. The law imposed a number of obligations on public and private entities which process personal data in order to protect the rights of data subjects and, in particular, to guarantee them the ability to control the correctness of processing of their personal data. Therefore, the law obliged data controllers to process data only on the basis of the premises indicated in the legislation, to adequately secure data, and to comply with the disclosure obligation concerning data subjects, including their right to correct false or outdated data or to request removal of data processed in violation of the law. However, as complaints directed by citizens to the supervisory body—the Inspector General for Personal Data Protection—showed, personal data controllers, especially those operating in the private sector, did not comply with the law, acting in a manner that violated their customers' rights. In the hitherto existing unfair business practices of entrepreneurs, the violations of the data protection provisions that were the most burdensome for customers were related to preventing them from exercising their rights, including the right to control the processing of data, as well as the failure to provide the controller's business address, which made it impossible for subjects whose data were used in violation of the law or for the inspecting authorities to contact the company, a lack of data security and a failure to follow the procedures required by law, the failure to secure documents containing personal data or their abandonment, a lack of updating customer data, the use of unverified data sets and sending marketing offers to deceased people or incorrect target recipients, and excessive amounts of data requested by controllers. The violations of the rights of data subjects recorded in Poland and other EU Member States—among other arguments—provided inspiration for the preparation of a new legal act in the form of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (which entered into force on 25 May 2018). The extension of the rights of people whose data are processed was combined in the GDPR with the introduction of new legal instruments disciplining data controllers. Instruments in the form of administrative fines and the strongly emphasised possibility to demand compensation for a violation of the right to data protection were directed in particular against economic entities violating the law.

This study arises out of an interdisciplinary research encompassing two fields of study – English and Education. Pratt's concept of "contact zones" is employed to provide a framework for working in these two fields and answering the multifaceted research questions. This concept helps me as the researcher to probe issues relating to unbalanced power relations as well as resistance to power – i.e. both in the Orientalist representations of Thailand in Western texts and in English language and literature classrooms in Thai universities. In effect, this yields me insight into the heterogeneous nature of the contact zones of modernised Thailand and Thailand's English language and literature classrooms. Furthermore, seeing my research as a kind of contact zone allows me to engage in action research that inquires into how English and Education interact with each other, and on the ways that my teacher participants and I, as former students and current teachers of English language and literature, and my student participants experience this interaction. Simultaneously, this action research prompts me as the teacher-researcher to understand how my professional practice has been influenced by the literary theories that I have studied in universities in Thailand and in Australia. I have finally learned that postcolonial theory has shaped my worldview, affected my teaching practice, and been my impulse to conduct this PhD research project. I call this research action research because it is built upon the following political aims. First, this research is aimed at deconstructing the East-West dichotomy and homogeneity of Western power on Thailand, generated by means of Orientalist representations of Thailand in Anna Leonowens' The English Governess at the Siamese Court and its subsequent re-writings by other authors. As well, the research is meant to empower Thai students who are normally marginalised in the English classroom by the central figure of the teacher and the canonical literary texts they are assigned to read, and give them an opportunity to voice their opinions on what they learn in class. The political aims of this research are enacted through the thesis' textual politics. It is "textual" because my study investigates a selection of narrative texts, namely literary and personal narratives about Thailand by the above-mentioned Western authors and by my Thai teacher and student participants. Said's concept of "Orientalism" is employed as an analytical tool to understand and deconstruct the Orientalist representations of Thailand in those Western narratives. Analysis of the Thai participants' personal narratives reveals their resistance to the Orientalist representations of Thailand in both the literary texts and real life situations, and the counter-discourse they use to deal with unequal power relations in such representations. Drawing on Said and other postcolonial thinkers as well as Bakhtin, I have shaped and presented my thesis as writing that speaks back to the metropolitan centre. Here the textual body of my thesis is transformed into a metaphorical contact space, which contains the multivoicedness of the heterogeneous Western voices and Thai voices, and where the Western power of representation is investigated and subverted.