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If someone is using your personal information to get government benefits, be sure to act quickly and contact the agency that issues the benefit. This paper explains how to report benefits fraud.

A field experiment compared the level of personal and collective guilt in survivors (N = 200) and accused perpetrators (N = 184) of the Rwandan genocide before and after participation in Gacaca community courts and in control groups of survivors (N = 195) and prisoners (N = 179) who did not participate in Gacaca. Participation in Gacaca led to a marked reduction in survivors' personal and collective guilt and to an increase in prisoners' personal guilt. Prisoners' collective guilt was unaffected by participation but collective guilt was higher for prisoners participating in Gacaca suggesting an effect of the mere anticipation of participation. Survivors who participated in Gacaca had greater doubts about Gacaca, trusted the prisoners' apologies less, were less inclined to forgive, were more revengeful, and opted more for intragroup contact and less for intergroup contact. In sum, participation in Gacaca failed to have direct effects upon dispositions to reconciliation but it produced important indirect effects in this direction by drastically reducing survivors' guilt feelings, which may have enhanced their empowerment.

'Fascinating analysis' Nigel West; 'Grippingly told, authoritative' Mail on Sunday; 'Meticulously researched...a remarkably good read' John Brennan, former CIA Director; 'Excellent...a detailed, highly professional account' Sir John Scarlett, former MI6 Chief The Special Relationship between America and Britain is feted by politicians on both sides of the Atlantic when it suits their purpose and just as frequently dismissed as a myth, not least by the media, which announces its supposed death on a regular basis. Yet the simple truth is that the two countries are bound together more closely than either is to any other ally. In The Real Special Relationship, Michael Smith reveals how it all began, when a top-secret visit by four American codebreakers to Bletchley Park in February 1941 - ten months before the US entered the Second World War - marked the start of a close collaboration between the two nations that endures to this day. Once the war was over, and the Cold War began, both sides recognised that the way they had worked together to decode German and Japanese ciphers could now be used to counter the Soviet threat. Despite occasional political conflict and public disputes between the two nations, such as during the Suez crisis, behind the scenes intelligence sharing continued uninterrupted, right up to the recent Russian invasion of Ukraine. Smith, the bestselling author of Station X and having himself served in British military intelligence, brings together a fascinating range of characters, from Winston Churchill and Ian Fleming to Kim Philby and Edward Snowden, who have helped shape the security of our two nations. Supported by in-depth interviews and an excellent range of personal contacts, he takes the reader into the mysterious workings of MI6, the CIA and all those who work to keep us safe

Intro -- Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- 1 Social, health, and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the epidemiological control measures -- Part I Quality of health care -- 2 Persistence of limited access to health care for older Europeans in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic -- 3 The impact of unmet health care needs on self-assessed health and functional limitations during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic -- 4 Inequality of opportunity in the risk of suffering from persistent symptoms of COVID-19 -- 5 Economic and health system policies during the pandemic and the mental health of older adults -- Part II Health and health behaviours in the pandemic -- 6 Personal contact with other people and mental well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 7 Developments in feelings of loneliness and depression among older adults in Europe and Israel during the pandemic -- 8 Longitudinal changes in mental health following the first COVID-19 lockdown in Europe -- 9 Precautionary behaviour and behavioural risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the second SHARE Corona survey -- 10 Risk factors of post COVID-19 condition attributed to COVID-19 disease in people aged 50+ in Europe and Israel -- 11 Sex differences in activity and mental health changes following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe -- Part III Employment and labour market during the pandemic -- 12 Did the pandemic change retirement trends? -- 13 Short-time employment aid during the COVID-19 lockdown: Shortand long-run effectiveness -- 14 Work interruptions and medium-term labour market outcomes of older workers during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 15 What is the future of (remote) work? -- 16 Changes in work performance and work losses during the COVID-19 pandemic -- 17 Containment measures and job loss: Evidence from SHARE CORONA surveys.

Nelson - The New Letters, edited by Colin White, presents around 500 of the most important letters uncovered during the course of the epic Nelson Letters Project, a five year search of archives throughout the world. Dating from 1777 and including the earliest extant Nelson letter, this collection shows us both Nelson the officer and Nelson the private man, and, uniquely among the plethora of new Nelson books, it records his life and exploits in his own words. Written in Nelson's free-flowing and conversational style, these letters introduce a very real and human figure bringing us much closer to an otherwise distant historical hero. Colin White's accompanying annotations and essays place Nelson's life and letters in full context. So alongside letters to the Duke of Clarence (later King William IV), Prime Minister Addington, and dignitaries like the King and Queen of Naples, covering treaty negotiations, battle orders and campaign plans, we can also read warm missives to family and friends, informal notes and instructions to colleagues and subordinates and some eloquently passionate letters to Emma Hamilton. Other highlights include Nelson's account of the Battle of Copenhagen; detailed orders for the Trafalgar and Nile campaigns; notes of his careful diplomatic negotiations; his network of personal contacts; and his concern with his public image. In the Maritime Foundation's 2005 Media Awards, Nelson - The New Letters was short-listed for the Mountbatten Maritime Prize, and Dr White was short-listed for the Desmond Wettern Maritime Media Award. Dr COLIN WHITE was Director of the Royal Naval Museum. In an extraordinarily busy 2005 he was also Director of Trafalgar 200, guest curator of the acclaimed Nelson and Napoleon exhibition at the National Maritime Museum, chaired the Official Nelson Commemorations Committee, and gave dozens of talks on Nelson throughout the country and North America. He was also the author of The Nelson Encyclopaedia The Nelson Companion, and 1797: Nelson's Year of Destiny

Purpose
Based on a review of the Chinese ethic of bao (reciprocity), this paper aims to study the issue of reciprocity of trust at firm level by analyzing multiple-source data while controlling for the effects of several contextual variables.


Design/methodology/approach
The authors collected data from the supplier–buyer partnerships in China's automotive industry. Hierarchical linear regression approach is adopted to test the hypotheses.


Findings
The data show that reciprocity of trust between parties involved has a significantly positive effect on the stability of the supplier–buyer partnership, and that this reciprocity also moderates the relationship between trust itself and stability. In addition, several contextual variables, i.e. the suppliers' sensitiveness to their buyer's need, personal contact of top managers, motivation to develop symbiotic partnership and firm location, can also have significant and positive effects on the stability of the supplier–buyer partnership.


Originality/value
This study presents empirical evidence on how the Chinese ethic of bao may influence the stability of the supplier–buyer partnerships, suggesting that examining this Chinese cultural element is a useful exercise. Related to this issue, the data show that the level of trust between the parties in business transactions differs, and that this difference influences the stability of the partnership. In addition, the study suggests that several other factors have significant and positive effects on the stability of the partnership. Interestingly, the data suggest that these effects are more likely to be observed when the reciprocity of trust or bao between the partners is taken into account. By demonstrating empirically the significant direct and moderating effect of bao or reciprocal trust, this study makes an important contribution to the literature on trust and the stability of the supplier–buyer partnership.

The article is based on the author's processing of the archives of Ukrainian emigration during his research internship in Great Britain. His task was to find out and clarify the means and ways used by the Ukrainian diaspora in its struggle against Moscow's information and propaganda offensive against the Western community's positive resolution of the "Ukrainian question" after World War II.That was the time when the Russian governmental machine intensified its counter-propaganda work in the Western direction. Under those conditions, the world continued to perceive Ukrainians as part of the "great Soviet people" who unanimously built communism, and Ukraine itself as only a formal state declaratively writing its name in UN documents as a country with a significant contribution to the victory over fascism.Under the conditions of statelessness, Ukrainian public institutions abroad replaced state embassies and official representations and took on the responsible task to constantly plant the Ukrainian information field.The Ukrainian diaspora used the following means in its struggle against Moscow's information and propaganda offensive against the Western community's positive solution of the "Ukrainian question".In particular, it was a matter of checking the presence of materials on Ukrainian studies in the main libraries of the countries where Ukrainian emigrants lived compactly. Foreign authors' interpretation of mentions was said about Ukraine and Ukrainians in those few texts was analyzed.Representatives of Ukrainian public organizations established personal contacts with directors of libraries in cities with a compact residence of Ukrainians. The goal was to create Ukrainian book and press departments there. In 1948, a centralized network was established in Munich to provide major foreign libraries with Ukrainian publications.The successful breakthrough of the Moscow information blockade on the issue of the Holodomor of 1933 happened due to publication of a series of English-language brochures on this issue at the expense of the Ukrainian Youth Association abroad.

The object of research is the processes of data exchange between subjects of foreign economic activity when performing customs procedures, namely, the introduction of a new computerized transit system NCTS within the framework of improving and harmonizing customs procedures. One of the most problematic areas is the lack of knowledge and awareness in the implementation of reforms on trade facilitation measures, and therefore there is a need to be able to reduce costs at the border, and costs associated with foreign trade transactions. The perspective is considered and the assessment of the state of modern customs policy is carried out on the example of Ukraine, the mechanisms of application of customs instruments for regulating foreign trade during the digitalization of customs are determined. The dynamics of export-import operations of Ukraine with other countries is analyzed. In 2020, exporting companies estimate the work of customs significantly better by 15 % compared to 2019. Among enterprises of various sizes, micro-enterprises often report problems at customs, and the greatest problems are considered to be overstatement of customs value of goods and outdated equipment of customs control zones. It is shown that one of the ways to improve the efficiency of customs procedures is to minimize personal contacts between the customs officer and the client, transfer most of the transactions online, use electronic services and mobile applications. Also, in the near future, a large-scale reconstruction of checkpoints is planned to reduce queues. It is found that the customs clearance procedures are not sufficiently automated, and the customs authorities are entrusted with many obligations. Thus, the customs authorities of Ukraine are forced to control goods during customs clearance more carefully than in the EU countries. The average duration of customs clearance of imported goods by the customs authorities of Ukraine is from 1 to 4 hours, depending on the region, while in developed countries such clearance takes ...

The purpose of the article is to describe electoral models in the national republics of the Siberian Federal District of the Russian Federation. The elections of the federal, regional and local levels in the republics of Tyva, Altai, Khakassia (2007–2019) are analyzed. The study is based on statistical and comparative analysis methods for three groups of indicators: 1) statistics on voter turnout and the level of support for the «United Russia» party; 2) socio-economic indicators of regional development; 3) ethnic localization of the population and the level of urbanization. The sources of research are official statistics, electoral statistics of republican election commissions. The results of the analysis allow us to identify the characteristics and differences in the electoral models of the republics based on the analyzed indicators. The Republic of Tyva represents the most conservative clientist political model with signs of institutionalization. The pattern of traditionalist electoral behavior of ethnically localized and low-urbanized communities with a high density of social ties and personal contacts, administratively controlled due to financial dependence on the Central budget and subsidies, is constantly reproduced. The Altai Republic is a less conservative model associated with the demonstrated electoral absenteeism of the majority ofthe voters. The active part of the electorate has a tendency to transform electoral patterns over the course of two cycles. The electoral patterns of the Republic of Khakassia demonstrate a non-conformist electoral pattern of the active electorate, which is due to the lower dependence of the population on budget transfers and social payments, and a higher level of income than in other republics under consideration. It should be noted that the level of support for the ruling party has gradually decreased, even with the most administrated and clientist voting patterns, and that absentee electoral behavior patterns have been transformed into a more active political position expressed through protest voting.

Objective: The COVID-19 outbreak means far-reaching changes in the organization of daily lives. Disease-related literacy and factors such as age, gender, or education play a major role in shaping individual practices of protective behavior. This paper investigates different types and frequency of practicing protective behaviors, as well as socio-demographic factors that are associated with such behavioral change. Methods: Data stem from a cross-sectional survey in Germany. Three thousand seven hundred and sixty-five people were contacted, 3,186 participated in the survey. Information on behavior to lower the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19 was assessed by nine items (answer options yes/no). For each item, logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR), using education, sex, and age as main predictors and adjusting for partnership status and household composition. Results: People with lower educational level were less likely to avoid gatherings (OR = 0.63; 95%CI = 0.48–0.83), adapt their work situation (OR = 0.66; 95%CI = 0.52–0.82), reduce personal contacts and meetings (OR = 0.71; 95%CI = 0.55–0.93), or increase hand hygiene (OR = 0.53; 95%CI = 0.38–0.73). Being female was associated with higher odds of protective behavior for most outcomes. Exceptions were wearing face masks and adapting the own work situation. Associations between respondents' age and individual behavior change were inconsistent and mostly weak. Conclusion: Disease specific knowledge is essential in order to enable people to judge information on COVID-19. Health education programs aiming at improving COVID-19 knowledge are helpful to build up appropriate practices and reduce the spread of the disease. Strategies are needed to guarantee easy access and better dissemination of high-quality news and fact-checks. Socioeconomic characteristics should be taken into account in the development of infection control measures.

The sudden end of the Ben Ali regime in January 2011 led to a change towards a democratic political system in Tunisia. While researchers acknowledge the importance of social movements for the initial protests, there is no systematic proof of civil society influence on the Tunisian state. The thesis takes this blind spot and looks at the mechanisms by which civil society can have ideational influence. As the role of civil society for democracy and democratization is often discussed, the thesis asks how organizations perceive democracy and whether they diffuse a democratic framing towards the state. Organizational networks are analyzed to see who works with whom and which ministries are approached. These ministries are then asked on their networks to verify the connection between organizations and ministries. Afterwards the democratic framing of organizations and ministries is compared to see whether more interaction causes similar framing. Finally, the results of the analysis show mechanisms that influence framing and wider policies. Different possibilities for influence, be it direct effects or mediated indirect effects via the media, organizational or coalitional influence orient the thesis. The research is based on interviews with movement leaders and higher-level civil servants in ministries as well as organizational documents and media analysis. The research shows very specific influence, oriented towards concrete ministries. Personal contacts as well as institutionalized integration are useful to realize demands. The most effective interactions to promote a democratic framing exist between the Women Movement and the Ministry of Women and Family. Other interactions are found on a continuum between very restricted to no interaction and more intense interactions. There is not one democratic framing but several ones with different orientation. -- La fin soudaine du régime de Ben Ali en janvier 2011 a entraîné un changement vers un système politique démocratique en Tunisie. Bien que les chercheurs reconnaissent ...

Taking a cue from an intelligence file produced by the Romanian political police on Transylvanian Hungarian intellectual Imre Mikó (Cluj, 1911–1977), the article analyzes the various patterns of accomodation with the political system, which represents a key to the understanding of how social legitimacy was built and maintained by the communist regimes of Eastern Europe. The framework in which this story takes place is especially interesting due to the Romanian context. On the one hand, the analysis of an unconventional collaboration established during the 1970s between the security organs of a national communist system and a prominent conservative intellectual stimulates us to rethink the state-society relationship in Ceaușescu's Romania in more dynamic terms. Among the multiple reasons that led Mikó to accept the role of informer, one finds the communitarian ideology of "serving the people", but also his belief that cooperation with the state security on relevant issues to the Transylvanian Hungarian community did not represent a betrayal of national ideals but the only way to achieve certain political goals, such as informing the Western public opinion on the worsening condition of the Hungarian minority. The case of Mikó can be compared with other files unveiled in Romania during the last years, and shows that often uncritically accepted definition of "collaboration" require serious conceptual reshaping. During the last decades of the communist regimes, significant parts of the formerly persecuted elite came to work together with the state security organs. They did not "talk to the system" with the purpose of spying on fellow citizens, but seeked to push forward their own cause with the infrastructural support of the state security, in a context where non-party members had been denied any access to the political sphere, and they regarded personal contact with a high-raking state security officer as a counterbalance of their marginality.

O presente artigo analisa como foi o processo de construção da imagem política do candidato a deputado nacional pela província de Buenos Aires, Francisco de Narváez, quem conseguiu vencer na eleição de médio termo de 2009 ao partido oficialista Frente para a Vitória, liderado pelo ex-presidente Néstor Kirchner. Analisaremos como os meios de comunicação favoreceram e facilitaram o processo de construção da imagem de Francisco de Narváez logrando aproximar o candidato aos eleitores, humanizando-o, apresentando-o como uma "pessoa comum". As ferramentas de marketing político implementadas geraram novos canais de comunicação entre o candidato e o eleitorado, complementaram as tradicionais relações "virtuais" através da televisão, principalmente, mas também, e por primeira vez nas campanhas eleitorais argentinas, pela internet, oferecendo um candidato à medida da demanda. O estudo do contexto socio-político da campanha de 2009 nos permitirá identificar e classificar a mutação do sistema de partidos na Argentina com a emergência dos partidos políticos profissionais eleitorais onde o chefe de campanha se posiciona acima do candidato. ; This article analyzes how was the process of building the political image of the candidate to national deputy for Buenos Aires Province, Francisco de Narváez, who defeated in mid-term elections of 2009 the official party ¨Frente para la Victoria¨, led by the former President Néstor Kirchner. We will explore how the media have promoted and facilitated the building process of Francisco de Narvaez image, achieving the approach of the candidate to the voters, humanizing him, showing him as a "common person". The implemented Political marketing tools generated new communication channels between the candidate and the voters, they complemented the traditional personal contact relationships with "virtual" relationships, mainly through television, but also, for the first time in Argentinean political campaigns, with Internet, offering a candidate tailored on demand. The study of the social ...

AbstractMany developed countries, welcome foreign talent, and Japan is no exception. The Japanese government has developed programmes for expanding the acceptance of foreign labour in specialized and technical fields, in order to compete with foreign nations in the global economy and accommodate the highly specialized domestic industrial structure. This paper focuses on scientists and engineers (S&E) as a component of the highly skilled labour force, and examines their incentives for migrating to Japan, which is one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world. According to a survey conducted in 2004, the majority of S&E working in Japan migrated from Asian nations, and many obtained their doctoral degrees in Japan and continued to stay in the country to work. Key incentives for migration are Japan's high level of science and technology, opportunities to acquire cutting‐edge knowledge, and prospects for improving performance in an environment with large budgets, superior equipment and facilities, and good quality human resources. In particular, the technological environment is influential for S&E from countries with a significant technological gap when compared with Japan. However, this does not mean that S&E are indifferent to monetary rewards. The salary gap, which is considered to be a major factor in international mobility in to traditional economic theory, has also proven to be a significant incentive, particularly for S&E from countries where the gap in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita compared with Japan is large. In addition, cultural and social aspects of Japan attract mainly young S&E. The attractiveness of Japanese culture, opportunities to learn the Japanese language, and chances to build a network of personal contacts are important incentives for migration. This study presents some policy implications for countries competing over capable S&E.

• Babcock's proclamation in the Gazette-Times [note: quoted in full here as it appears in the paper, bullet points represent paragraph breaks]: "As Mayor of one of the foremost cities of our country, bending every effort in its support of the United States government, in its supply of munitions and war material, and having at heart the welfare and common good of our people, I am constrained to advise the director of public health of our city to interpose no objections to the return of our people to normal conditions, effective Sunday, November 3, at 5 a. m.• "I do not take issue with the state health department, but I do reserve the right to a knowledge, born of personal contact with the situation, in the possession of which it is not, or apparently has ignored, and from which knowledge, I draw my conclusions.• "Our darkened streets and deserted assembling places by reason of this ban has thrown over the community a depression and a pall that seriously retards the recovery to normal conditions of health, business and recreation, and can but enhance further dangers from the affliction through which we have passed.• "Our very efficiently organized and officered Department of Public Health of our city, in the event circumstances may require, will not hesitate for a minute to issue closing orders, and if necessary of more drastic effect than those issued by the state department of health.• "Therefore, under the conditions as they now are in our city, and as no one knows better than I, I feel justified in heartily supporting and indorsing the general and universal opinion that the time has arrived for the resumption of our accustomed devotions, the opening of our schools and amusements and all our various channels of business." ; Newspaper Article ; 1