Suchergebnisse

La direttiva 2014/23/UE rappresenta la prima iniziativa promossa dal Parlamento europeo e dal Consiglio volta a disciplinare in modo organico le concessioni di servizi. Il presente progetto si pone come obiettivo quello di analizzare le previsioni che il decreto legislativo 18 aprile 2016, n. 50 pone a disciplina dei contratti di concessione dei servizi, evidenziando come il più delle volte il legislatore nazionale si sia limato a riprodurre pedissequamente previsioni della direttiva anche laddove di fatto godesse di una maggiore libertà di scelta. Si procederà, inoltre, ad analizzare le diverse tipologie di servizio di interesse generale contemplate in ambito europeo e all'individuazione delle omologhe categorie di servizio pubblico previste dal diritto nazionale. Ci si interrogherà, infine, sulla possibilità di ricondurre il servizio farmaceutico nel novero dei servizi pubblici locali a rilevanza economica e sulla possibilità di ricomprendere la concessione di servizi tra i modelli di conduzione delle farmacie pubbliche. ; The research project consists of the analysis of the main innovations introduced by the public contracts code in the matter of service concessions, assessing whether this contractual situation could act as a model for the management of municipal pharmacies. We will proceed to examine the services of general economic interest in Europe and then proceed to identify the homologous public service categories provided for by national law. This last analysis will allow to evaluate the nature of the pharmaceutical service by asking about the possibility of placing it or not in the local public services.

Parallel trade of pharmaceuticals is one of the most contended issues emerging from this industrial sector, which requires to strike a sensitive balance between the fundamental tenets of the internal market (particularly the free movement of goods), the Member States' competence in regulating the prices of medicines and the conflicting interests of manufacturers and patients. Against this background, this Insight addresses the decision rendered on 25 November 2021 by the Court of Justice in Case C-488/20 Delfarma ECLI:EU:C:2021:956 and further elaborates some prospective considerations on parallel trade in the light of the problem of medicines shortages in the European Union, considering the recent initiatives falling under the new Pharmaceutical Strategy for Europe.

A number of factors can contribute to medication errors, and packaging may be one cause. For example a medication can be mistakenly administered either because the drug container (eg, iv bag, prefilled syringe, etc.) is similar in appearance to the intended medication's container or because the packages had similar labelling. The Authors describe three case reports that show how an unclear packaging can be responsible for inappropriate use, and subsequent patient's injuries. Hospital pharmacy staff, prescribing physicians, other healthcare workers, and even patients can play a role in minimizing the occurrence of these types of errors. However also drug manufacturers have an important role and should provide clear and unique labels and packages for their products, as underlined by pharmaceutical packaging legislation and regulations.

Il presente lavoro analizza lo strumento della pianta organica farmaceutica ponendo l'attenzione, in particolar modo, sulla normativa italiana ed europea. Verranno analizzate le vicende storiche che hanno contribuito alla formazione e allo sviluppo dello strumento stesso, ma anche la normativa attuale con le sue seguenti problematiche e prospettive di riforma. Saranno analizzati, inoltre, alcuni casi giurisprudenziali della Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea relativi a note controversie in materia. This project analyzes the tool of the organic pharmaceutical plant focusing, in particular, on the Italian and European law. They will be analyzed: the historical events that have contributed to the formation and development of the instrument itself, the current legislation and, in addition, some case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union related to known disputes.

New geographical trends in the global pharmaceutical industryThe article aims to outline the main trends in global pharmaceutical industry, currently affected by relevant changes, especially related to patent expirations and to the decline of R&D productivity. In the current scenario, US and Europe still have a strong leadership, both from the market and from the innovative capacity point of view. The new dynamics of the industry reveal, however, a new geography in the production, investment and consumption of drugs. Population growth and better economic conditions create a strong demand for healthcare in emerging economies, while in developed countries the demand remains weaker, reflecting cost containment policies. Shift in demand leads to a global redistribution of production capacity and an increase in competition among the advanced economies to consolidate and attract investments. New prospects are now opening for Big Pharma, which will have to face the competition of companies from China, India, Korea, Brazil. Innovation will be essential to compete. In this sense, locating R&D centers in the new global hotspots of innovation will certainly be a key factor for success.Les nouvelles trajectoires géographiques de l'industrie pharmaceutiquemondialeL'article analyse les dynamiques principales de l'industrie pharmaceutique mondiale, actuellement impliquée dans une série de changements importants, en particulier liées aux échéances de brevets et à la baisse de la productivité du secteur R&D. Dans le scénario actuel, les Etats-Unis et l'Europe exercent encore un leadership fort, tant du point de vue de la capacité d'innovation que du marché. L'étude des nouvelles dynamiques de l'industrie, cependant, révèle une nouvelle géographie de la production, des investissements et de la consommation de drogues. La croissance démographique et l'amélioration des conditions économiques font croître la demande de santé dans les économies émergentes, tandis que dans les pays développés cette demande est plus lente, reflétant les politiques de maîtrise des coûts. Le déplacement de la demande conduit à une redistribution globale des capacités de production et une augmentation de la concurrence entre les économies avancées pour consolider et attirer les investissements.De nouvelles perspectives s'ouvrent pour les Big Pharma, qui devraient se préparer à faire face à la concurrence des entreprises de la Chine, l'Inde, la Corée, le Brésil. Le match le plus important sera joué principalement sur le front de l'innovation. En ce sens, localiser leurs centres de R&D dans le nouveaux hotspots mondiales de l'innovation sera certainement un facteur clé.

The purpose is to explain the relation between the dynamics of R&D expenditures and that of exports in the four largest EU countries: France, Germany, Italy, and United Kingdom. Estimation of a fixed effects (Least Squares Dummy Variable) panel model for manufacturing as a whole and for fourteen (two digit) industries in manufacturing over the 1981-1992 period points out a positive and significant relation between variation in the share of R&D by each of the relevant countries on total R&D by all OECD countries and variation in the share of export by each of the relevant countries on total exports by OECD countries. In particular, this relation is stronger in Motor vehicles & equipment, Chemicals & pharmaceuticals, Mechanical engineering, Food, beverages & tobacco, paper & printing, whereas it turns out to be of scant significance for Textiles, clothing & footwear. In the light of these findings, further support is forthcoming to the hypothesis that the competitive advantage/disadvantage of nations is strongly connected to their innovative capability.

The inventory of the apothecary Giovanni Zavanti, a Venetian pharmacist who worked in Cairo in the 1730s, was drawn up by the Egyptian city's British Consulate in 1732. Since this institution ensured formal juridical protection to the English shopkeepers of the Levant Company, but devoted little attention to their need for health care, this historical source can be considered a rare testimony of European medical-pharmaceutical activity in the Levant. The inventory's importance is also connected with the specific political and socio-cultural context of Egypt, the most economically important province of the Ottoman Empire. Substantial groups of English, French and Dutch merchants lived in the Muslim society of Cairo and were officially represented by their respective nations in the eighteenth century. The Venetian, also active in Cairo, could not count on the protection of their State institutions during the Turco-Venetian conflicts (1645–1718). In this complex context, Zavanti tried to take advantage of his professional activity and built up different socio-cultural relations to defend his properties and commercial interests. He was in contact with fellow countrymen, Arabic Christians of Egypt, Jews, Turkish officials and the Franciscan confraternity Custodia Terrae Santae. As second-generation immigrants from Venice, the Zavantis experienced a difficult process of cultural integration in Egypt.

The contribution aims to trace crypto-insurance forms in the medieval Italian guilds and confraternities, apt to protect citizens and workers from the economic and biological unknowns of life. During the Middle Ages, in fact, belonging to a guild meant to be protected from various risks. Guild members received help in cases of infirmity and accident and obtained cash benefits, medical-pharmaceutical assistance and hospitalisation. They were protected against the financial risks of unemployment and old age. Furthermore, they could receive compensation for work-related damages. Guilds took care of the body and the soul of deceased members. Finally, guild members may have been helped in extreme cases of deprivation of liberty: guilds may have paid ransom to pirates as well as bandits, and they may have helped in cases of economic and political imprisonment. If, in most cases, guild members did not acquire a legally enforceable right to help, but simply developed a reasonable expectation of receiving it, there are examples of the separation of funds intended to finance the support and assistance mechanisms in the event of illness, accident or death. These funds came from entrance fees, annual subscriptions, donations, fines, investments in property and land as well as from other financial activities.