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The paper advances an analytical rendering of populism and argues that the components that make it a recognizable phenomenon are simplification and polarization of political divisions in the view of achieving a deeper unification of the masses against the existing elites and under an organic narrative that most of the time a leader embodies. Populism is thus internal to and a challenge of representative democracy; it competes with it on the meaning and practice of representation since aims at a more genuine identification between the represented and the representatives. After a premise on the distinction between a popular movement and populism, the paper argues that to better understand this phenomenon we should situate it within the republican as Roman tradition. Adapted from the source document.

The article was written by the 200th anniversary of the playwright's birth, the founder of the Russian theater A.N. Ostrovsky. The anniversary date determined the problems of the article reflected in its title. In the article, the concept of «phenomenon» in connection with Ostrovsky is used in two meaningful ways. The first meaningful plan is defined by the meaning «unique» and is associated with the biography of Ostrovsky. The second meaningful plan is determined by the linguo-culturological approach, which reveals the essential aspects in Ostrovsky's creative activity. Through an appeal to the biography, the author of the article highlights such aspects of the Ostrovsky phenomenon as focusing on one's own personality, unwillingness to share one's inner experiences with other people, and ideological independence from the «trends» of the time. Special attention is paid to the uniqueness of the Ostrovsky's nationality and idealism. Based on the linguo-culturological approach, Ostrovsky's phenomenon reveals his creative potential. The role of plays' translations by Roman comedians and Shakespeare in the development of the basics of Ostrovsky's stage art is being updated. The essential characteristics in the specifics of Ostrovsky's dramaturgy as a «new word» in Russian dramaturgy are singled out. Fianlly, the Ostrovsky phenomenon is defined as the ability to convey the iridescence of life, the ambiguity of the heroes' characters, the ability to see in the particular the general laws of being.

Austria does not often make political headlines. It has at least twice in recent years: in 1986, when the ""Waldheim Affair"" was debated worldwide, and in 1999, when the Austrian Freedom Party (FPOe) under Joerg Haider received 27 percent of the vote in national elections. Established by former Nazis for former Nazis, the FPOe entered the mainstream of Austrian politics when it became part of a coalition government. This volume explores whether its rise is a uniquely Austrian phenomenon or corresponds to broader social and political changes in Europe.Parallels to Haider's party can be found in other European countries. Its anti-immigration agenda and rhetoric are similar to those of the French FN, the Belgian Vlaams Bloc, and the Italian Lega Nord. And its anti-European Union posture is similar to the sentiments of the ""anti-Maastrich"" wing of the British conservative party. However, European reaction to the FPOe's rise derives not only from its policies, but its linkage to past suspicions that the Austrians have not learned the lessons of history as had the Germans. The FPOe's success strengthened that impression. In response, 14 European Union governments downgraded their bilateral relations with the Austrian government to a purely technical level. Although the sanctions were lifted in September 2000, the spotlight is still very much on Austria, and concern about the FPOe remains high.This important volume contains eleven chapters by internationally prominent scholars from a broad spectrum of the social sciences. Its cross-disciplinary approach provides perspective on the Haider phenomenon, its rhetoric, and its impact on daily life in Austria. It also analyzes the influence of right-wing populism on politics, culture, and society, and its implications in Austria as well as elsewhere in Europe. The Haider Phenomenon will be of interest to historians, political scientists, those in European studies, and scholars in contemporary political extremism.

The purpose of this research is to analyze how the effect of money supply, exchange rate, government expenditure, oil price and output gap on inflation in Indonesia and to find out whether inflation in Indonesia is included in monetary phenomenon or fiscal phenomenon. In this study the variables representing the monetary phenomenon are the money supply and exchange rate, the fiscal phenomenon is represented by government expenditure while the oil price is one of the factors affecting inflation through the supply side, and the output gap is a variable that is believed to predict inflation. This research uses multiple regression model with Error Correction Model (ECM) method. Estimation results indicate the money supply, exchange rate and oil prices have a positive and significant effect on inflation in Indonesia, while government expenditure and output gap have no significant effect on inflation in Indonesia. This research found that inflation in Indonesia is a monetary phenomenon due to the money supply and the exchange rate which is the variable representing the monetary phenomenon affecting inflation in Indonesia, while government expenditure is the variable representing fiscal phenomenon has no effect on inflation in Indonesia.

Fashion encompasses nearly every aspect of a person's life from birth through death. Throughout history, fashion has evolved alongside mankind in a plethora of ways. Although many view the fashion industry as vain and materialistic, fashion has played many different roles throughout history. Fashion has been used as a status symbol of one's wealth, as a source of protection during war, and a form of political protest, among other things. The fashion industry is a booming trillion dollar industry that is continuing to grow every year. Unfortunately, due to a lack of Intellectual Property Law rights and a standardization of these laws, fashion designers and their brands are subject to counterfeit goods and stolen designs. This thesis will analyze Intellectual Property Laws, specifically Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents related to fashion design. This thesis will also address how gaps in these laws, as well as general difficulties with obtaining intellectual property protections, creates a lack of innovation within the fashion industry. This thesis will also discuss that, due to this lack of protection, there is not just undue burden placed on the fashion designer, but an enormous negative impact to countries' economies as well as consumers. This thesis will tie together the relatively new field of Fashion Law, with Intellectual Property Law, and show that the intersection of these two fields of law will only grow more closely together, meaning more and more issues of counterfeited goods will continue to become a growing problem, as the fashion industry continues to expand and evolve. If Intellectual Property Law protections do not quickly catch up with Fashion Law and the fashion industry, this will have an enormous negative effect on innovation within the industry and the economy.

Fashion encompasses nearly every aspect of a person's life from birth through death. Throughout history, fashion has evolved alongside mankind in a plethora of ways. Although many view the fashion industry as vain and materialistic, fashion has played many different roles throughout history. Fashion has been used as a status symbol of one's wealth, as a source of protection during war, and a form of political protest, among other things. The fashion industry is a booming trillion dollar industry that is continuing to grow every year. Unfortunately, due to a lack of Intellectual Property Law rights and a standardization of these laws, fashion designers and their brands are subject to counterfeit goods and stolen designs. This thesis will analyze Intellectual Property Laws, specifically Trademarks, Copyrights, and Patents related to fashion design. This thesis will also address how gaps in these laws, as well as general difficulties with obtaining intellectual property protections, creates a lack of innovation within the fashion industry. This thesis will also discuss that, due to this lack of protection, there is not just undue burden placed on the fashion designer, but an enormous negative impact to countries' economies as well as consumers. This thesis will tie together the relatively new field of Fashion Law, with Intellectual Property Law, and show that the intersection of these two fields of law will only grow more closely together, meaning more and more issues of counterfeited goods will continue to become a growing problem, as the fashion industry continues to expand and evolve. If Intellectual Property Law protections do not quickly catch up with Fashion Law and the fashion industry, this will have an enormous negative effect on innovation within the industry and the economy.