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The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is a European Agency as it is a decentralized body governed by European public law; it has its own legal personality and is also distinct from the European Union institutions (Council, Parliament, Commission, etc.). The EMA presents itself, and is commonly recognised, as a public health agency. This is notably supported by its recent transition from the Regional Direction of Research to the Regional Direction of Public Health. Four recognized principles of public health can be identified as such: assessment, transparency, precaution and independence. These principles appear to be closely linked to those forming the basis of good European governance regarding agencies: efficacy, coherence, openness, participation and responsibility. Thus, it is interesting to study how these principles are applied by the EMA in order to assess the reality of its qualification as a Public Health European Agency. The principles of assessment and transparency seem to be largely applied whereas the principles of precaution and independence are more problematic.

The recommendations for good practice are exemplary of veterinary medicine in the health sector, as set out in the New Public Management doctrine. Based in principle on the knowledge derived from the evidence, they must be based on scientific legitimacy. In France, they are produced and disseminated by economic agencies which work with health insurance to provide information to me and to provide a framework for the practice of health care and public health objectives on behalf of May. In order to achieve these objectives without directly calling into question the autonomy of the profession, the promoters of good practice are multiplying the tools, particularly conventional ones, of their integration. ; International audience ; The recommendations for good practice are exemplary of veterinary medicine in the health sector, as set out in the New Public Management doctrine. Based in principle on the knowledge derived from the evidence, they must be based on scientific legitimacy. In France, they are produced and disseminated by economic agencies which work with health insurance to provide information to me and to provide a framework for the practice of health care and public health objectives on behalf of May. In order to achieve these objectives without directly calling into question the autonomy of the profession, the promoters of good practice are multiplying the tools, particularly conventional ones, of their integration. ; Les recommandations de bonne pratique sont exemplaires de la gouvernementalité néo-libérale dans le secteur de la santé, telle qu'à l'œuvre dans la doctrine du New Public Management. Basées en principe sur le savoir issu de la médecine des preuves, elles bénéficient de l'aura d'une légitimité scientifique. En France, elles sont produites et diffusées par des agences étatiques qui œuvrent avec l'Assurance maladie pour réguler l'information médicale et encadrer les pratiques, au nom de la maîtrise des dépenses de santé, de la qualité des soins dispensés et d'objectifs de ...

"what are they living and what are they dead in social democracy", called for Tony Judt in one of its latest texts? Fabien Escalona replied: social democracy is not dead as an electoral force, but if it is to preserve its core identity, it will have to provide new answers to the social question. ; " Qu'y-a-t-il qui de vivant et qu'y-a-t-il de mort dans la social-démocratie ", demandait Tony Judt dans un de ses derniers textes ? Fabien Escalona y répond : la social-démocratie n'est pas morte en tant que force électorale, mais si elle veut préserver son cœur identitaire, elle devra apporter de nouvelles réponses à la question sociale.

The tonitruant announcement of several plans to remove large illegal habitat in Languedoc-Roussillon is rarely followed up. Better, the provision of many services (electricity, water, sanitation) and taxation of cabins raises doubts as to whether there is a real desire to eradicate these houses without building permits. This text proposes several successive levels of analysis of this apparent laxity. Indeed, the game around divergent values (environmental versus social) is part of a political process aimed at culturally and effectively rebuilding social hierarchies. ; International audience This text wants to focus on the ambiguous officials' response to South of France important illegal housing process: the public denunciations without efficient politic struggle, the help to provide supplies and the payment by residents of local taxes indubitably legitimate these illegal houses. The analysis emphasizes on different levels of a cultural construction of the social and spatial hierarchies that has become a major mean to exercise power. ; The tonitruant announcement of several plans to remove large illegal habitat in Languedoc-Roussillon is rarely followed up. Better, the provision of many services (electricity, water, sanitation) and taxation of cabins raises doubts as to whether there is a real desire to eradicate these houses without building permits. This text proposes several successive levels of analysis of this apparent laxity. Indeed, the game around divergent values (environmental versus social) is part of a political process aimed at culturally and effectively rebuilding social hierarchies. ; L'annonce tonitruante de plusieurs plans de suppression de l'important habitat illégal dans la région Languedoc-Roussillon est rarement suivie d'effets. Mieux, la mise à disposition de nombreux services (électricité, eau, assainissement) et l'imposition foncière des cabanes amènent à douter d'une réelle volonté d'éradiquer ces maisons sans permis de construire. Ce texte propose plusieurs niveaux successifs d'analyse ...

2104 2106 36 11 ; S ; This paper was published in OPTICS LETTERS and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OL.36.002104. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law [EN] Single-wall carbon nanotube deposition on the cladding of optical fibers has been carried out to fabricate an all-fiber nonlinear device. Two different nanotube deposition techniques were studied. The first consisted of repeatedly immersing the optical fiber into a nanotube supension, increasing the thickness of the coating in each step. The second deposition involved wrapping a thin film of nanotubes around the optical fiber. For both cases, interaction of transmitted light through the fiber core with the external coating was assisted by the cladding mode resonances of a tilted fiber Bragg grating. Ultrafast nonlinear effects of the nanotube-coated fiber were measured by means of a pump-probe pulses experiment. © 2011 Optical Society of America. This work was financially supported by the European Commission under the FP7 EURO-FOS Network of Excellence (ICT-2007-2-224402), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia SINADEC project (TEC2008-06333), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The work of G. E. Villanueva was supported by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia Formación de Profesorado Universitario programs. The work of P. Pérez-Millán was supported by the Juan de la Cierva program, JCI-2009-05805. Villanueva Ibáñez, GE.; Jakubinek, M.; Simard, B.; Oton Nieto, CJ.; Matres Abril, J.; Shao, L.; Pérez Millán, P. (2011). Linear and nonlinear optical properties of carbon nanotube-coated single-mode optical fiber gratings. Optics Letters. 36(11):2104-2106. https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.36.002104 Sakakibara, Y., Rozhin, A. G., Kataura, H., Achiba, Y., & Tokumoto, M. (2005). Carbon ...

International audience Nuclear power and solar photovoltaic energy conversion often compete for policy support, which governs economic viability. This paper compares current subsidization of the nuclear industry with providing equivalent support to manufacturing photovoltaic modules. Current U.S. indirect nuclear insurance subsidies are reviewed and the power, energy and financial outcomes of this indirect subsidy are compared to equivalent amounts for indirect subsidies (loan guarantees) for photovoltaic manufacturing using a model that holds economic values constant for clarity. The preliminary analysis indicates that if only this one relatively ignored indirect subsidy for nuclear power was diverted to photovoltaic manufacturing, it would result in more installed power and more energy produced by mid-century. By 2110 cumulative electricity output of solar would provide an additional 48,600TW-hrs over nuclear worth $5.3 trillion. The results clearly show that not only does the indirect insurance liability subsidy play a significant factor for nuclear industry, but also how the transfer of such an indirect subsidy from the nuclear to photovoltaic industry would result in more energy over the life cycle of the technologies.

International audience Most African countries struggle with food production and food security. These issues are expected to be even more severe in the face of climate change. Our study examines the likely impacts of climate change on agriculture with a view to propose adaptation options, especially in hard hit regions. We use a crop model to evaluate the impact of various sowing decisions on the water satisfaction index (WSI) and thus the yield of maize crop. The crop model is run for 176 stations over southern Africa, subject to climate scenarios downscaled from 6 GCMs. The sensitivity of these simulations is analysed so as to distinguish the contributions of sowing decisions to yield variation. We compare the WSI change between a 20 year control period (1979-1999) and a 20 year future period (2046-2065) over southern Africa. These results highlight areas that will likely be negatively affected by climate change over the study region. We then calculate the contribution of sowing decisions to yield variation, first for the control period, then for the future period. This contribution (sensitivity) allows us to distinguish the efficiency of adaptation decisions under both present and future climate. In most countries rainfall in the sowing dekad is shown to contribute more significantly to the yield variation and appears as a long term efficient decision to adapt. We discuss these results and additional perspectives in order to propose local adaptation directions.

This study is intended to define what Giovanni Villani describes in 'Nuova cronica'. An analysis of the way in which the various parts of the universe traditionally exposed by the Encyclopedists of the Middle Ages are depicted and included in the speech highlights the links between the world and Florence elsewhere, and attempts to demonstrate the originality of its representation. ; International audience ; This study is intended to define what Giovanni Villani describes in 'Nuova cronica'. An analysis of the way in which the various parts of the universe traditionally exposed by the Encyclopedists of the Middle Ages are depicted and included in the speech highlights the links between the world and Florence elsewhere, and attempts to demonstrate the originality of its representation. ; Cette étude est destinée à définir l'ailleurs que décrit Giovanni Villani dans la "Nuova cronica". L'analyse de la représentation, dans cette chronique, des diverses parties de l'univers traditionnellement exposées par les Encyclopédistes du Moyen Âge et de leur insertion dans le discours met en évidence les liens qui unissent cet ailleurs à Florence, et tente de démontrer l'originalité de sa représentation.

Community Driven Development (CDD) programs are an extremely important component of the World Bank's portfolio in the developing world, representing close to $7 billion in 2003, yet solid empirical evidence on their impact is relatively scarce, especially for Subsaharan Africa. In this paper, we consider the impact on access to basic services, household expenditures and child anthropometrics of the PNIR (Programme National d'Infrastructures Rurales) CDD project in Senegal using a unique multidimensional panel dataset on rural households that we followed over a two-year period. Using a variety of estimation procedures, including instrumental variables, and working at different levels of aggregation, we find no evidence for an impact of the PNIR on household expenditures, but find statistically significant effects of the program on access by villagers to clean water and health services, as well as on two standard measures of child malnutrition. The latter effects are particularly important, quantitatively, for children in poor households. The identification strategy we adopt in order to assess the impact of completed projects on beneficiary welfare highlights the importance of the role played by village chiefs and sub-regional politics in determining which eligible villages receive projects and which villages do not.

Teacher training is at the heart of public policy concerns in Europe and worldwide, as evidenced by various reforms. In France, a reform of the training of teachers of the first and second levels, introduced from the beginning of 2010, is still the subject of serious controversy in universities, politics, among practising teachers and pupils' parents. Training is a matter for universities (university training institutes (IUFM) are integrated into a university), future teachers must have a master's degree in order to validate their success in competitions for school professors or second level teachers. ; International audience ; Teacher training is at the heart of public policy concerns in Europe and worldwide, as evidenced by various reforms. In France, a reform of the training of teachers of the first and second levels, introduced from the beginning of 2010, is still the subject of serious controversy in universities, politics, among practising teachers and pupils' parents. Training is a matter for universities (university training institutes (IUFM) are integrated into a university), future teachers must have a master's degree in order to validate their success in competitions for school professors or second level teachers. ; La formation des enseignants est au coeur des préoccupations des politiques publiques en Europe et dans le monde, comme en témoignent diverses réformes. En France, une réforme de la formation des enseignants du premier et du second degrés, mise en place à partir de la rentrée 2010, est encore actuellement l'objet de vives polémiques dans les milieux universitaires, les milieux politiques, parmi les enseignants en exercice et les parents d'élèves. La formation est dévolue aux universités (les Instituts universitaires de formation des maîtres (IUFM) sont intégrés à une université), les futurs enseignants doivent être titulaires d'un master pour valider leur réussite aux concours de professeur des écoles ou de professeur du second degré.

ServPPIN is a research project focusing on the role of public and private services in growth and welfare and the particular role of public-private innovation networks (PPINs). Service public-private innovation networks (ServPPINs) are a new phenomenon across the EU. These collaborative alliances between public and private sector organisations bring together and develop complementarities and synergies between the different types of knowledge, technologies, competences, and services that each partner specialises in.The main objectives of the project were to identify the linkages between services, economic and social growth, and to understand the contribution of service innovations in the current economy and society, as well as any differences that may exist between the public and private sectors. This requires an understanding how public-private sector interactions function in the context of services, and how they can be better managed by private and public sector policy-makers to increase performance and welfare. It also requires an understanding of the characteristics of public-private service networks that induce innovation, and therefore growth, employment and welfare.The theoretical and empirical fieldwork has involved cross-country and cross-sector empirical analysis. To define the service innovation and service public-private innovation networks concept, and to guide the interface between theory and empirical research, the project has developed an analytical framework for studying multiinstitutional networks. The empirical research has followed a three-pronged approach at macro-, meso- and micro- economic levels including case studies covering the major service sectors of health, transport, tourism and knowledge intensive services.The key findings of the project are:1. Services are essential sources for growth which provide new value-added . There are different patterns of services development across the enlarged EU, and the variety of service economies models are embedded in diverse social andinstitutional ...

Using a sample of European commercial banks over the period 1993-2006, we show that market discipline significantly and positively affects banks' capital buffer. By distinguishing junior from senior debt holders, we find that both types of investors exert a pressure on banks to hold more capital but that the pressure exerted by junior debt holders is higher. Furthermore, junior debt holders exert a pressure on banks whatever the importance of their non-traditional activities. By contrast, we find that senior debt holders exert a pressure only on banks that are heavily involved in non-traditional activities that are badly taken into account in the current bank capital regulation framework. These results might help us to better understand the role of market discipline as a complement to capital regulation.

19758 19774 19 20 ; Senia ; This paper was published in OPTICS EXPRESS and is made available as an electronic reprint with the permission of OSA. The paper can be found at the following URL on the OSA website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.019758. Systematic or multiple reproduction or distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law The concept of filtered Microwave Photonic Links is proposed in order to provide the most general and versatile description of complex analog photonic systems. We develop a field propagation model where a global optical filter, characterized by its optical transfer function, embraces all the intermediate optical components in a linear link. We assume a non-monochromatic light source characterized by an arbitrary spectral distribution which has a finite linewidth spectrum and consider both intensity modulation and phase modulation with balanced and single detection. Expressions leading to the computation of the main figures of merit concerning the link gain, noise and intermodulation distortion are provided which, to our knowledge, are not available in the literature. The usefulness of this derivation resides in the capability to directly provide performance criteria results for complex links just by substituting in the overall closed-form formulas the numerical or measured optical transfer function characterizing the link. This theory is presented thus as a potential tool for a wide range of relevant microwave photonic application cases which is extendable to multiport radio over fiber systems. © 2011 Optical Society of America. The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support given by the Research Excellency Award Program GVA PROMETEO 2008/092. Gasulla Mestre, I.; Capmany Francoy, J. (2011). Analytical model and figures of merit for filtered Microwave photonic links. Optics Express. 19(20):19758-19774. doi:10.1364/OE.19.019758

In 1982, Professor René Küss pleaded on television for a protocol calling for a distinction to be made between 'true' and 'false' trans': 'true trans' do not cause any disorder in gender; they are granted exceptional assistance (the operation) whereby — men who have become women or women who have become men — they are in the order of gender and identity. That is one of the first expressions of what I propose to call the 'therapeutic shield', a formula which seems appropriate to reflect the ambiguity of the position thus defended. In the next three decades, transidentary statements and the prevailing ideology of 'caterers' are met. In line with the dynamics of Gender Studies, the Non-Protocol Transe engages in a broad movement of societal, political and philosophical demands, while the 'caregivers' defend their status and expertise as doctors and 'professionals'. Is the 'therapeutic shield' no longer for its supporters than the last vestiture of an era marked by the collapse of a second, legal shield, which guarantees that the free provision of civil status remains an exception? On these issues that deeply question our societies' self-representations, maybe the time has come to unlock the path of social sciences and humanities research, opening it in particular to the new paradigms initiated by the Genre Studies. ; International audience In 1982, Professor René Küss made a televised call for a defined procedure to distinguish between "real" and "false" trans people: stating that people who are "real transgender" cause no disorder to the gender order ; they can be afforded exceptional assistance (an operation) through which men can become women and women can become men, bringing them into the gender and identity order. This was the one of the first expressions of what we propose to call the "therapeutic shield", an expression which highlights the ambiguity of the position he defended. During the three following decades we observe a confrontation between the need for self-affirmation by those identifying as trans ...