Suchergebnisse

[Inglese] This doctoral dissertation explores aspects of the language of conflict in Northern Ireland. In this area, the conflict between Unionists and Republicans, Catholic and Protestants has been raging on for centuries, reaching its most recent peak with the 1970s so-called 'Troubles'. Today, after almost four decades of physical violence, as the peace process unfolds, the fight seems to have moved from paramilitary action onto political debate – a war of words is slowly replacing real war. For this study, a written corpus has been collected, comprising the annual party conference speeches from the past ten years by the leaders of the two main and opposed political parties of Northern Ireland: the President of the Republican Sinn Féin party, Gerry Adams, and the president of the Protestant Democratic Unionist Party, Ian Paisley. By comparing texts by these politicians, who have been on the Northern Irish scene for over thirty years, it should be possible to observe the development of their discourse from a diachronic perspective. A Critical Discourse Analysis approach is considered particularly suitable for dealing with political speeches, but contributions from different fields and disciplines are also considered. The discourse analysis of the texts collected is supported by computer-aided analysis. Two aspects are being focussed on, in particular: 1) the overall influence of language on politics, i.e. how words are used to exercise power; and 2) the use of same/different argumentative structures by the same orators to discuss same/different subjects over the years. It is hoped that the present study may help clarify aspects of the evolution of political discourse in Northern Ireland, in general, and of the argumentative skills and strategies of the above two politicians, in particular. [Italiano] La presente tesi di dottorato esplora alcuni aspetti del linguaggio del conflitto nell'Irlanda del Nord. In questa regione, il conflitto fra Lealisti (o Unionisti) e Repubblicani, Cattolici e Protestanti, imperversa com'è noto da secoli, e ha raggiunto il suo apice in tempi recenti nei cosiddetti "Troubles" (disordini) degli anni 1970. Dopo quasi quattro decenni di violenze, pare oggi che il processo di pace si stia sviluppando positivamente e che la lotta stia lentamente spostandosi dalle strade ai palazzi di governo: una guerra di parole sta fortunatamente soppiantando la guerra vera. Per questa ricerca, è stato raccolto un corpus formato dai discorsi tenuti alle conferenze annuali di partito dai leaders dei due principali e contrapposti partiti politici nordirlandesi: il Presidente del repubblicano Sinn Féin, Gerry Adams, e quello del protestante Democratic Unionist Party, Ian Paisley. Confrontando i testi di questi politici, che si muovono sulla scena politica locale da più di trent'anni, dovrebbe essere possibile osservare lo sviluppo delle caratteristiche del loro discorso dal punto di vista diacronico. Trattandosi di testi di natura politica, si ritiene particolarmente adatto un approccio di analisi critica del discorso; sono tuttavia considerati contributi da altri campi e discipline. L'analisi del discorso dei testi raccolti sarà supportata da tecniche di analisi computazionale. Sono due, in particolare, gli aspetti che saranno maggiormente trattati: 1) l'influenza generale della lingua sulla politica, cioè come le parole siano usate per esercitare potere; e 2) l'uso di strutture argomentative simili o differenti, da parte dei medesimi oratori, nel discutere i medesimi argomenti nel corso degli anni. Si spera, in generale, che la presente ricerca contribuisca a chiarire aspetti dell'evoluzione del discorso politico dell'Irlanda del Nord e, in particolare, delle abilità e strategie argomentative dei due politici considerati.

The European Commission publishes documents containing proposals for Community actions in many different areas. Primarily they are documents addressed to interested parties – organizations and individuals, who are invited to participate in a process of consultation and debate. In some areas, such as education, they provide an impetus for subsequent legislation. These documents, sometimes, follow discussion papers published to launch a consultation process at European level. While discussion papers set out a range of ideas presented for public discussion and debate, document papers contain an official set of proposal in specific areas and are used as vehicles for Community development. The aim of this contribution is to identify through public official European documents some opportunities in the field of education, especially in combating social exclusion, and to assess how important . the teacher's work is in giving students confidence in learning languages. People often speak about "World Peace", but they often don't know how to start turning violence, war, terrorism in to peace actions. Promoting European ideas in the field of education is the first step to develop this aim. My opinion is that school and university must be closely associated in the operation of the EU supporting it with specific programmes.

The aim of this article is to discuss the fundamental features and the main avenues of the development of the modern Italian language. A great many specialists express their concern over the excessive influence of the spoken language on the morphosyntactic structures of the written language, which is evidenced by, among other things, the use o f repetitions, pleonasms, a lack of discourse coherence as well as rampant use of ready-made expressions copied from the "jargon" used in politics, or the language used by publicists or by bureaucrats. Another problem which is raised by contemporary linguists is the relation between the national language and dialects. Researchers are not in agreement as to the extent to which the Italian language is spread among dialectophones and the mutual influence of these two codes. Finally, attention is drawn to trends in the contemporary Italian language. ; The aim of this article is to discuss the fundamental features and the main avenues of the development of the modern Italian language. A great many specialists express their concern over the excessive influence of the spoken language on the morphosyntactic structures of the written language, which is evidenced by, among other things, the use o f repetitions, pleonasms, a lack of discourse coherence as well as rampant use of ready-made expressions copied from the "jargon" used in politics, or the language used by publicists or by bureaucrats. Another problem which is raised by contemporary linguists is the relation between the national language and dialects. Researchers are not in agreement as to the extent to which the Italian language is spread among dialectophones and the mutual influence of these two codes. Finally, attention is drawn to trends in the contemporary Italian language.

Since Rawl's A theory of justice, political philosophy has been haunted by the moral and epistemic problem of justification. The growing awareness of the irreducibility of human disagreement has increased a sense of uneasiness towards the ambivalence of pluralism (a requirement for the flourishing of individuals and a constant source of conflict) that, in turn, has fostered the hope that rationality, in its public use, could help us in grounding the social order on more stable basis. Although Stanley Cavell is not usually considered a significant participant in this debate, through his work he has developed an original and strong interpretation of the nature of justification and rationality. Cavell's search for a new conception of rationality starts from an analysis of the rationality immanent to the use of ordinary language. This model of explanation, whose origins are to be found in the teaching of Wittgenstein and Austin, is then extended and articulated through an analysis of aesthetic judgment. This vantage point is successively used by Cavell in order to redefine the epistemological categories of political and moral philosophy. Cavell's moral and political philosophy is based on an original account of practical rationality and justification built over the concepts of claim, articulation and expression. As Cavell himself has never offered a complete account of his theory of rationality, in this paper I provide a wide reconstruction of the linguistic, aesthetic and moral steps through which this theory has been developed.