Suchergebnisse

Analysis of Alternatives of Old-Age Pension System: Lithuania's Case The problem of the research – demographic and social challenges are the cause of necessity to improve Old-Age Pension System and alternative analysis of complex old-age pension system is not carried out. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to accomplish the analysis of complex Lithuanian's old-age pension system. Essential social and demographic reasons are the main cause to accomplish this analysis: the average pension is less than the poverty level in the country and in 2015-2040 the number of pensioners will grow from 19 to 32 per cent of the population as a whole. Also, the pension system is changed on average every five years. Although it is possible to find the analyses carried out in pension reforms which usually place limits on assessment of State Social Insurance Fund and the second pillar of the pension system and an alternative analysis of pension system; however, there is no complex analysis which would be carried out according operalisational criteria. The problem raised by study has been dealt with on the basis of the public policy analysis method. Six alternatives are brought out in this paper: changing the pensions system setting – indexation, conditions for participation in the second pillar pension adjustment, a new pension scheme based on National Defined Contribution account (NDC) and according to the pension reform which was carried out by the XVII Government. Assessment of Old-age pension system alternatives has been carried out on the basis of three criteria: adequacy, sustainability and actuarial justice. The adequacy criteria have been set like the ratio of the country's average old-age pension and wage. Sustainability criteria evaluates the status of the old-age pension budget and the balance of the budget in previous years. Actuarial justice counted like the ratio how much is social insurance contribution which returns over pension benefits. Analysis is carried out by developing alternative models and calculation of criteria on the basis of a programming language R, mathematics and forecasting the financial year 2018-2060. An essential assumption is the population prognosis, which is prepared by Eurostat. The analysis of Lithuania's old-age pension system shows that one of the best status quo alternatives is pension system based on NDC account. Compared to other alternatives this system determines the best actuarial justice. Also, the system is sustainable, because the ability to respond flexibly to economic and demographic changes. Adequacy of the NDC system is moderate in comparison to other systems. However, improvements can be made by changing the formula for calculating the amount of pension in this work. According to the findings of the analysis the establishment of NDC account could become the object of public policy agenda. The pension reform, which was suggested by the XVII Government, does not make a big influence on the criteria of adequacy and actuarial justice in comparison to status quo. So, basically, the suggested reform will not solve the issue of the small pensions or effective involvement in the second pillar of the pension system. On the other hand, there is a risk, in respect of sustainability. The differences between the alternative, whether or not containing in the second pillar, it can be seen that in those systems that contain the accumulation the adequacy and actuarial justice is greater than in the case when there is no any accumulation. However, the sustainability criteria are better in places where there are not the second pension pillar. The results of the work show that in case of voluntary accumulation, like in alternative of status quo, the sustainability of the old-age pension can be accessed. Also, the indexation changes have different effects on the sustainability and adequacy criteria. The choice of the indexation coefficient should be linked to the duration of the impact

The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.

The final Master's work topic in Public Sector Economics is relevant since gender mainstreaming in the budget – is one of guarantees of high economic power. Legislation is insufficient to prevent gender inequality, which is deeply rooted in our society and supports the stereotypical approach to men's and women's roles. The main problem in this work: budget – one of the most important tools in implementing the decisions taken by politicians, that is way the opinion that it is and should be gender-neutral is false and, from a state of economic growth and the country's welfare perspective, costs a lot to society. The research subject is gender-sensitive budget, which may improve the gender analysis of the state budget in the context of resource allocation. The integration of gender aspect in the budget is a process when the the state budget is being considered, in order to determine whether it evaluates different social roles of men and women, and modifications are being suggested in order to implement the actual gender equality. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the importance of gender aspect, when the state budget is being formed. Currently, the allotment of budget in Lithuania does not consider gender, hereby inequality between women and men increases. To achieve the higher mentioned aim the tasks are put in: 1. to lay the analysis of foreign countries and Lithuania in the context of gender equality; 2. to justify the necessity of gender-sensitive budget in Lithuania; 3. to investigate the women's impact on gross domestic product (GDP) in Lithuania; 4. when the anlysis of the state and munivipal budgets is done, to compare their expense in the context of gender aspect; 5. to explore the tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets in the context of gender aspect; 6. to compare the tax burden, that goes to men and women; 7. to analyse the role of gender in large and small and medium business; 8. to investigate the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status. Hypotheses in this work: 1. Lithuanian GDP structure does not reflect this important economic sector, as the so-called reproductive economy, which is "responsible" for the reproduction of human potential and for quality of human resources, and in wich value-added is being generated as well. And that brings marked contribution to the country's GDP. Human resource and labor costs remain invisible in the economy, reproductive work remains outside of the country's GDP, it can't be measured and paid; 2. State budget is not gender neutral. The allocation of expenditure affects differently upon women's and men's social and economical status. Herewith, the revenue and expenditure of budget is under the negative influence of gender asymmetry; 3. State and municipal budgets in Lithuania are actually formed in gender philosophy. Gender asymmetry could be seen when the expenditure of national budget is being allocated . In this way, gender inequalities are being kind of encouraged; 4. The existing tax system in Lithuania have unequal impact on women's and men's social-economic situation. Higher tax burden goes to women than men. Methods used in this work: 1. the analysis of data and graphs of the Department of Statistics and the Ministry of Finance; 2. the analysis of the expense and tax revenue of the state and municipal budgets; 3. regression analysis (statistical program Eviews); 4. graphic analysis (Excel). The combination of econometric and economic research parts, has shown that the meat prices, excluding value added tax (supplier prices), does not affect the cash flow of household consumption expenditure for meat. Therefore the benefit of the concession does not reach the end user (a woman), and so it devolves upon on supplier (a man). All of the above hypotheses have been adopted, when the data analysis and research was done. The principal conclusions were that there is obvious gender inequality in the state budget, women pay more taxes and receive lower part of allocations, also the tx concession that is devoted to consumers (women) doesn't "reach" them and sinks in the suppliers (men) profit. The first part is devoted to analyse the theoretical aspects and to describe the gender equality programs that were put in practice in Lithuania and other foreign countries. The second part is devoted to the structural and dynamic analysis in gender aspect of expense of state and municipal budgets in Lithuania. There was also studied women's contribution to GDP in Lithuania. In the third paragraph there was analyzed tax revenue of the national budget and the tax burden on the public and private sectors in gender aspect. In this part with the aid of statistical program Eviews and Excel there has been also analyzed the affect of value added tax concession for food on women's economical and social status.

In this resarch the problems of the 1991 Lithuanian Land Reform are being analyzed. The main problem is that starting the Reform mentioned Lithuania's legislature didn't postpone the desicion of the Parliament, 26th of July, 1990, regarding establishement of the personal farming of villagers. According to the idea of the restitution, based in Lithuania's legal constitutional tradition and based on the just expectations, Land Reform should have been great democratical project, partly restoring previous civil order, which was destroyed by the Soviet occupation by nacionalizing all immovable property. In this paper having analysed Lithuania's scientific papers regarding Land Reform issues author didn't choose solely thoeretical analysis as Lithuanian scientist didn't analyse this problem of two social groups interests claiming the right to the same piece of land. That is why author used broad range of the social science methodology, interviewed plaintiffs and land owners, analyzed Lithuanian Supreme Court's practice regarding cases between personal farm owner and the real owner of the same land according to the restitution idea. It is concluded that Lithuanian Land Reform partly collapsed because the law of the restitution didn't come into practice what means that law remained unimplemented. The results of the research suggest that not only legislature didn't guarantee the due process of law during the Land Reform, but also judges and the attorneys where not ready for such kind of cases and most of the time such cases where decided wrongly - not following legal practice rules which where adopted by Lithuanian Supreme Court already long time ago. The biggest Lithuania's problem is that there is no mechanism of controlling judges, the rules regarding control of judges as it is shown in the case study example doesn't work in practice in Lithuania. Author states that on of the biggest problems in the process of the restitution of the land property was the fact that officials of the legislature didn't implement valid Land laws, but all the work of interpreting law have left to judges. As until now there is no adequate control of judges in Lithuania, and only since 2009 there is practice of the concuring oppinion in Lithuania's courts, restitution of the land property of such land, which is ruled by the third parties – so called personal farming land owners – becomes very complicated and hardly it is succesfull to achieve restitution of the land property, when legislature, state's officials and even courts many times refuse to use valid Land laws in legal practice. In this research author derives 4 existing rules of the legal practice regarding cases where restitution problems are being solved. Regarding those rules author analyses court cases and investigates, whether judges have followed those specific rules. In this work author points at the problems of the legal science in Lithuania, when during two decades of independence no scientific research regarding chosen problem has been done. Legal scientists most often make no practical research, but mostly rewrite the norms and laws, claiming, that the idea of the restitution of the land property was constitutional and democratical approach of the state. No practical difficulties trying to protect the rights promised in the Constitution are being analyzed. That comes from the Soviet times when the science and the courts were strongly controlled by the Comunist party. But nowadays in the author's oppinion there is nothing to fear and land reform's problems must be analyzed trying to find out the main reasons that caused difficulties of the restitution of the property in Lithuania in those areas where big groups of people received personal farming land ownership. In this research author makes case analysis analyzing cases of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, also one case which is pending at the moment in Kaunas district court and concludes that during land reform big mechanism of controlling and terorizing land owners has been created, and this mechanism can cause situations that land owner would give up because of the activities of judges, procecutors, states lawyers and the lawyers of the defendants. Respondent analysis shows that many times lawyers has worked not for the interests of the clients in such kind of cases. Courts made desicions following emotions, corruption and other factors, incompatible with the valid law regarding Land Resform and the Civil Process Law. The analysis of the Supreme Court Cases show that in some cases courts didn't follow their own practice and legal rules, broke the law and Government's desicions concerning personal farming land's legal regulation. In this research 2 hypothesis are being raised. The first hypothesis suggests that some parts of the law concerning restitution of property in Lithuania have left as dead norms of the law, because were never implemented and used in real legal practice, if officials refused to follow those norms. The second hypothesis states, that the process was initially made controversial because of the valid law concerning fullfilling needs of the villagers distributing pieces of land of 2 hectares in the villages. It is also concluded, that according to political philosophy, such project had to collapse, as marxism is incompatible with liberalism, as well as public law gets into conflict with the private law. The results of the research suggest that even though the land was given to the third parties as the personal farming land, it is not a factor that can ban real land owner from the implementing his right of the restitution to such land property.

In this resarch the problems of the 1991 Lithuanian Land Reform are being analyzed. The main problem is that starting the Reform mentioned Lithuania's legislature didn't postpone the desicion of the Parliament, 26th of July, 1990, regarding establishement of the personal farming of villagers. According to the idea of the restitution, based in Lithuania's legal constitutional tradition and based on the just expectations, Land Reform should have been great democratical project, partly restoring previous civil order, which was destroyed by the Soviet occupation by nacionalizing all immovable property. In this paper having analysed Lithuania's scientific papers regarding Land Reform issues author didn't choose solely thoeretical analysis as Lithuanian scientist didn't analyse this problem of two social groups interests claiming the right to the same piece of land. That is why author used broad range of the social science methodology, interviewed plaintiffs and land owners, analyzed Lithuanian Supreme Court's practice regarding cases between personal farm owner and the real owner of the same land according to the restitution idea. It is concluded that Lithuanian Land Reform partly collapsed because the law of the restitution didn't come into practice what means that law remained unimplemented. The results of the research suggest that not only legislature didn't guarantee the due process of law during the Land Reform, but also judges and the attorneys where not ready for such kind of cases and most of the time such cases where decided wrongly - not following legal practice rules which where adopted by Lithuanian Supreme Court already long time ago. The biggest Lithuania's problem is that there is no mechanism of controlling judges, the rules regarding control of judges as it is shown in the case study example doesn't work in practice in Lithuania. Author states that on of the biggest problems in the process of the restitution of the land property was the fact that officials of the legislature didn't implement valid Land laws, but all the work of interpreting law have left to judges. As until now there is no adequate control of judges in Lithuania, and only since 2009 there is practice of the concuring oppinion in Lithuania's courts, restitution of the land property of such land, which is ruled by the third parties – so called personal farming land owners – becomes very complicated and hardly it is succesfull to achieve restitution of the land property, when legislature, state's officials and even courts many times refuse to use valid Land laws in legal practice. In this research author derives 4 existing rules of the legal practice regarding cases where restitution problems are being solved. Regarding those rules author analyses court cases and investigates, whether judges have followed those specific rules. In this work author points at the problems of the legal science in Lithuania, when during two decades of independence no scientific research regarding chosen problem has been done. Legal scientists most often make no practical research, but mostly rewrite the norms and laws, claiming, that the idea of the restitution of the land property was constitutional and democratical approach of the state. No practical difficulties trying to protect the rights promised in the Constitution are being analyzed. That comes from the Soviet times when the science and the courts were strongly controlled by the Comunist party. But nowadays in the author's oppinion there is nothing to fear and land reform's problems must be analyzed trying to find out the main reasons that caused difficulties of the restitution of the property in Lithuania in those areas where big groups of people received personal farming land ownership. In this research author makes case analysis analyzing cases of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, also one case which is pending at the moment in Kaunas district court and concludes that during land reform big mechanism of controlling and terorizing land owners has been created, and this mechanism can cause situations that land owner would give up because of the activities of judges, procecutors, states lawyers and the lawyers of the defendants. Respondent analysis shows that many times lawyers has worked not for the interests of the clients in such kind of cases. Courts made desicions following emotions, corruption and other factors, incompatible with the valid law regarding Land Resform and the Civil Process Law. The analysis of the Supreme Court Cases show that in some cases courts didn't follow their own practice and legal rules, broke the law and Government's desicions concerning personal farming land's legal regulation. In this research 2 hypothesis are being raised. The first hypothesis suggests that some parts of the law concerning restitution of property in Lithuania have left as dead norms of the law, because were never implemented and used in real legal practice, if officials refused to follow those norms. The second hypothesis states, that the process was initially made controversial because of the valid law concerning fullfilling needs of the villagers distributing pieces of land of 2 hectares in the villages. It is also concluded, that according to political philosophy, such project had to collapse, as marxism is incompatible with liberalism, as well as public law gets into conflict with the private law. The results of the research suggest that even though the land was given to the third parties as the personal farming land, it is not a factor that can ban real land owner from the implementing his right of the restitution to such land property.

In this resarch the problems of the 1991 Lithuanian Land Reform are being analyzed. The main problem is that starting the Reform mentioned Lithuania's legislature didn't postpone the desicion of the Parliament, 26th of July, 1990, regarding establishement of the personal farming of villagers. According to the idea of the restitution, based in Lithuania's legal constitutional tradition and based on the just expectations, Land Reform should have been great democratical project, partly restoring previous civil order, which was destroyed by the Soviet occupation by nacionalizing all immovable property. In this paper having analysed Lithuania's scientific papers regarding Land Reform issues author didn't choose solely thoeretical analysis as Lithuanian scientist didn't analyse this problem of two social groups interests claiming the right to the same piece of land. That is why author used broad range of the social science methodology, interviewed plaintiffs and land owners, analyzed Lithuanian Supreme Court's practice regarding cases between personal farm owner and the real owner of the same land according to the restitution idea. It is concluded that Lithuanian Land Reform partly collapsed because the law of the restitution didn't come into practice what means that law remained unimplemented. The results of the research suggest that not only legislature didn't guarantee the due process of law during the Land Reform, but also judges and the attorneys where not ready for such kind of cases and most of the time such cases where decided wrongly - not following legal practice rules which where adopted by Lithuanian Supreme Court already long time ago. The biggest Lithuania's problem is that there is no mechanism of controlling judges, the rules regarding control of judges as it is shown in the case study example doesn't work in practice in Lithuania. Author states that on of the biggest problems in the process of the restitution of the land property was the fact that officials of the legislature didn't implement valid Land laws, but all the work of interpreting law have left to judges. As until now there is no adequate control of judges in Lithuania, and only since 2009 there is practice of the concuring oppinion in Lithuania's courts, restitution of the land property of such land, which is ruled by the third parties – so called personal farming land owners – becomes very complicated and hardly it is succesfull to achieve restitution of the land property, when legislature, state's officials and even courts many times refuse to use valid Land laws in legal practice. In this research author derives 4 existing rules of the legal practice regarding cases where restitution problems are being solved. Regarding those rules author analyses court cases and investigates, whether judges have followed those specific rules. In this work author points at the problems of the legal science in Lithuania, when during two decades of independence no scientific research regarding chosen problem has been done. Legal scientists most often make no practical research, but mostly rewrite the norms and laws, claiming, that the idea of the restitution of the land property was constitutional and democratical approach of the state. No practical difficulties trying to protect the rights promised in the Constitution are being analyzed. That comes from the Soviet times when the science and the courts were strongly controlled by the Comunist party. But nowadays in the author's oppinion there is nothing to fear and land reform's problems must be analyzed trying to find out the main reasons that caused difficulties of the restitution of the property in Lithuania in those areas where big groups of people received personal farming land ownership. In this research author makes case analysis analyzing cases of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, also one case which is pending at the moment in Kaunas district court and concludes that during land reform big mechanism of controlling and terorizing land owners has been created, and this mechanism can cause situations that land owner would give up because of the activities of judges, procecutors, states lawyers and the lawyers of the defendants. Respondent analysis shows that many times lawyers has worked not for the interests of the clients in such kind of cases. Courts made desicions following emotions, corruption and other factors, incompatible with the valid law regarding Land Resform and the Civil Process Law. The analysis of the Supreme Court Cases show that in some cases courts didn't follow their own practice and legal rules, broke the law and Government's desicions concerning personal farming land's legal regulation. In this research 2 hypothesis are being raised. The first hypothesis suggests that some parts of the law concerning restitution of property in Lithuania have left as dead norms of the law, because were never implemented and used in real legal practice, if officials refused to follow those norms. The second hypothesis states, that the process was initially made controversial because of the valid law concerning fullfilling needs of the villagers distributing pieces of land of 2 hectares in the villages. It is also concluded, that according to political philosophy, such project had to collapse, as marxism is incompatible with liberalism, as well as public law gets into conflict with the private law. The results of the research suggest that even though the land was given to the third parties as the personal farming land, it is not a factor that can ban real land owner from the implementing his right of the restitution to such land property.

The conception of discretion and the possibilities of controlling administrative discretion are studied in this article. The article consist of six parts. The essence and significance of discretion are discussed in the first part of the article. There are three powers in a democratic state. Each of them has certain limited rights of choosing their actions. Those limited rights are called discretion. It is a precondition for each power to execute it's functions independently. It means that each power can make decisions independently. Even having the right of discretion all powers have to obey Constitution, statutes and common principles of law. The legislative administrative discretion is discussed in the second part of the article. The legislative administrative discretion exists because the functions of powers are mixed. The delegation of legislative functions to executive power are related to the legislative administrative discretion. This type of discretion is almost impossible to control. The reason of it is that delegating legislative discretion statutes, which are passed by Seimas, are not concrete. Therefore the executive power can freely choose the means to execute statutes or even to ignore the assignments of Seimas. The concept of administrative discretion, which is different from the legislative administrative discretion, is discussed in the third part of the article. The administrative discretion allows the executive power to choose actions freely, when it is executing its functions of executive power. Administrative legislative discretion allows the executive power to execute quasi-legislative functions. The growth of administrative discretion is analyzed and advantages and disadvantages of this growth are discussed. The differences between administrative discretion and administrative arbitrariness are revealed in the fourth part of the article. Ultra vires doctrine is presented in the fifth part of the article. This doctrine provides the answer to the question whether discretionary powers are abused. The term ultra vires has come from Latin language and means "above power". Three types of ultra vires are discussed separately: 1) the substantive ultra vires, 2) the procedural ultra vires and 3) the abuse of power. The possibilities of controlling administrative discretion in Lithuania are discussed in the fifth part of the article. The powers and possibilities of administrative courts and Seimas' Ombudsman institution to control the use of administrative discretion are analyzed. The conclusion is made that administrative courts have limited possibilities to control the use of administrative discretion. When statutes, which are the reason for administrative power to act, are vague and not concrete, the administrative courts have no possibilities to control the use of administrative discretion. The Seimas' Ombudsman institution has more possibilities to disclose the abuse of discretion, however, it has no power to give orders to correct this abuse. Such power is given to the courts. ; Šiame straipsnyje atskleidžiama diskrecijos samprata bei aptariamos diskrecijos kontrolės galimybės. Straipsnį sudaro šešios dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje aptariama diskrecijos esmė ir reikšmė demokratinėje valstybėje. Demokratinėje valstybėje kiekviena iš trijų valdžių turi tam tikrą veiksmų laisvę, vadinamą diskrecija, kuri sudaro prielaidas kiekvienai iš valdžių savarankiškai vykdyti savąją funkciją, t. y. veikiant savo nuožiūra priimti savarankiškus sprendimus. Tačiau net ir turėdama diskrecijos teisę kiekviena valdžia turi paisyti Konstitucijos, įstatymų ir bendrųjų teisės principų. Antrojoje dalyje aptariama legislatyvinė administracijos diskrecija, atsirandanti dėl tam tikro valdžių funkcijų persipynimo. Teisėkūros funkcijos perdavimas vykdomajai valdžiai yra susijęs su legislatyvine administracijos diskrecijos teise, kurios praktiškai neįmanoma kontroliuoti, nes Seimo priimti aktai, deleguojantys legislatyvinę diskreciją, dažnai yra deklaratyvūs, todėl vykdančioji institucija gali gana laisvai pasirinkti įstatymo įgyvendinimo veiklos variantus arba netgi ignoruoti Seimo pavedimus. Trečiojoje dalyje pateikiama administracinės diskrecijos samprata, kuri skiriasi nuo legislatyvinės administracijos diskrecijos tuo, kad pirmuoju atveju administracija naudojasi veiksmų laisve, vykdydama savo, kaip vykdomosios valdžios, funkcijas, tuo tarpu antruoju atveju administracija vykdo kvazilegislatyvines funkcijas, ir toms funkcijoms vykdyti jai suteikiama legislatyvinė diskrecija. Aptariama administracinės diskrecijos didėjimo tendencija ir iš to kylantys privalumai bei trūkumai. Ketvirtojoje dalyje išryškinamas administracinės diskrecijos ir administracinės savivalės skirtumas. Penktojoje dalyje pristatoma ultra vires doktrina, leidžianti įvertinti, ar nebuvo piktnaudžiaujama diskrecijos teise. Terminas ultra vires (lot.) reiškia "virš jėgų". Pateikiamos ir atskirai aptariamos 3 ultra vires rūšys: 1) esminė ultra vires (substantive ultra vires), 2) procedūrinė ultra vires (procedural ultra vires) ir 3) piktnaudžiavimas įgaliojimais (abuse of power). Šeštojoje dalyje aptariamos administracinės diskrecijos taikymo kontrolės galimybės Lietuvoje. Nagrinėjami administracinių teismų ir Seimo kontrolierių įstaigos įgaliojimai ir galimybės patikrinti administracinės diskrecijos taikymo atvejus. Pažymima, jog administracinių teismų galimybė patikrinti, ar administracinė diskrecija buvo tinkamai panaudota, ribota, o kartais jie visai neturi tokios galimybės, jeigu teisės aktai, kuriais remdamasi veikė administracija, yra deklaratyvūs, nekonkretūs ir migloti. Tuo tarpu Seimo kontrolierius turi daugiau galimybių nei administracinis teismas nustatyti, ar konkrečiu atveju buvo pažeistos administracinės diskrecijos panaudojimo ribos, tačiau negali įsakmiai nurodyti ištaisyti dėl netinkamų veiksmų atsiradusią žalą – tai galėtų padaryti teismas.

The work was made by Daiva Cereskiene, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is: Academic youth provision in respect of political values (VPU case). The director of the work is Doc. V. Senkus. The work size is 67 pages. The chosen topic is an important source in rising every time a new looks in the hope that this generation will be characterized by a stronger pro - democracy values, more and more active in civic and political activities than older generations. However, studies indicate that the young generation of Lithuanian population are different from those of older generations in particular, low electoral turnout and poor support for the political community, the younger generation also does not stand a higher activity of public organizations, movements and activities than the older generation, young people still characterized communal solidarity and philanthropic provisions than the older population also raises the question - what determines the success of the political values of political life, political career? The negative aspects of the problem lies in the public opinion to public officials and top representatives of the political will of behavior, which affects many other negative consequences, distrust of power, corruption, low level of participation in elections, noncitizenship, emigration, etc. The paper aims - to reveal the attitudes of young people in political values and to determine which of two factors - lifestyle / cycle or changes in securities - is more important for young people explaining the low level of political participation and confidence in government. The subject of research - Academic Youth provision of political values. The object of research – The young academic peoples of Vilnius Pedagogical University. Objectives: 1. Summarized the values conception, the theoretical aspects and formation and evolution of values in politics in Lithuania since the restoration of independence. 2. To review the political values of academic youth assessments. 3. Discuss the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. 4. On the basis of political values of academic youth provisions in the investigation, disclosure of the youth of political values. The research hypothesis: 1. Families, one of the most important factors in formation value orientations – was proved. The analysis of survey data, we can conclude that the families of the respondents conveyed values: freedom, independence, democracy, equality, justice, patriotism and economic well-being is educated and is a very important aspect of bringing up the younger generation and making them public, humane, national, ethical, moral approach to many areas of life, as well as of the same family. 2. Today's youth are the academic focus of the wealth and the pursuit of personal wealth, leaving aside political values – was proved. So, as we see from the aggregated data, the values of academic youth in the context of values play quite an important place. Unfortunately academic patriotism of youth fades as the assessment of value, arguing that the State itself willy-nilly or skeptical of politicians makes job decisions. Therefore, by assessing the current economic situation, and finally a value in Lithuania, academic and youth tend to give priority to the material well-being and personal values. 3. It is likely that the media, as an important participant in the process of political communication, have an impact on shaping the political value orientations – was proved. Thus, we conclude that the media an important factor in shaping value orientations. Because the media can influence and attract large audiences, politicians send press releases, political advertising commissions, participating in various shows and so on. It is therefore very important for academics to young people to be critical thinking. For those able to assess the knowledge regarding the validity of the information and the detection of weak, less-reasoned arguments, teaching young people are generally able to understand the weak link in the existing management systems and their weaknesses, but also of social development issues. Thus, the current world characterized by information overload every young person should develop a critical and reflective thinking, assessing and adopting a selection of media, politics and education of participants and promoted the formation of information about political values. The work methods: Scientific, regulatory and technical literature analysis. Empirical research is quantitative. The research was made on 2011 April in Vilnius Pedagogical University. Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, theoretical part, which considers: the concept of property descriptors, the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. The practical part presents a research and data analysis. Then presented the final conclusions, bibliography, summaries in Lithuanian and English languages, and accessories. In summary, was found that the highest academic youth being disappointed made by the political will to conduct unethical behavior patterns are often turned away from public spaces for participation and political values, the priority of providing material assets, and personal well-being of the guaranteed values. Academic young people deliberately choose the most important studies to help find a good paying job to help build personal wealth. There are no perspectives to create personal well-being in Lithuania, an increasing number of young people in the academic study of personal wealth venturing abroad, which, according to university students, a more measured man. Insights from the sequence by the finding that young academic, the political will of the highest policy, turned away from public spaces, and hence of political values, and give priority to personal well-being into action.

The work was made by Daiva Cereskiene, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The subject of the work is: Academic youth provision in respect of political values (VPU case). The director of the work is Doc. V. Senkus. The work size is 67 pages. The chosen topic is an important source in rising every time a new looks in the hope that this generation will be characterized by a stronger pro - democracy values, more and more active in civic and political activities than older generations. However, studies indicate that the young generation of Lithuanian population are different from those of older generations in particular, low electoral turnout and poor support for the political community, the younger generation also does not stand a higher activity of public organizations, movements and activities than the older generation, young people still characterized communal solidarity and philanthropic provisions than the older population also raises the question - what determines the success of the political values of political life, political career? The negative aspects of the problem lies in the public opinion to public officials and top representatives of the political will of behavior, which affects many other negative consequences, distrust of power, corruption, low level of participation in elections, noncitizenship, emigration, etc. The paper aims - to reveal the attitudes of young people in political values and to determine which of two factors - lifestyle / cycle or changes in securities - is more important for young people explaining the low level of political participation and confidence in government. The subject of research - Academic Youth provision of political values. The object of research – The young academic peoples of Vilnius Pedagogical University. Objectives: 1. Summarized the values conception, the theoretical aspects and formation and evolution of values in politics in Lithuania since the restoration of independence. 2. To review the political values of academic youth assessments. 3. Discuss the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. 4. On the basis of political values of academic youth provisions in the investigation, disclosure of the youth of political values. The research hypothesis: 1. Families, one of the most important factors in formation value orientations – was proved. The analysis of survey data, we can conclude that the families of the respondents conveyed values: freedom, independence, democracy, equality, justice, patriotism and economic well-being is educated and is a very important aspect of bringing up the younger generation and making them public, humane, national, ethical, moral approach to many areas of life, as well as of the same family. 2. Today's youth are the academic focus of the wealth and the pursuit of personal wealth, leaving aside political values – was proved. So, as we see from the aggregated data, the values of academic youth in the context of values play quite an important place. Unfortunately academic patriotism of youth fades as the assessment of value, arguing that the State itself willy-nilly or skeptical of politicians makes job decisions. Therefore, by assessing the current economic situation, and finally a value in Lithuania, academic and youth tend to give priority to the material well-being and personal values. 3. It is likely that the media, as an important participant in the process of political communication, have an impact on shaping the political value orientations – was proved. Thus, we conclude that the media an important factor in shaping value orientations. Because the media can influence and attract large audiences, politicians send press releases, political advertising commissions, participating in various shows and so on. It is therefore very important for academics to young people to be critical thinking. For those able to assess the knowledge regarding the validity of the information and the detection of weak, less-reasoned arguments, teaching young people are generally able to understand the weak link in the existing management systems and their weaknesses, but also of social development issues. Thus, the current world characterized by information overload every young person should develop a critical and reflective thinking, assessing and adopting a selection of media, politics and education of participants and promoted the formation of information about political values. The work methods: Scientific, regulatory and technical literature analysis. Empirical research is quantitative. The research was made on 2011 April in Vilnius Pedagogical University. Work structure. The work consists of an introduction, theoretical part, which considers: the concept of property descriptors, the factors that influence young people's attitudes to political values. The practical part presents a research and data analysis. Then presented the final conclusions, bibliography, summaries in Lithuanian and English languages, and accessories. In summary, was found that the highest academic youth being disappointed made by the political will to conduct unethical behavior patterns are often turned away from public spaces for participation and political values, the priority of providing material assets, and personal well-being of the guaranteed values. Academic young people deliberately choose the most important studies to help find a good paying job to help build personal wealth. There are no perspectives to create personal well-being in Lithuania, an increasing number of young people in the academic study of personal wealth venturing abroad, which, according to university students, a more measured man. Insights from the sequence by the finding that young academic, the political will of the highest policy, turned away from public spaces, and hence of political values, and give priority to personal well-being into action.

This thesis analyses the concept of inclusive training in scientific literature and its regulation in the normative documents worldwide and in Lithuania, the concept of training assistance to the pupil and the documents regulating this assistance are reviewed as well.The thesis is based on such methodological definitions as critical theory and social constructivism which provide the opportunity to encourage the understanding and activeness of the students, teach the individual person to understand the essence of events and develops his/her capabilities to solve problems. The problem of the research – what could be the system of assistance to the student at school with orientation into the tasks of inclusive training? The subject of the researchis theimprovement of the system of assistance to the student at school with orientation into the tasks of inclusive training. Visaginas "Verdenė" gymnasium case study. The objective of the researchisto substantiate the necessity of the system of assistance to the student at school with orientation into the tasks of inclusive training. Goals of the research 1. On the basis of scientific literature and the analysis of education normative documents to provide the theoretical guidelines for the improvement of the system of assistance to the student at school. 2. To perform an empirical analysis of the existing system of assistance to the student at school in the context of inclusive training. 3. To create a model for the improvement of the existing system of assistance to the student at school. Research methods The case study type of research was chosen (Bitinas, 1996) by selecting one training institution; this is why the qualitative strategy of the research will be followed. However, in this case, it is important to define the context of the inclusive training in which the school operates. To be able to clarify the approaches dominating in this context, the strategy of quantitative research is applied - poll of the general/secondary level teachers of the municipality is performed. The qualitative and the quantitative methods used for the research: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of education normative documents, questioning/poll of the respondents, statistical processing, modeling. On the basis of the performed research data, conclusions are made: The analysis of the research data allows maintaining that the deconstruction of special training and construction of inclusive training in the case study for the above mentioned school can possibly face a serious challenge. The teachers are not sufficiently prepared to provide assistance to their students with orientation towards the inclusive training tasks, and the results received allow to know what knowledge, as related to the inclusive training, the teachers providing the assistance still lack and how it would be possible to help them to improve their knowledge and skills, to organize quality assistance to their students with orientation towards the tasks of inclusive training. 1. After the first goal of the study was performed, i.e. the analysis of the scientific literature, it is possible to maintain that the inclusive training is understood as a continuous and dynamic process in which culture, politics, and practice is created taking into regard the needs of diversity of the students, when diversities and differences are tolerated and they are valued as possible resources, and not considered to be problems. The school shall be changed, not the student, seeking to eliminate all possible obstacles and to ensure the access to training, involvement and participation for every person. The student can take part in the training process on a full value scale and realize his/her skills only when his/her basic needs are satisfied and, at least partially disordered functions, are compensated. The inclusive training is the target which shall depend on the future teachers. 2. The analysis of the normative education documents shows that lots of important decisions were taken in Lithuania seeking to provide studying and learning conditions for children with special needs and with special training needs. The documents which regulate the meeting of special training needs in Lithuania, their methods, and forms, and which are discussed in the context of inclusive training, enforce a variety of training forms. The assistance of the education system is based on a systematic approach and is oriented towards the training of a child in the conventional environment when the assistance is provided not only to the child, but also to the teachers and the family. The assistance to the student is provided in consistent manner on the basis of cooperation principle and upon the basis of joint work of various institutions. 3. When analyzing the documents of the case study it was identified that conditions for the implementation of the inclusive training exist. The assistance system to the student is constructed on the basis of the education normative documents of the country which regulate the assistance in the area of education. This system is institutionalized; the assistance functions are authorized to various institutions and subjects. The original document of the school (The Description of the Procedures for Training Differentiation, Forming of Temporal/Mobile Students Groups and Division of Classes into Groups), reflects the philosophy of the inclusive training. However, in this school, the integration of the students with special needs prevails over the inclusive training. More work is carried out with the children of special needs and with talented children. There was little research on how the teachers are prepared for the inclusive training. This responsibility is ascribed to the special pedagogists, and for talented children – for the responsible pedagogists. On the other hand, the improvement of the competence of the teachers for the inclusive training is organized in a targeted manner. 4. The analsysis of the research data allows to maintain that the school in which the case study was performed has the system of assistance to the student in the stage of training deconstruction and inclusive training construction.

This thesis analyses the concept of inclusive training in scientific literature and its regulation in the normative documents worldwide and in Lithuania, the concept of training assistance to the pupil and the documents regulating this assistance are reviewed as well.The thesis is based on such methodological definitions as critical theory and social constructivism which provide the opportunity to encourage the understanding and activeness of the students, teach the individual person to understand the essence of events and develops his/her capabilities to solve problems. The problem of the research – what could be the system of assistance to the student at school with orientation into the tasks of inclusive training? The subject of the researchis theimprovement of the system of assistance to the student at school with orientation into the tasks of inclusive training. Visaginas "Verdenė" gymnasium case study. The objective of the researchisto substantiate the necessity of the system of assistance to the student at school with orientation into the tasks of inclusive training. Goals of the research 1. On the basis of scientific literature and the analysis of education normative documents to provide the theoretical guidelines for the improvement of the system of assistance to the student at school. 2. To perform an empirical analysis of the existing system of assistance to the student at school in the context of inclusive training. 3. To create a model for the improvement of the existing system of assistance to the student at school. Research methods The case study type of research was chosen (Bitinas, 1996) by selecting one training institution; this is why the qualitative strategy of the research will be followed. However, in this case, it is important to define the context of the inclusive training in which the school operates. To be able to clarify the approaches dominating in this context, the strategy of quantitative research is applied - poll of the general/secondary level teachers of the municipality is performed. The qualitative and the quantitative methods used for the research: analysis of scientific literature, analysis of education normative documents, questioning/poll of the respondents, statistical processing, modeling. On the basis of the performed research data, conclusions are made: The analysis of the research data allows maintaining that the deconstruction of special training and construction of inclusive training in the case study for the above mentioned school can possibly face a serious challenge. The teachers are not sufficiently prepared to provide assistance to their students with orientation towards the inclusive training tasks, and the results received allow to know what knowledge, as related to the inclusive training, the teachers providing the assistance still lack and how it would be possible to help them to improve their knowledge and skills, to organize quality assistance to their students with orientation towards the tasks of inclusive training. 1. After the first goal of the study was performed, i.e. the analysis of the scientific literature, it is possible to maintain that the inclusive training is understood as a continuous and dynamic process in which culture, politics, and practice is created taking into regard the needs of diversity of the students, when diversities and differences are tolerated and they are valued as possible resources, and not considered to be problems. The school shall be changed, not the student, seeking to eliminate all possible obstacles and to ensure the access to training, involvement and participation for every person. The student can take part in the training process on a full value scale and realize his/her skills only when his/her basic needs are satisfied and, at least partially disordered functions, are compensated. The inclusive training is the target which shall depend on the future teachers. 2. The analysis of the normative education documents shows that lots of important decisions were taken in Lithuania seeking to provide studying and learning conditions for children with special needs and with special training needs. The documents which regulate the meeting of special training needs in Lithuania, their methods, and forms, and which are discussed in the context of inclusive training, enforce a variety of training forms. The assistance of the education system is based on a systematic approach and is oriented towards the training of a child in the conventional environment when the assistance is provided not only to the child, but also to the teachers and the family. The assistance to the student is provided in consistent manner on the basis of cooperation principle and upon the basis of joint work of various institutions. 3. When analyzing the documents of the case study it was identified that conditions for the implementation of the inclusive training exist. The assistance system to the student is constructed on the basis of the education normative documents of the country which regulate the assistance in the area of education. This system is institutionalized; the assistance functions are authorized to various institutions and subjects. The original document of the school (The Description of the Procedures for Training Differentiation, Forming of Temporal/Mobile Students Groups and Division of Classes into Groups), reflects the philosophy of the inclusive training. However, in this school, the integration of the students with special needs prevails over the inclusive training. More work is carried out with the children of special needs and with talented children. There was little research on how the teachers are prepared for the inclusive training. This responsibility is ascribed to the special pedagogists, and for talented children – for the responsible pedagogists. On the other hand, the improvement of the competence of the teachers for the inclusive training is organized in a targeted manner. 4. The analsysis of the research data allows to maintain that the school in which the case study was performed has the system of assistance to the student in the stage of training deconstruction and inclusive training construction.

Lithuania had been occupied by the Soviet Union. At that time there was no private property in the Soviet Union and in Lithuania either. When Lithuania became independent its nation chose democracy. Private properties recognition in a legal level was very important part of a new independent countries life. This law branch had to be created almost from the very beginning. But this was not really true. Because it was decided in Lithuania to recognize and restore rights for those people whose property, or whose ancestors' property had been nationalized by the Soviet Union. Also it was decided to regard those people possession who gained it from the Soviet Union, but who in fact hadn't done anything wrong. Restoring old property rights Lithuanias legislators at the same time had constantly to integrate developing new ownership tendencies in the world into Lithuanias legal system in order not to get much behind the other countries. Adjusting all these goals was not easy. And there have been some mistakes. This is the main reason why property survey documents are often inaccurate in Lithuania now. The problem arose mostly because of changing laws regulating land and surveys too often. A situation when a boundary in the contiguous lands surveys doesn't match with each other is quite often in Lithuania nowadays. It is declared, in Lithuanias Civil Code Section 4.45, part 1 that, when there is an argument between the owners because of the boundary of the contiguous lands, the court renders judgment fixing the boundary in accordance with the documents, possession of the parties and other evidence. Masters thesis aim was to find out whether the boundary between the contiguous lands could be fixed in accordance with the possession, when it is not exactly clear by the survey documents? Thesis start with the search what is lands plots boundary and how it is regulated in legal system. Survey shows that a boundary is the line of separation between contiguous lands. It also shows, that in Lithuanias laws plots boundary is not precisely described. Its meaning can be known mostly only from every day language. This gives legal uncertainty. On the other hand, it makes this sphere more flexible and adjustable in different situations. Then thesis analysis focuses on boundaries inaccuracy. The search shows that boundaries inaccuracy definition is not given in laws too. It only can be found in metrologies vocabulary or can be understood by the laws regulating things similar to these norms. Also the search shows, tat inaccuracy of the boundaries between the contiguous lands mostly comes from surveys done according to different laws that has changed during the time period. The outcome according to the laws analysis is done that, land plots boundaries determined during preliminary surveys, later doing cadastral surveys, which are much more accurate, must be left at the same place Boundaries must be fixed, as they were determined during preliminary surveys. In the third thesis chapter is started land possession analysis. Natural possession is the holding of a thing or the enjoyment of a right by some person. Civil possession is the same holding or enjoyment joined to the intent of having the right or thing as his own. Possession acquired and enjoyed in the belief of being owner can serve as a title to acquire ownership. Possession, especially in Lihuania, is hard to prove. People starting possessing land usually think that they are the only claimants to that property. This is why they don't bother to fix it in any way. When there comes necessity to prove possession people find it hard to do. This is why in Lithuania possession cases are problematic. They are often reversed, remanded and appealed. The last part of the work is focused on land plots boundaries determination in accordance with possession, when they are not clear from the surveys. In the first place it is discussed whether land boundaries can be determined in accordance with possession in partition between co-owners. The outcome is done, that it can be determined in accordance with ex co-owners land possession before their separation. Then it is discussed possession importance determining boundary between contiguous lands. Analysis shows, that West countries recognize, that, where there is a visible boundary and where there has been actual uninterrupted possession, either in person or through ancestors in title, for thirty years or more of the land extending beyond that described in the title and embraced within the visible bounds, then the party who possesses acquires the right to the land beyond their title. In Lihuanias law this norm is a little bit more blown of. Determining not clear boundaries between contiguous lands possession is only one of the factors next to documents and other evidence criteria's. So when documents are not clear, court will look to other evidence, not only to adverse possession. On the other hand, other evidence, if they are important, will necessarily play its role in other countries courts, having contiguous lands boundaries determination by adverse possession cases, as a general principle, too.

Lithuania had been occupied by the Soviet Union. At that time there was no private property in the Soviet Union and in Lithuania either. When Lithuania became independent its nation chose democracy. Private properties recognition in a legal level was very important part of a new independent countries life. This law branch had to be created almost from the very beginning. But this was not really true. Because it was decided in Lithuania to recognize and restore rights for those people whose property, or whose ancestors' property had been nationalized by the Soviet Union. Also it was decided to regard those people possession who gained it from the Soviet Union, but who in fact hadn't done anything wrong. Restoring old property rights Lithuanias legislators at the same time had constantly to integrate developing new ownership tendencies in the world into Lithuanias legal system in order not to get much behind the other countries. Adjusting all these goals was not easy. And there have been some mistakes. This is the main reason why property survey documents are often inaccurate in Lithuania now. The problem arose mostly because of changing laws regulating land and surveys too often. A situation when a boundary in the contiguous lands surveys doesn't match with each other is quite often in Lithuania nowadays. It is declared, in Lithuanias Civil Code Section 4.45, part 1 that, when there is an argument between the owners because of the boundary of the contiguous lands, the court renders judgment fixing the boundary in accordance with the documents, possession of the parties and other evidence. Masters thesis aim was to find out whether the boundary between the contiguous lands could be fixed in accordance with the possession, when it is not exactly clear by the survey documents? Thesis start with the search what is lands plots boundary and how it is regulated in legal system. Survey shows that a boundary is the line of separation between contiguous lands. It also shows, that in Lithuanias laws plots boundary is not precisely described. Its meaning can be known mostly only from every day language. This gives legal uncertainty. On the other hand, it makes this sphere more flexible and adjustable in different situations. Then thesis analysis focuses on boundaries inaccuracy. The search shows that boundaries inaccuracy definition is not given in laws too. It only can be found in metrologies vocabulary or can be understood by the laws regulating things similar to these norms. Also the search shows, tat inaccuracy of the boundaries between the contiguous lands mostly comes from surveys done according to different laws that has changed during the time period. The outcome according to the laws analysis is done that, land plots boundaries determined during preliminary surveys, later doing cadastral surveys, which are much more accurate, must be left at the same place Boundaries must be fixed, as they were determined during preliminary surveys. In the third thesis chapter is started land possession analysis. Natural possession is the holding of a thing or the enjoyment of a right by some person. Civil possession is the same holding or enjoyment joined to the intent of having the right or thing as his own. Possession acquired and enjoyed in the belief of being owner can serve as a title to acquire ownership. Possession, especially in Lihuania, is hard to prove. People starting possessing land usually think that they are the only claimants to that property. This is why they don't bother to fix it in any way. When there comes necessity to prove possession people find it hard to do. This is why in Lithuania possession cases are problematic. They are often reversed, remanded and appealed. The last part of the work is focused on land plots boundaries determination in accordance with possession, when they are not clear from the surveys. In the first place it is discussed whether land boundaries can be determined in accordance with possession in partition between co-owners. The outcome is done, that it can be determined in accordance with ex co-owners land possession before their separation. Then it is discussed possession importance determining boundary between contiguous lands. Analysis shows, that West countries recognize, that, where there is a visible boundary and where there has been actual uninterrupted possession, either in person or through ancestors in title, for thirty years or more of the land extending beyond that described in the title and embraced within the visible bounds, then the party who possesses acquires the right to the land beyond their title. In Lihuanias law this norm is a little bit more blown of. Determining not clear boundaries between contiguous lands possession is only one of the factors next to documents and other evidence criteria's. So when documents are not clear, court will look to other evidence, not only to adverse possession. On the other hand, other evidence, if they are important, will necessarily play its role in other countries courts, having contiguous lands boundaries determination by adverse possession cases, as a general principle, too.

Lithuania had been occupied by the Soviet Union. At that time there was no private property in the Soviet Union and in Lithuania either. When Lithuania became independent its nation chose democracy. Private properties recognition in a legal level was very important part of a new independent countries life. This law branch had to be created almost from the very beginning. But this was not really true. Because it was decided in Lithuania to recognize and restore rights for those people whose property, or whose ancestors' property had been nationalized by the Soviet Union. Also it was decided to regard those people possession who gained it from the Soviet Union, but who in fact hadn't done anything wrong. Restoring old property rights Lithuanias legislators at the same time had constantly to integrate developing new ownership tendencies in the world into Lithuanias legal system in order not to get much behind the other countries. Adjusting all these goals was not easy. And there have been some mistakes. This is the main reason why property survey documents are often inaccurate in Lithuania now. The problem arose mostly because of changing laws regulating land and surveys too often. A situation when a boundary in the contiguous lands surveys doesn't match with each other is quite often in Lithuania nowadays. It is declared, in Lithuanias Civil Code Section 4.45, part 1 that, when there is an argument between the owners because of the boundary of the contiguous lands, the court renders judgment fixing the boundary in accordance with the documents, possession of the parties and other evidence. Masters thesis aim was to find out whether the boundary between the contiguous lands could be fixed in accordance with the possession, when it is not exactly clear by the survey documents? Thesis start with the search what is lands plots boundary and how it is regulated in legal system. Survey shows that a boundary is the line of separation between contiguous lands. It also shows, that in Lithuanias laws plots boundary is not precisely described. Its meaning can be known mostly only from every day language. This gives legal uncertainty. On the other hand, it makes this sphere more flexible and adjustable in different situations. Then thesis analysis focuses on boundaries inaccuracy. The search shows that boundaries inaccuracy definition is not given in laws too. It only can be found in metrologies vocabulary or can be understood by the laws regulating things similar to these norms. Also the search shows, tat inaccuracy of the boundaries between the contiguous lands mostly comes from surveys done according to different laws that has changed during the time period. The outcome according to the laws analysis is done that, land plots boundaries determined during preliminary surveys, later doing cadastral surveys, which are much more accurate, must be left at the same place Boundaries must be fixed, as they were determined during preliminary surveys. In the third thesis chapter is started land possession analysis. Natural possession is the holding of a thing or the enjoyment of a right by some person. Civil possession is the same holding or enjoyment joined to the intent of having the right or thing as his own. Possession acquired and enjoyed in the belief of being owner can serve as a title to acquire ownership. Possession, especially in Lihuania, is hard to prove. People starting possessing land usually think that they are the only claimants to that property. This is why they don't bother to fix it in any way. When there comes necessity to prove possession people find it hard to do. This is why in Lithuania possession cases are problematic. They are often reversed, remanded and appealed. The last part of the work is focused on land plots boundaries determination in accordance with possession, when they are not clear from the surveys. In the first place it is discussed whether land boundaries can be determined in accordance with possession in partition between co-owners. The outcome is done, that it can be determined in accordance with ex co-owners land possession before their separation. Then it is discussed possession importance determining boundary between contiguous lands. Analysis shows, that West countries recognize, that, where there is a visible boundary and where there has been actual uninterrupted possession, either in person or through ancestors in title, for thirty years or more of the land extending beyond that described in the title and embraced within the visible bounds, then the party who possesses acquires the right to the land beyond their title. In Lihuanias law this norm is a little bit more blown of. Determining not clear boundaries between contiguous lands possession is only one of the factors next to documents and other evidence criteria's. So when documents are not clear, court will look to other evidence, not only to adverse possession. On the other hand, other evidence, if they are important, will necessarily play its role in other countries courts, having contiguous lands boundaries determination by adverse possession cases, as a general principle, too.

Iam pleased to know that Vilnius University is publishing a volume containing papers presented at the 2nd Indology conference for the Central and Eastern European region held at Vilnius University on the 24–26 August 2006. There is no doubt that the Indology Department at Vilnius University acted as a wonderful host for the conference and contributed immensely to strengthening the academic and scholarly ties of departments of Indology all over Central and Eastern Europe. The Indology Department in Vilnius can proudly claim to have strengthened the long-lasting relationship between India and Lithuania.The departments of Indology in Central and Eastern Europe have not only facilitated the spread of Indian studies in their respective countries but also reinvigorated and strengthened ties between India and Central and Eastern Europe. They have helped in the widespread dissemination of knowledge about India and expanded scholarly and academic interactions between departments of Indology throughout this region. Today these departments boast of several eminent scholars whose knowledge of Indian subjects, including languages and literature and history and culture, is of a high standard.The study of Indology directly contributes to the importance of India—its history, civilisation and culture—in today's globalised world. India, and therefore Indology, is also important in the study of the economy, science and technology and for technological exchanges in today's context. India remains the fourth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. The Indian economy is currently growing at the rate of nearly 9 per cent per annum, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world. India's foreign trade in 2006–7 is expected to surpass US $200 billion, as compared US $30 billion in the early 1990s. The country's foreign exchange reserves reached a healthy US$196 billion in March 2007. India is one of the most favoured destinations for foreign direct investment—close to US $12 billion a year. For knowledge processing industries, as well as back office processing, India has emerged as a major hub of global research and development analysis and scientific inventions. The strengths of India in the new economy—which consists of information technology, bio-technology, nanotechnology and material sciences—are now known all over the world. Indian manufacturing strength is now coming to fruition and these strengths are visible also in the Central and East European market. Several important investments from India have taken place in the steel, electronics, automobile, pharmaceutical, packaging and information technology sectors, to namea few. It is quite evident that this trend will strengthen in the future. Similarly, trade between India and Central and Eastern Europe is increasing between 20–30 per cent a year and is expected to flourish in the near future as more countries from Central and Eastern Europe join the European Union. India has warmly welcomed the recent accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union.All this makes India not only a viable subject of study for its history and culture but also fascinating for its growing economic, scientific and technological strength. These new developments require added attention. It is essential for the course curriculum of Indology studies to be standardised across Central and Eastern Europe as far as is feasible on the basis of cooperation between the universities of the region. I am glad that a website and a network for this purpose have been set up and are functional, with funding from the Embassy of India in Warsaw. The course curriculum for Indology needs to be updated. The knowledge imparted at the Indology centres needs to be well-rounded and contemporary; this will provide the necessary additional tools to the students to understand not only India's past glories but also its present strengths and future prospects. The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR ) and the government of India are convinced that this is the course that centres for Indology studies should follow in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in other regions of the world. India is no longer a country known only for its ancient literature, drama and complex society. It is a nation on the move. Studies on ancient India and modern India should be complementary. I certainly hope that those who impart the knowledge of Indology will themselves catch up with modern developments to be able to contribute to the betterment of the students, who, in all fairness, deserve up-to-date information and knowledge of India.The papers published in the volume cover diverse areas and they are well researched and documented and could become a useful source of reference material for various institutions who offer courses on India. The organisation of the conference in Vilnius has already given exposure to the strength of Indian studies in Lithuania and Central and Eastern Europe. It is remarkable that during this conference a Central and Eastern European Network of Indian Studies (CEENIS) was founded with the participation of institutions at universities from 10 countries in this region.I would sincerely like to thank the faculty and staff, particularly Prof. Audrius Beinorius, the head of the department, for organising the conference and for publishing this volume. I also wish to place on record sincere appreciation to contributions made by a number of other scholars and professors at the Indology Department in Vilnius, as well as to the scholars from other countries, some of whom participated in the conference, for spreading Indian studies in Central and Eastern Europe over the pastfew decades. I am certain that the tradition of Indian studies in Central and Eastern Europe will become stronger over the years to come and prove beneficial for Indian and Central and Eastern European relations as well as for the teachers and students engaged in Indian studies in the region. My best wishes are with the faculty, staff, and students of Indian studies all over Central and Eastern Europe. HE Anil WADHWA, Ambassador of India to the Republics of Poland and Lithuania31 March 2007