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This article explores the contradictory relationship Lev Shestov had with Vladimir Solovyov's thinking, basing mostly on the main writing that he dedicated to him, i.e. the article «Speculation and Apocalypse. The Religious Philosophy of Vl. Solovyov» of 1927. However harshly critical Shestov's reading of Solovyov may have been, and considering also the objective difference between two philosophers who can hardly be compared, there is still a margin for a positive dialogue between their respective works. This is done in the larger frame of N. Berdyaev's concept of «Russian idea», where their thoughts can be brought closer together in a way that Shestov himself had actually anticipated at the end of his essay on Solovyov. In this respect, as is suggested by an interpretation of the two authors offered by N. Berdyaev and A. Losev, the ultimate meaning of both Solovyov's and Shestov's ideas would converge in an eschatological view of the truth of this world as well as in a fundamental mistrust of the Western epistemological worldview.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the motivation to learn Russian language in Slavic countries of European Union. The paper describes factors that strongly influence the choice and the process of Russian language learning. A meta-analysis was carried out using data from statistics, sociology, economics, and linguistics. The results showed that many factors such as economic, political, cultural, linguistic, and religious affect motivation to varying degrees. The most important factor is the image of Russia among the country citizens. ; Цель настоящей статьи – проанализировать мотивацию изучения русского языка в славяноязычных странах Европейского союза. Исследование описывает причины, которые оказывают влияние на выбор и процесс изучения русского языка. Был проведен метаанализ с использованием данных из области статистики, социологии, экономики и лингвистики. Результаты показали, что множество факторов влияют на мотивацию в различной степени: экономические, политические, культурные, лингвистические, религиозные. Ключевым среди факторов является образ России в глазах жителей соответствующей страны.

The article discusses the system of N.F. Fedorov's views on language, as it was immanently formulated in his various articles and notes, laconic, aphoristic and fragmentary. Architecture and scale of Fedorov's ideas along with fundamental incompleteness as a huge project open to the future are considered in the article. An important dominant of Fedorov's thought is 'bodiliness', on the one hand, opposed to abstraction that destroys a phenomenon, including reality of human speech, and, on the other, hypostatizing thought and language as organic being. The dominant is essential for understanding culture at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries and the first half of the XX century (for instance, to understand Vladimir Solovyov's views on the nature of art, the work of Andrei Platonov). 'Bodiliness', corporality, materiality of language and thought, according to Fedorov, is the guarantee of immortality of material life. This is the explanation of Fedorov's special attraction to ideographic writing, what embodies thought in matter as "much in little". Fedorov's thinking is in a special way consonant with the search for a new style of thinking in Western philosophy at the turn of the 20th century. Fedorov returns to humanitarian knowledge bodily, material; humanitarian knowledge lacks this in order to break away from the surface and move on to the things themselves, which have preserved in their original being the seeds of immortality. The article emphasizes that thought and its linguistic expression are a symbolic designation of the common cause of resurrection in Fedorov's system, and in this it is material and has concrete outlines. The organic being of thought, belonging to life itself, has no authorship, has no place in a specific work that legitimizes it. The main conclusion of the article is about the central position of the concepts of corporality, 'bodiliness' in Fedorov's project, that at the same time represent, although an integral, but, like conceptual relations in language, incomplete system, where each thought appears as a fragment, a fragment of the world that needs to be recreated.

Целью данного исследования является изучение структурных и функциональных особенностей примеров переключения и смешения кодов в устной речи билингвов, проживающих в иноязычной среде длительное время (от трех лет). Переключение кодов является не дефектом языковой личности, а следствием билингвизма говорящего. Однако слишком частое использование неосознанного переключения на другой код может говорить о проявлении начальной стадии языковой аттриции матричного языка. В настоящей работе исследуются причины возникновения и последствия влияния языковой аттриции, а также связь между переключением кодов и аттрицией матричного языка. Изучение процесса влияния языковой аттриции является важной частью лингвистики как науки. Данные настоящего исследования были получены в результате проведенного опроса, целью которого было осознание границы между позитивным использованием смешения кодов и негативным проявлением языковой аттриции. Кроме того, в настоящей статье рассматриваются методы, которые могут значительно улучшить общение между людьми, преодолевающими языковую аттрицию. Основное внимание уделяется методам обучения иностранным языкам, которые используются в цифровом образовании с целью развития языковой личности. Обращение к концепции игровых технологий позволяет создать проект лингвотренажера, который может помочь билингвам, страдающим от языковой аттриции.
This research aims to explore structural and functional features of examples of code-switching and code-mixing in the speech of bilinguals who have been living in a foreign language environment for a long time (for over three years). Code-switching is not a defect of linguistic personality since it is a consequence of the speaker's bilingualism. However, too frequent unconscious use of code-mixing may be the beginning of the appearance of first language attrition. This study investigates the causes and effects of language attrition influence, as well as the connection between code-blending and first language attrition. Understanding the influence of language attrition is an important endeavor for the field of linguistics, and the accomplishment that can aid people in many ways. The data was obtained as a result of the conducted survey that was aimed to realize the boundary between usage of code-blending and suffering from language attrition. Also, this article addresses the methods which can significantly improve the communication between people who struggle with language attrition. It focuses on the methods of teaching foreign languages which are used in digital education to develop the linguistic personality. Appealing to the concept of gaming technology allows to create and use the language app project that can help people who suffer from first language attrition.

The article explores the problem of purposeful human evolution, acquiring a new dimension in the unfolding fourth industrial revolution. The object of socio-philosophical analysis is a complex of ideas of N.F. Fedorov's teachings about the actively-evolutionary perspectives of man, the humanistic potential of cosmosophy as a whole. The subject is specific methods and principles of the evolution of Homo sapiens, the final image of the «perfect man» proposed by the cosmosophy and defined in the main features of projective-cultural anthropology. The fundamental concepts that express the intention of transforming the «old man» are revealed in the value field of humanistic representations of the philosophy of cosmism. The article explicates by the method of content-analysis the semantic variations of such concepts as full organisms, natural tissue creation, organo-creation, psychocracy. The synthesis of cosmosophy's ideas about a person is carried out in the form of an integral cultural-evolutionary, humanistically given projection of a human being. Attention is focused on the fact that in the planned practice of real improvement of the «son of man», the cosmosophy confirms the beginning of creative-organic cultivation of projectively given anthropology, assigning to the technical equipment of the process an auxiliary and temporary role. For discussion within the topic frame of a new anthropology formation, it is proposed that the classical form of humanism will inevitably undergo a transformation in the technological environment of Industry 4.0. It is pointed out that the radical forms of transhumanism can provoke a new form of technology race, transferred to the humanistic sphere, and create risks of cyber segregation in society. In conclusion, it is argued that on the issue of the transformation of Homo sapiens anthropological identity, the philosophy of cosmism takes a firm and justified supramoralistic and suprahumanistic position. Cosmosophy postulates an organic principle in the cultivation of cultural anthropology and the principle of the natural gradualness of the evolutionary process.

The question of the most adequate naming of the «philosophy of the common cause» of N.F. Fedorov in modern philosophical concepts is considered. The object of the analysis includes areas common today directly related to the problem of death / immortality, such as immortology and thanatology. A comparative analysis of Fedorov's attitude towards death and those «death discourses» taking place in modern immortology and thanatology is carried out. The moral core of the relationship of N.F. Fedorov to death, which is significantly different from his teachings and the above areas, is revealed. N.F. Fedorov's doctrine with his philosophy of death as a «moral challenge» is characterized as one of the most striking incarnations and manifestations of the ethical-centric essence of Russian philosophy.

Medicine is the oldest (along with philosophy) science. But the philosophy is the basic method of scientific knowledge. The philosophical category of "bioethics", "morality", "ethics" boldly called interdisciplinary, touching and medical science. This article discusses the above concepts of Michel Foucault in their relationship with medicine.