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If Castilian was the first ordinary language to be employed in philosophy since the 12th century; if Spain was the first modern state since the end of the 15th century; if –in line with its early modern state-building– Spain had the first modern grammar conceived of with the explicit purpose of imposing Castilian as the language of "victors" on "other pilgrim languages" of "subjugated" peoples; if Spain wrote the first page of the modern Era –and apparently of modern social and political thought– with the "conquest and destruction" of American indigenous peoples; why then the infertility of modern philosophical Castilian? The aim of this work is to analyze these different "topics" on the alleged infertility of modern philosophical Spanish thinking. ; Si el castellano fue la primera lengua vulgar volcada a la filosofía desde el siglo XII; si España fue el primer Estado moderno desde fines del XV; si España dispuso, en consonancia con su temprana estatalización moderna, de la primera gramática concebida con el explícito empeño de imponer el castellano como lengua de "vencedores" a "otras peregrinas lenguas" de pueblos "subyugados"; si España abrió la primera página de la Era moderna –y a lo que se ha visto, del pensamiento político-social moderno– con la "conquista y destrucción" de los pueblos americanos; ¿por qué la infertilidad del castellano filosófico moderno? El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar estos diferentes "tópicos" sobre la supuesta infertilidad del pensamiento filosófico español moderno.

Si el castellano fue la primera lengua vulgar volcada a la filosofía desde el siglo XII; si España fue el primer Estado moderno desde fines del XV; si España dispuso, en consonancia con su temprana estatalización moderna, de la primera gramática concebida con el explícito empeño de imponer el castellano como lengua de "vencedores" a "otras peregrinas lenguas" de pueblos "subyugados"; si España abrió la primera página de la Era moderna –y a lo que se ha visto, del pensamiento político-social moderno– con la "conquista y destrucción" de los pueblos americanos; ¿por qué la infertilidad del castellano filosófico moderno? El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar estos diferentes "tópicos" sobre la supuesta infertilidad del pensamiento filosófico español moderno. ; If Castillan was the first ordinary language to be employed in philosophy since the 12th century; if Spain was the first modern state since the end of the 15th century; if -in line with its early modern state-building- Spain had the first modern grammar conceived of with the explicit purpose of imposing Castilian as the language of "victors" on "other pilgrim languages" of "subjugated" peoples; if Spain wrote the first page of the modern Era -and apparently of modern social and political thought- with the "conquest and destruction" of American indigenous peoples; why then the infertility of modern philosophical Castilian? The aim of this work is to analyze these different "topics" on the alleged infertility of modern philosophical Spanish thinking. ; Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

The truth is no longer at the center of democracy, but, what do we understand by truth and why does this concept guide each of our movements? José Andrés Forero, a Philosophy of language expert, analyzes the place that this discussion occupies in current Democracies. ; La verdad ya no está en el centro de la democracia, pero, ¿qué entendemos por verdad y por qué este concepto guía cada uno de nuestros movimientos? José Andrés Forero, experto en filosofía del lenguaje, analiza el lugar que ocupa esta discusión en las democracias actuales.

This article advances a crucial parallelism between philosophy of language and political philosophy following the thought of Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida and Rainer Schürmann. Philosophy of language and political philosophy share a common root, a transcendental condition of possibility in the Kantian sense. This is what I here elaborate as the fracture between history and politics —that existing between already established norms and the creation of new ones—. I call this fracture, following Kant's cursory remarks in the Logic, the «intuition» of language, i.e., the fracture of temporality intrinsic to the law. As an attempt to illustrate what I mean by the «intuition» of language and the law, the article concludes with two allegorical readings of Rousseau's The Social Contract and Kafka's fragment «Before the Law». ; Este artículo propone un paralelismo entre la filosofía del lenguaje y la filosofía política de la mano del pensamiento de Paul de Man, Jacques Derrida y Rainer Schürmann. Filosofía del lenguaje y filosofía política comparten una raíz común, una condición transcendental de posibilidad en el sentido kantiano. Se trata de lo que aquí elaboramos como la fractura que se da entre la historia y la política—la que se da entre normas ya establecidas y la creación de otras nuevas—. Denomino esta fractura, siguiendo unos apuntes rápidos de Kant en la Lógica, la «intuición» del lenguaje, esto es, la fractura de la temporalidad intrínseca a la ley. Para ilustrar qué se entiende por la «intuición» del lenguaje y la ley, el artículo concluye con dos lecturas alegóricas del Contrato Social de Rousseau y el fragmento de Kafka «Ante la ley».

The article is devoted to the problem of teaching one of the Turkish languages – Tatar language as a non-native language in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan of the Russian Federation. It emphasizes the importance of taking into account the sociolinguistic aspect, as an effective means of teaching.In the educational organizations of Tatarstan, after the adoption of the "Law about peoples languages of the Republic of Tatarstan", multilingualism successfully functions. Students study Tatar, Russian and one foreign language. In addition, national schools are required to learn their native language (for example, Chuvash, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mari etc.).Conducting balanced language policy in the field of education serves mutual understanding, respect for the spiritual values of peoples, the development of their language and culture. The state status of the Tatar and Russian languages should be ensured by their parity use in all government bodies, enterprises and organizations, in the media, in the spheres of science, culture, service etc.Since Tatar and Russian languages are state-owned in the republic, national-Russian and Russian-national parity bilingualism is the basis for the harmonization of interpersonal relations in a multinational state. In addition, Tatar language knowledge provides an opportunity to communicate with many representatives of the Turkish-speaking countries.The results presented in the article will help to solve the problems of creating comfortable conditions to master communicative, linguistic and ethnocultural competencies, and effective methods for solving learning issues and other Turkic languages.

Hegel saw modern philosophy as internally divided between its metaphysics and epistemology, on the one hand, and its political philosophy, on the other. Descartes had developed a metaphysics of totality to ground the epistemological certainty of the cogito, treating true unity as a unity of opposites (a totality). But political philosophy, in its empiricist and formalist forms, relied on an impoverished conception of unity—treating it, respectively, as a mere aggregation of parts or as formal consistency. The Philosophy of Right thus attempted to rectify the deficiencies of political philosophy by grounding it on the Cartesian concept of totality. ; Hegel consideraba que la filosofía moderna estaba internamente dividida entre su metafísica y epistemología, por un lado, y su filosofía política, por otro. Descartes había desarrollado una metafísica de la totalidad para fundamentar la certeza epistemológica del cogito, tratando la unidad verdadera como una unidad de contrarios (una totalidad). Pero la filosofía política, en sus formas empirista y formalista, se basaba en una concepción empobrecida de la unidad, tratándola, respectivamente, como una mera agregación de partes o como una consistencia formal. La Filosofía del Derecho trató, pues, de subsanar las deficiencias de la filosofía política basándose en el concepto cartesiano de totalidad.

War is an activity that transcends the military plane on which is normally articulated. It is an inherently political activity endowed with a logic of its own, a logic of transformation that is very different from any linear approach familiar from daily life. War is a social reality that needs to be studied scientifically. Ignorance about it, as with any disease, is not a good thing. ; La guerra es una actividad que escapa al plano militar por donde normalmente es vehiculada. Es una actividad inherentemente política y dotada de una lógica propia, una lógica de transformación bien distinta de la aproximación lineal con la que se manejan los asuntos cotidianos. La guerra es una realidad social que precisa ser estudiada científicamente; de la ignorancia, al igual que sucede en cualquier enfermedad, no se desprende nada bueno.

Holocaust literature is an artistic expression, which in many ways sits outside the established understandings of literature and its purpose. The Holocaust itself was an event so unique in its complexities that it separated from other historic atrocities. The Holocaust is not just a historical event. It affected psychology, sociology, politics, innovation, medicine, engineering, ethics, morality, and artistic expressions. Throughout this essay, I will argue the case for Holocaust literature: what exactly is it, what unique challenges does it face as a genre, how it is evolving, and how best to read it. Authors in this genre have a great responsibility to present factual information through the use of prose. This is particularly of concern as survivors die and new voices emerge, whether they are the children of survivors or not. The telling of the many stories of the Holocaust can help us all become witnesses of a human tragedy that, although highly secretive and manipulative of language, emotions, and events, affected the entire world.

After an introductory consideration on the specificity of philosophy and social philosophy about the socio-historical world, which can no longer be summarized under the name of "politics", the essay advances a concept of society not as a unity of individuals, territorially or culturally secluded, but as a network of linguistic games, institutions and differentiated spheres. The result is a concept of power constitutively in the plural, which is thought as primarily organizing and collective. The main question, which is only extrinsically negotiable in terms of justice, results in the problem of how to avoid that a sphere predominates over the remaining ones, thus compressing the contributions, potentialities and inclusive capacity of each one. ; Tras considerar la especificidad de la filosofía y de la filosofía social con respecto al mundo histórico-social, que ya no se puede definir bajo el término "política", el artículo propone un concepto de sociedad no como conjunto de individuos desde un punto de vista territorial o cultural, sino como red de juegos, instituciones o ámbitos diferenciados. De ahí procede un concepto de poder constitutivamente al plural, considerado antes que todo como organizante y colectivo. El eje principal que solo extrínsecamente se puede solucionar en términos de justicia atañe al problema de cómo evitar que un ámbito subyugue a los demás, llegando a reprimir las contribuciones, las potencialidades y capacidades inclusivas de cada uno de ellos.

Desde hace unos años, se ha producido dentro de la filosofía analítica un movimiento de acercamiento a las prácticas reales y de huida de las idealizaciones no justificadas que pretende poner las herramientas conceptuales desarrolladas durante el último siglo al servicio de la justicia social. En el ámbito de la filosofía del lenguaje, este giro ha pasado por el análisis de expresiones del lenguaje natural que, por no encajar de forma completamente satisfactoria con la concepción del significado como condiciones de verdad, han recibido tradicionalmente poca atención. Sin embargo, estas expresiones juegan un papel fundamental en la comunicación con impacto político. Hablamos de los expresivos, esto es, expresiones que se utilizan para comunicar una cierta actitud. El propósito de este número especial de Daimon es ofrecer una panorámica de algunos debates que se están desarrollando en la actualidad en relación con la dimensión política de los expresivos, pero también de discusiones cercanas que en ocasiones se solapan con esta, tanto en filosofía del lenguaje como en ramas de la filosofía afines. ; For some years now, there has been a movement within analytic philosophy to get closer to real practices and to flee from unwarranted idealizations in order to put the conceptual tools developed over the last century at the service of social justice. In the field of philosophy of language, this turn has involved the analysis of natural language expressions that, not fitting in a completely satisfactory way with the conception of meaning as truth-conditions, have traditionally received little attention. However, these expressions play a fundamental role in communication with political impact. We are talking about expressives, that is, expressions that are used to communicate a certain attitude. The purpose of this special issue of Daimon is to offer an overview of some of the debates that are currently taking place in relation to the political dimension of expressives, but also of related discussions that sometimes overlap with it, both in philosophy of language and in related branches of philosophy.

The text is divided in two phases. In the first phase, consisting of three parts, the main concepts of Kant's Doctrine of Right are considered in a comprehensive approach related to: the issue of the relations between natural right and positive right, problem closely connected to that of the relations between natural state and civil state, private right and public right; to the doctrine of property and its connection with political right. on treating the right in its several types, we intend to appoint the practical reasoning as a background of the Doctrine. In the second phase, concerning its last section, the consideration on the presence of the practical reasoning into the right is placed before some specificities of Kant's phylosophy of history, with the intent of establishing the possible relation between Rechtslehre and that philosophy.

URL del artículo en la web de la Revista: https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/ripp/article/view/1803 ; Es reseña de: Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy Michael Sandel Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 1996 ; Universidad Pablo de Olavide

This article tries to vindicate the work of Kirkwood from the matrix of Latin American thought of Marxist and dependentist roots, as an analytical device that configures its theoretical elaborations, around the axes of socialism and feminism, as a system of ethical and political values. We intend to demonstrate that she has been an author that guided all her work to expand consciousness and illuminate the possibilities of social liberation of the subjects oppressed by the colonial relations of dependence and explotation in Latin America, and of women in specific, raising new concepts/categories to encompass domination, such as "gender alienation" and popular feminism. ; Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana publica bajo licencia Creative Commons Atribución-No Comercial-Compartir Igual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). Más información en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

HISTORIA DE LA ENSEÑANZA DEL IDIOMA INGLÉS EN ECUADOR ABSTRACT Nowadays in Latin American countries, learning English has become a requirement for many different activities in people's life, especially the ones who want to increase professional status and personal development. Thus, Ecuador's government has changed the policies and laws to improve the way of English language teaching, and it has also invested in resources, training and educational programs for teachers, as well as, scholarships for students. Those teachers-students come from public and private schools. The purpose of this study is to provide a knowledge about the evolution of the English teaching process and how it was developed through the last decades. The findings of this research showed that the methods applied by the teachers varied according to the governments' schemes of possible needs making shifts in the methodology and ways of planning the English classes. Perhaps, those changes did not cover the real students' necessity. KEYWORDS: professional status; personal development; policies and laws; English language Teaching; educational programs. RESUMEN Hoy en día en países latinoamericanos, el aprendizaje del inglés se ha convertido en un requisito para muchas diferentes actividades en la vida de las personas, en especial de aquellas que desean un mejor estatus y desarrollo profesional. Por lo tanto, el gobierno ecuatoriano ha cambiado las políticas y leyes para mejorar la enseñanza de este idioma, y ha invertido en recursos, capacitaciones y programas educativos para profesores, así como también en becas para estudiantes y profesores del sector público y privado. El propósito de este estudio es dar a conocer sobre la evolución y el desarrollo de la enseñanza del inglés como idioma extranjero desde sus inicios. Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron que los métodos aplicados por los docentes variaban de acuerdo con los esquemas de las posibles necesidades analizadas por los gobiernos lo que produjo cambios en la metodología de planificación de las clases de inglés. Esos cambios que posiblemente no cubrieron la necesidad real de los estudiantes. PALABRAS CLAVE: estatus profesional; desarrollo personal; políticas y leyes; enseñanza del idioma Inglés; programas educativos.

HISTORIA DE LA ENSEÑANZA DEL IDIOMA INGLÉS EN ECUADOR ABSTRACT Nowadays in Latin American countries, learning English has become a requirement for many different activities in people's life, especially the ones who want to increase professional status and personal development. Thus, Ecuador's government has changed the policies and laws to improve the way of English language teaching, and it has also invested in resources, training and educational programs for teachers, as well as, scholarships for students. Those teachers-students come from public and private schools. The purpose of this study is to provide a knowledge about the evolution of the English teaching process and how it was developed through the last decades. The findings of this research showed that the methods applied by the teachers varied according to the governments' schemes of possible needs making shifts in the methodology and ways of planning the English classes. Perhaps, those changes did not cover the real students' necessity. KEYWORDS: professional status; personal development; policies and laws; English language Teaching; educational programs. RESUMEN Hoy en día en países latinoamericanos, el aprendizaje del inglés se ha convertido en un requisito para muchas diferentes actividades en la vida de las personas, en especial de aquellas que desean un mejor estatus y desarrollo profesional. Por lo tanto, el gobierno ecuatoriano ha cambiado las políticas y leyes para mejorar la enseñanza de este idioma, y ha invertido en recursos, capacitaciones y programas educativos para profesores, así como también en becas para estudiantes y profesores del sector público y privado. El propósito de este estudio es dar a conocer sobre la evolución y el desarrollo de la enseñanza del inglés como idioma extranjero desde sus inicios. Los resultados de esta investigación mostraron que los métodos aplicados por los docentes variaban de acuerdo con los esquemas de las posibles necesidades analizadas por los gobiernos lo que produjo cambios en la metodología de planificación de las clases de inglés. Esos cambios que posiblemente no cubrieron la necesidad real de los estudiantes. PALABRAS CLAVE: estatus profesional; desarrollo personal; políticas y leyes; enseñanza del idioma Inglés; programas educativos.