Suchergebnisse

Социокультурные, философские и психологические подходы для анализа материнства, которые демонстрируют представители феминизма в эпоху постмодернизма, позволяют поставить важные вопросы, которые выходят за рамки темы материнства и позволяют изучить проблемы общественных настроений и культурных изменений относительно данного явления. Однако,исполнение материнских функций женщиной по-прежнему является определяющей характеристикой социальной организации гендера и лежит в основе мужского доминирования. И либеральный феминизм, и феминистский психоанализ утверждают: материнский опыт дает основу для политического сопротивления патриархатном режимам. ; Feminism's position in the current gender studies highlights the artificially constructed debate between «liberal feminism» and «feminist psycho-analysis». In a way this debate has served to divide liberal (modernist) feminism from radical (postmodern) feminism.Liberal feminism is a rationalistic project of emancipation, classically formulated by M. Wollstonecraft's «Vindication of the Rights of Woman» in 1792. Wollstonecraft and her followers claimed that the rights of men could be extended to women without causing large-scale disruption of the existing social institutions. Feminism since Wollstonecraft has faced the dilemma that is still unresolved: either coexist with men on the liberal route to egalitarism or come out against men on a radical separatist route. It is necessary to stress that liberal feminism is a mighty intellectual traditions and a lot of positive gender reforms have been possible thanks to it. «The body», the psychoanalist approach to gender is usually taken as irrelevant to liberalism in particular and philosophy, in general. In reaction to this idea feminists have begun to explore embodiment as a relevant site of difference between the sexes along with Lacan feminist thought (Kristeva, Ruddich, Chodorow). Gender research has included an orientation of ethical thinking towards an ethics grounded in maternal thinking (Ruddich), and directed towards an ethics of care (Jilligan). One of the principal elements of this orientation is the emphasis on our caring connection with others and against the liberal ideal of the rationalistic Carbesian thinker. The important issue in this agenda is the idea that the networks that constitute our relations both in the public and in the private spheres constitute our identities, and taking seriously our responsibility to others (maternal responsibility is of paramount significance here) thus also contributes to the very notions of our identities. C. Jilligan claims that men and women have different understanding of justice. According to L. Kohlberg's scale of moral development women do not as a rule achieve the sixth stage of the connection with the universal abstract principles of justice. Jilligan proves that women have the development sense of justice; she adds that Kohlberg's definition of the stages of moral development is biased toward the «conventions of logic». Jilligan's work alongside with the research of Ruddich, Noddings and others, contested the ground of debates over biological and psychological essentialism, the exclusionary politics of feminist theory included. The psychoanalytical approaches have been criticised mainly for their neglect of the important interrelation of race, class, sexuality and gender. Now the demand is evident both for the liberal feminism and feminist psychoanalysis: we need to balance feminist demands for equality with a recognition of differences not only between the sexes but also among women who are differently raced and classed. ; Соціокультурні, філософські і психологічні підходи до аналізу материнства, що демонструють представники фемінізму в епоху постмодернізму, дозволяють ставити важливі питання, які виходять за межи теми материнства і дозволяють вивчити проблеми суспільних настроїв і культурних змін щодо даного явища. Однак , виконання материнських функцій жінкою як і раніше є визначальною характеристикою соціальної організації гендера і підлягає основі чоловічого домінування. І ліберальний фемінізм, і феміністський психоаналіз стверджують: материнський досвід дає основу для політичного спротиву патріархатного режиму.

Анализируется работа Канта «Ответ на вопрос: что такое просвещение?» Раскрываются философские предпосылки и сущность кантовского просвещения как политического проекта. Исследуется взгляд Канта на различие между «публичным» и «частным» использованием разума. Указывается на основополагающее значение этого различия для выработки идеала просвещения в области политической жизни. Предлагается видение этого идеала в эволюционном пути развития общества, основа которого перестройка общественного сознания. Точка зрения Канта о том, что главный ресурс для развития общества состоит во всесторонней критике социальной действительности со стороны способного к самоопределению гражданина, рассматривается на фоне взглядов Руссо, отстаивающего право народа на революцию. После реконструкции кантовской позиции обсуждаются возможные теоретические проблемы, связанные с принятием этого проекта. Отмечается, что данный проект функционирует только при условии совпадения интересов правительства и гражданина. Примеры из российской истории свидетельствуют о том, что даже общая заинтересованность правителя и гражданина в благе государства оставляет пространство для конфликтов между ними. Рассматривается кантовский парадокс об обратно пропорциональной связи между уровнями гражданской свободы и свободы духа. Выдвигается гипотеза о диссиденстве как возможной политической форме реализации этого парадокса. На основе сформулированной дилеммы гражданина предлагается идея об антиномии политического разума, а также ее решение при помощи понятия о чистой совести. Проводится анализ понятия о чистой совести и на примерах показывается, что для его адекватного понимания необходимо учитывать практическую философию Канта. Делается вывод о том, что в отличие от коперниковской системы теоретического разума, кантовская система практического разума остается птоломеевской, где человек есть единственный центр и конститутивная величина этой сферы. Утверждается, что смысл кантовского просвещения состоит в отстаивании свободы человека и его достоинства. ; This article analyses Kant's work "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" It is shown that Kant's enlightenment is a political project. The author focuses on the philosophical prerequisites and the essence of this project and analyses the difference between the "public" and "private" use of reason. The article emphasises the major significance of this difference for developing the ideal of enlightenment in the field of politics. It is suggested that this ideal be seen in the evolutionary development of society based on the transformation of public consciousness. Kant's view that the key discourse for social development consists in a comprehensive critique of social reality by a citizen capable of self-determination is considered against the background of Rousseau's ideas, who defended the right of people to revolution. The reconstruction of Kant's position is followed by a discussion of possible theoretical problems relating to the implementation of this project. It is stressed that the project can function only when the interests of government and citizen coincides. Russian history is addressed to illustrate that even "common interests" of the ruler and the citizen leave room for a conflict between them. The author analyses Kant's paradox stating an inversely proportional connection between the level of civil liberties and that of spiritual freedom. The article proposes a hypothesis about the dissident movement as a possible political form of implementing this paradox. This dilemma helps to formulate the idea of antinomy of political reason, as well as develop its solution based on the notion of clear conscience. The author analyses the notion of clear conscience and uses example to illustrate that an adequate understanding thereof requires considering Kant's practical philosophy. It is concluded that, unlike the Copernican system of theoretical reason, Kant's system of practical reasons remains Ptolemaic, where a human is the only centre and constitutive quantity of this sphere. It is argued that the essence of Kant's enlightenment lies in defending human freedom and dignity.

Статья посвящена исследованию роли античного претекста в лирике А. Кушнера. Целью работы является выявление причин включения Античности в художественный мир поэзии А. Кушнера и определение функций античного претекста в его лирике. В художественной концепции мира А. Кушнера жесткие временные границы между прошлым и настоящим отсутствуют, деятели прошлого и современники поэта (в том числе и сам лирический герой) присутствуют в едином для всех эпох художественном пространстве, где существуют одновременно, общаясь между собой посредством поэзии. Концепция повторяемости времен и сходное с римскими стоиками мироощущение А. Кушнера обусловили обращение к Античности и наследию римских авторов. Образ мира поэта обнаруживает корни в философии поздних римских стоиков. ; The article studies the role of the antique pre-text in the lyrics by A. Kushner. In his poetry and essays Kushner interprets the creativity and life ways of a wide range of predecessors. The lyrical texts of the poet are full of names of the Greek and Roman writers (Homer, Alcaeus, Euripides, Catullus, Ovid, Horace, Petronius, Virgil, Pliny, Martial, Plautus, Tacitus, Juvenal). Kushner refers to the writings of Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny's letters, and poems of Catullus as his favorite books. In his interviews and essays when reflecting on the tragic nature of life he mentions the names of Seneca and Marcus Aurelius. His appeal to the works of ancient authors, active use of allusions and reminiscences associated with the Antiquity in the lyrics by Kushner allow understanding the reasons for the poet's appeal to the Antiquity. The aim of the paper is to identify the reasons for the inclusion of the Antiquity in the artistic world of Kushner's poetry and define the functions of the antique pre-text in his lyrics. In Kushner's conception, a feature of historical time is repeatable events: all empires have similar stages of development: their flourishing inevitably ends in decline and decay. Time lapse between the past and the present as well as the integrity, completeness, and maturity of the Antiquity, noninvolvement in the era described allow the poet to completely and objectively analyze the social, historical, political, and cultural events that are identical to the events of today. The Antiquity with a completed full cycle of development is a means to conceptualize the modernity, fluid and changeable. In Kushner's artistic conception of the world there are no strict time boundaries between the past and the present, people of the past and the poet's contemporaries (including the lyrical hero) exist in one art space simultaneously and communicate through poetry. When writing Kushner is cautious of his predecessors as they assess his work. The present and the past co-exist in his art picture of the world. The dialogue of the poets of the past and the present continues in the field of poetic texts. Thus the times meet to create vertical time where all the times communicate in poetry. The concept of repeated times and Kushner's attitude similar to the Roman Stoics conditioned the appeal to the Antiquity and the heritage of Roman authors. The poet's image of the world is rooted in the philosophy of the late Roman Stoics, i.e. the antique pre-text performs the world modeling function in his poetry and allows constructing a model of the real world and the aesthetic reality, developing such an important topic as the fate of the poet and his poetry, revealing the essence of such categories as "glory", "immortality", "death", and "soul".

Интерес к С.А. Есенину в немецкоязычном пространстве, возникший еще при жизни поэта и воплотившийся, прежде всего, в переводческой и критической рецепции, после объединения Германии сместился в сторону личной жизни русского автора. Данная статья посвящена трем биографическим описаниям Есенина, опубликованным в 1992, 1996 и 2008 гг., которые отражают современный этап восприятия жизни и творчества поэта в Германии и создают определенный биографический миф, во многом самостоятельно инкорпорированный русским автором при жизни. ; The biography, which is primarily a literary genre, realizes the purpose of acquaintance with the primary sociological information of a specific person. Among writers and poets, it is common to encounter such a concept as the biographical myth which L.M. Magomedova defined as an initial subject model which receives an ontological status in the consciousness of a poet, which they consider as a scheme of their own destiny, which they constantly correlate to all events of their life, which transforms diversely in their works. When speaking about S. Yesenin, the most obvious mythological myth cultivated by the poet is his peasant origin and the image of a hooligan which found reflection in the Germanspeaking reception. Interest to S. Yesenin in Germany has reached the apogee in the 1990s and is still topical. The book Sergej Jessenin by F. Mierau represents a synthesis of biographic, translation, cultural, historical and receptive discourses; this makes it a unique and unprecedented German-speaking research about the Russian poet. The observation of the internal and external growth of Yesenin, "exposure" of his biographical myths, his image, first of all, as a person living in hard political time and space create a live and, in many respects, reliable image filling many gaps of the biographies of the poet. Numerous letters, stories of friends and contemporaries penetrate the narration and give rise to the feeling of participation in described events in the reader's mind. Thanks to its completeness, Mierau's biography became a basis for creation of the memoirs and publicistic composition of C. Stern Isadora Duncan und Sergej Jessenin: der Dichter und die Tanzerin, devoted to a concrete period in S. Yesenin's life his time with I. Duncan. The edition by C. Stern represents the image of the Russian poet to the mass reader in the most attractive and intriguing plot of his private life. At the beginning of the 21st century similar editions became symptomatic: many episodes of the private life of the classics became a subject of attention of publicists and wide audience. Simplified representation, reader-friendly approach, interiorization of the image of the writer as a person become the result of such work. In his monograph Dionysos in Sparta: Isadora Duncan in Russland; eine Geschichte von Tanz und Korper, N. Studemann investigates the art philosophy of I. Duncan, glorifies her and, in many respects, underestimates S. Yesenin; thereby, the author is influenced by the myth Yesenin created about his own hooliganism and dandyism. Yesenin's three biographies, being different in essence, create an image of the poet at the turn of the century. They mention various aspects of his biography, which creates their high value and reflects the interest of the modern German-speaking writer and the reader in the personality and creativity of Yesenin. The biographical myth about the Russian poet, which has taken shape in Germany, connected with his travel across Europe and marriage with the known American dancer, becomes a core plot in all the three German-language biographies of Yesenin.

The Japanese painter Kitagawa Tamiji's (1894–1989) unique transnational idea of people's art originated in New York, where he was a migrant worker and a student at the Art Students League (1916–20), developed gradually over the decades of his career in the midst of the well-known muralist art movement in post-revolutionary Mexico (1921–36), and matured during the remainder of Kitagawa's long life in Seto, Japan. Kitagawa's concept of people's art represents the expression of the people's subjective power and is grounded in local grass-roots activities. In his later years, in the 1970s, Kitagawa expressed his adherence to people's art as the "philosophy of a grasshopper" (batta no tetsugaku), a phrase that he repeated as a sort of personal motto. For Kitagawa, the grasshopper or locust (batta) served as an alter ego. In pre-Columbian Mexico, the grasshopper (chapulin in Nahuatl) was associated with a mythical tribal totem, which explains the name of the prominent site Chapultepec Hill (Hill of Grasshopper) in Mexico City, historically an important locus of political power. Although individual grasshoppers are small, Kitazawa explained, they migrate, and "swarms of grasshoppers damage crops in the fields, and can cause famine." He likened art to a grasshopper because art is not only pleasurable and beautiful, but also contains the hidden power to become a formidable enemy. Kitagawa's idea of people's art appears throughout his numerous essays and is further articulated in the recollections of his avid supporter, the art critic, collector, and collaborator for children's art education, Kubo Sadajirō (1909-96). This article investigates how Kitagawa's cross-cultural experiences enriched his idea of people's art and added complexity to his artistic expression after he returned to Japan in 1936. Focusing primarily on Kitagawa's work following his departure from Mexico, I wish to highlight connections to Kitagawa's time in Mexico in order to provide a post-colonial perspective on transnational art by borrowing the concept "minor transnationalism" from the comparative literature scholars Francoise Lionnet and Shu-mei Shih, as introduced in their Minor Transnationalism (2005). This concept of a "minor transnationalism" proposes a transnational perspective through horizontal studies of relationships among minor-peripheral cultures rather than the normative vertical studies of relations between a major-center and minor-cultures on its periphery. Lionnet and Shih argue that their approach allows one to look at cultures being "produced and performed without any necessary mediation with the center," giving insight into "less scripted and more scattered" phenomena that occur across "different and multiple spatialities and temporalities." Thus, dialogues between multiple minor spaces allow the periphery to develop self-awareness, and self-critique. Lionnet and Shih note a level of commensurability and effectiveness in revolutionary philosopher Franz Fanon's attempt to carry his argument well beyond the center's self-critique. Fanon reworked the Hegelian or Sartrean critique of alienation into a context for the minor culture's struggle for national and cultural autonomy and worldwide racial equality. The term "minor'" is not used in a pejorative sense here, but positively to provide scholars the freedom to look at the fluid production of art beyond the normative study frame of Western art verses non-Western art. This essay treats Mexico and Japan as "minor" and non-Western, in terms of the art they produce, as nations that searched for modernity and an identity under the overwhelming power of Western art. Kitagawa's art provides an interesting case of a minor transnationalism operating between Mexico and Japan. By focusing on Kitagawa's minor transnational connections, this essay also questions the way we look at modernities of non-Western art, which are normally studied as phenomena of reception and appropriation of Western art within a fixed framework of center-periphery cultural relations.

TFM en Derecho Penal, curso 2013-2014 ; [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es responder a la siguiente pregunta: ¿existe alguna razón para justificar la censura penal con el objetivo de proteger a las generaciones futuras? Primero, en el capítulo II, identificaré las diferentes razones que han sido proporcionadas para justificar la censura penal. Realizaré la tarea en el reino de la moral y, luego, analizaré el impacto que tales ideas tienen en el reino de los estudios del derecho. Segundo, en el capítulo III, construiré, basado en la filosofía política republicana, un criterio capaz de justificar a las prohibiciones penales. Después de los capítulos II y III, concluiré que aquellas prohibiciones que tratan de promover un estado de cosas enel que cada persona tendrá la posibilidad de ser autor de su propia vida tendría que estar justificado. En el capítulo IV, primero argumentaré que la posibilidad de censurar penalmente algunos comportamientos descansa sobre la idea de que tenemos deberes hacia las personas que intentamos proteger. Segundo, analizaré algunas objeciones a tal tesis. Tercero, trataré de identificar la mejor teoría posible capaz de proteger a las personas futuras. En el capítulo V, propondré un modo de solución del llamado problema de la no-identidad en el contexto del derecho penal. Trataré de mostrar que el criterio republicano - desarrollado en el capítulo III - es un modo prometedor de justificar a las prohibiciones penales destinadas a proteger a las personas futuras en esta clase de casos. En el capítulo VI, realizaré un paso adicional. Yo trataré de analizar el modo usual en que las leyes penales prohiben comportamientos destinados a proteger a las personas futuras, es decir, los delitos acumulativos. Finalmente, en el capítulo VII, analizaré un caso judicial con el objetivo de mostrar que las consideraciones proporcionadas en este trabajo son de ayuda como criterio interpretativo para resolver algunas situaciones en los tribunales. ; [EN] The aim of this work is answering the following question : is there any reason to justify a criminal prohibition in order to protect future generations ? First, in Chapter II, I will identify the different reasons that have been provided for justifying criminal prohibitions. I will perform this task in the moral realm and, then, I will analyze the impact of such ideas in the realm of law's studies. Second –in Chapter III- I will build, grounded on the Republican political philosophy, a criterion capable of justifying criminal prohibitions. After Chapter II and III, we will conclude that those censures that try to promote a state of affairs in which each person will have the capacity of being the author of their own life would be justified. In Chapter IV, firstly, I will argue that the possibility of criminal censuring some behaviour relies on the possibility of having duties toward the we try to protect. Secondly, I wil analyze a series of objections against such a thesis. Thirdly, I will try to identify the best possible theory able to protect future persons. In Chapter V, I will propose a way of a solution to the so called non-identify problem in the context of criminal law. I will try to show that the Republican criterion –developed in Chapter III- is a promising way to justify criminal prohibitions to protect future people in this kind of cases. In Chapter VI, I will make a step further. I will try to analyze the usual way in which criminal statutes forbid behaviours to protect future people, that is, accumulative crimes or accumulative harms. Finally, in Chapter VII, I will analyze a judicial case in order to show that the considerations provided in this work are helpful as interpretation criteria to solve some situations in courts of Law.

Актуальность и цели. Построение в России зрелого правового государства характеризуется противоречивыми процессами. В частности, снижается роль традиционных регуляторов поведения: права, морали, обычаев, традиций и т.д. Следствие тому ослабление уровня законности и дисциплины за счет увеличения фактов противоправного поведения, аморальных способов разрешения жизненных коллизий. С учетом этого изучение правовых категорий «дисциплина» и «законность» неотделимо от процессов познания государственно-правовой действительности. Цель работы проанализировать соотношение категорий «дисциплина» и «законность». Материалы и методы. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе обобщения работ отечественных и зарубежных ученых-право­ведов по общей теории государства и права, философии, политологии, а также отраслевых юридических дисциплин. Аналитическую базу исследования составляют свыше двадцати монографических работ. Методологический потенциал включает в себя в первую очередь системный метод, а также методы сравнительно-правового и историко-правового анализа, которые позволили сопоставить сущность, объем и пределы законности и дисциплины в законодательстве России. Применяемая методология позволила определить основные закономерности и перспективы развития данных институтов в условиях реформирования современных систем права и государства. Результаты. Уточнен дефинитивный и категориальный аппарат законности и дисциплины, предложены определения исследуемых явлений. Выделены признаки единства, различия дисциплины и законности, а также отражены аспекты их взаимодействия и имеющиеся противоречия. Выводы. Законность и дисциплина понятия общесоциальные, межотраслевые и комплексные. Несмотря на различные смысловые оттенки, данные категории присущи любой государственной и общественной деятельности, предполагают объемную классификацию на виды и подвиды. Опыт системного анализа категорий «дисциплина» и «законность» заложит необходимую теоретическую и методологическую основу для дальнейшего изучения аспектов их соотношения. ; Background. In Russia construction of the mature constitutional state is characterized by the inconsistent processes. In particular, the role of traditional regulators of behavior decreases: rights, morals, customs, traditions etc. It leads to weakening of the level of legality and discipline at the expense of increase in the facts of illegal behavior, immoral ways of permission of vital collisions. Considering the said aspects, the study of the legal categories of «discipline» and «legality» is inseparable from the processes of knowledge of the state and legal reality. The purpose of this work is to analyse correlation of the categories of «discipline» and «legality». Materials and methods. Realization of the research tasks was achieved through the synthesis of works by domestic and foreign scientific jurists considering the general theory of the state and law, philosophy, political science, and also the branches of legal disciplines. The analytical base of the research is made by over twenty monographic works. The methodological potential includes first of all the system method, and also the methods of the comparative and legal and historical and legal analysis which allowed to compare the essence, volume, legality and discipline limits in the legislation of Russia. The applied methodology allowed to define the main regularities and prospects of development of the institutes' data in the conditions of the modern right and state systems's reformation. Results. The definitive and the categorial devices of the legality and discipline are specified, definitions of the studied phenomena are offered. Signs of unity, distinction of the discipline and legality are allocated, and also the aspects of their interaction and available contradictions are reflected. Conclusions. The legality and discipline are the all-social, intersectoral and complex definitions. Including various semantic shades, these categories are inherent in any state and public work, and provide for volume classification on types and subspecies. Experience of the system analysis of the categories of «discipline» and «legality» will lay the necessary theoretical and methodological foundation for further studying of the aspects of interrelation thereof.

Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas. Doctorado en Filosofía ; The dissertation shows problems regarding the contradictions in the discourse that proposes that communication in Mexican indigenous communities represents a superior type of democracy and the evidence of inequity and gender violence in those same communities. This discourse, named "new communalism", is linked to an important movement of restoration of the indigenous community. Such movement is being produced by indigenous and not indigenous intellectuals from our country. The importance of the analysis is based in the necessity of knowing what this discourse refers to, regarding communication in indigenous communities with an aim to expose their possible contribution to the situation of domination that women suffer or, on the contrary, their liberation. Likewise, regarding the possibility of recognizing the presence of a traditional thought, from different places and origins, that can certainly contribute in building societies that are more equitable and participating. The work has a theoretical and normative framework based on the discursive ethics and the philosophy of liberation. One of its main objectives is to show arguments that support the idea that if violence in interpersonal communication is not surpassed, especially in erotic and pedagogical relationships, the possibility for building a true communication society does not exist. The analyzed corpus is learn to listening. Teaching maya-tojolabales, written by Carlos Lenkersdorf (2008). The methodology used for the critical analysis is the historical-discursive method. The results suggest the existence of a patriarchal ideology in the analyzed discourse. This, however does not invalidate its contribution for building a communication society; especially because the community communication described by this current thought, can be seen as a role model for other levels of the social system. ; La tesis problematiza en torno a las contradicciones entre un discurso que propone que la comunicación en las comunidades indígenas de México es representativa de un tipo de democracia superior y la evidencia sobre la inequidad y la violencia de género presente en dichas comunidades. Este discurso, llamado del "nuevo comunalismo", está articulado a un importante movimiento de restauración de la comunidad indígena y está siendo producido por intelectuales indígenas y no indígenas de nuestro país. La importancia del análisis se fundamenta en la necesidad de conocer qué dice dicho discurso respecto a la comunicación en las comunidades indígenas a fin de develar su posible contribución a la situación de dominación que viven las mujeres en ellas o, por el contrario, a su liberación; asimismo, a la posibilidad de reconocer en él la presencia de tradiciones de pensamiento que, desde diversos espacios y orígenes, pueden contribuir a la construcción de sociedades más igualitarias y participativas. El trabajo tiene como marco teórico y normativo a la ética discursiva y la filosofía de la liberación. Uno de sus objetivos centrales es allegar argumentos a favor de que si no se supera la violencia en las relaciones interpersonales, especialmente en la erótica y la pedagógica, no existe posibilidad de construir una verdadera sociedad de la comunicación. El corpus analizado es Aprender a escuchar. Enseñanzas maya-tojolabales de Carlos Lenkersdorf (2008) y la metodología utilizada para el análisis crítico del discurso, el método histórico-discursivo. Los resultados apuntan a la existencia de una ideología patriarcal en el discurso analizado, lo que no invalida sus aportaciones a la construcción de una sociedad de la comunicación, sobre todo debido a que la comunicación comunitaria descrita por esta corriente puede servir de modelo para el resto de los niveles del sistema social.

In recent years, many teachers in Hong Kong are reported as dissatisfied, stressful, and burnt out. The literature has suggested the negative emotions affect both teachers' well-being and teaching quality. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the phenomenon of teachers' emotional experiences at work in Hong Kong. Since a large number of teachers in Hong Kong are found to be unhappy, their emotional experiences can be regarded as a social issue more so than a psychological one. Thus, this research studies teachers' emotional experiences from sociological perspective. In order to have an in-depth understanding about Hong Kong teachers' emotional experiences, this study interviewed 21 Hong Kong secondary school teachers who were selected by maximum variation sampling and snowball sampling, investigated the documents of the informants' schools, and analyzed the education policy documents and the Hong Kong educational news which were published between 1980 and 2011. The findings show that all the informants were committed to making a difference in students' lives as their major teaching purpose. When there was a mismatch between how they perceived their work and what in actual the teaching purpose was, they would feel negatively; otherwise, they would feel positively. The study also finds that positive student-matters were the source of teachers' positive emotions because the positive student-matters signified the informants that they successfully made a difference in students' lives. On the other hand, workload, especially the administrative or what the informants called "non-instructional work", tended to signify to the informants that they spent a lot of time on work that was unhelpful in making a difference. Therefore, the teachers were dissatisfied with heavy workload not only because the workload gave them no leisure, but because they perceived their work as purposeless and unworthy. However, when this study took a closer look at the "non-instructional work", it found that most of the "non-instructional work" suggested by the informants were "instructional" or had "instructional" values in nature. The phenomenon was a result of the power relation between school administrators and teachers which was embedded in and structured by career stage, school administration, and education reforms. Under this relation, the power of school administrators overpowered the teachers in school when it came to the decision-making process. In other words, the teachers often were unable to access the "instructional" values behind their work, school policies and measures decided by the administrators. Under this situation, they might find it difficult to make a difference in students' lives by doing their work, resulting in a negative self-concept. Therefore, they were inclined to experience negative emotions at work. Nevertheless, it is noted that different groups of teachers enjoyed different levels of power in the power relation. For example, the late-career teachers tended to have more power because they were the members of school administrators, but the early- and mid-career teachers were more powerless because most of them were front-line classroom teachers excluded from many school decision-making processes. In addition, some school administrative practices might favour the overpowering relation, but some school administrative practices might not. Accordingly, Hong Kong teachers' emotional experiences should be differentiated across different groups of teachers, although they generally feel negatively at work. According to the findings, this study gives different recommendations to school administrators, the government, and teacher education to improve Hong Kong teachers' emotional experiences at work. ; published_or_final_version ; Education ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

Under the trend of ICT implementation in education, students' learning becomes highly reliant on ICT. A student will thus suffer in his / her learning process if he / she lacks the chance of using ICT at home. This is what a divide in student's learning is. As the occurrence of this divide is due to digital ICT devices and its effect is focussed on students' academic performance, such divide is termed as digital divide in education (DDE). To bridge this divide, most governments around the world have spent a lot purchasing hardware for schools and even assisting students from low income families to have computers at home. The divide, however, still persists. Nowadays, almost all students have the chance to use ICT. If a student is skilful in using ICT, he / she can learn more effectively by searching useful materials on the Internet. Otherwise, the student may lose his / her learning path. Thus there is a divide in learning between the skilled and unskilled students using ICT. In addition to the learning-related usages, recent studies showed that most students mainly use ICT to play games or for social communication. The divide in learning still exists and shifts to the difference between the students who use ICT for their learning and those who mainly use ICT for other purposes. Moreover, even some of the students using ICT for their studies, such as doing assignments, may use it inappropriately for copying and reassembling materials from the Internet as their assignments for submission. Such surely impedes their learning. The divide in learning then extends to whether students use ICT appropriately. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of DDE on students learning in terms of four facets: the chance of using ICT (access disparity), the skilfulness in using ICT (skill disparity), the ways in using ICT (usage disparity), and the appropriateness of using ICT (ethical disparity). The objective is three-fold. The first one is to examine whether the four facets of DDE affect students' academic performance, the second one is to investigate whether the four facets are interrelated, and the third one is to explore the factors contributing to the four facets empirically. After reviewing various literatures, the potential factors are categorised into three groups: students' personal factors, environmental factors, and ethics-related factors. A survey has been conducted to achieve the objective. A pilot test was carried out first to check the reliability and validity of the designed questionnaire. 825 valid responses were obtained from a set of random samples taken from Secondary 2 students in Hong Kong. Statistical methods are employed for investigating the relationship between the four facets and also the factors of each facet. The analysis results indicate that the latter three facets are the main constituents of DDE, significantly affecting students' academic performance. The facets are also interrelated in a sequence. There is a significant effect of skill disparity on the other two disparities, and there is also a significant effect of usage disparity on ethical disparity. A number of key factors were also found for the facets, including students' gender, SES, ICT experience, and also their parents' parenting styles and ICT abilities. Their peers' behaviour also plays an important role in affecting their appropriateness of using ICT. A number of policy implications are then proposed according to the results, in terms of financing approach of government (e.g. direct subsidy scheme), revision of curriculum, and enhancement of parenting skills. ; published_or_final_version ; Education ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

В статье анализируется нарастание кризисных проявлений в экономических, политических, идеологических отношениях, которое носит системный характер. Оно требует не только всестороннего научного исследования и обоснования путей решения, но и более глубокого поиска истоков и аналогий в разных формах выражения и измерения эволюции живых организмов, закономерностей и идеалов, символов таких процессов. Используя философский метод познания, планируется связать экономические, психологические, геометрические, математические научные достижения в поиске обоснования способа и формы трансформации институтов человеческого существования на наднациональном уровне, а также в контексте наноуровня отдельной личности в соответствии с масштабным инвариантным подходом к объекту исследования. Системно-синергетический подход позволил не только синтезировать в методологии исследования теории неоинституционализма, онтопсихологии, геометрии и философии, но и получить синергетический эффект в приращении аргументов за коэволюционное развитие экономики и экологии за счет сопоставления институциональных матриц с логарифмическими и двойными спиралями эволюционных витков в природе. Символ кода выживания человека в любом масштабе и сфере его существования через двойную спираль ДНК визуально представляет идеальный вид структурной гармонии как цели эволюции человечества в триаде «качество жизни эколого-экономическая безопасность социально-экономическое развитие», для которой главный девиз это «приоритеты через паритеты». Реализация программ экологической грамотности в рамках национальной политики государства по экологическому развитию регионов является одним из важнейших условий естественной, а не навязанной извне подготовки к использованию парадигмы устойчивой экономики как основы экономических, политических и идеологических институтов современного общества. Отмечено, что если создание новых институтов требует крупных первоначальных затрат, то предлагаемая трансформация базовых институтов за счет приоритетного развития дополнительных экологических норм и правил на основе онтопсихологического подхода будет обременена только финансированием или софинансированием программ экологической грамотности. ; Importance The article analyzes the increment of crisis phenomena in economic, political and ideological relations, which is of system nature. It requires not only a comprehensive scientific research and substantiation of the ways to solve them, but also a deeper search for the origins and similarities in different forms of expression and measurement of the living organisms' evolution, consistent patterns and ideals, as well as symbols of this kind of processes. Objectives Using the philosophical method of cognition, I planned to link the economic, psychological, geometric, mathematical, scientific advances in the search for ways and forms of institutional transformation of the human condition at the supranational level, as well as in the context of the nanometer scale, i.e., the individual in accordance with a scale invariant approach to the research. Methods The systemic-synergetic approach helped me to synthesize the theories of neo-institutionalism, onto-psychology, geometry and philosophy in the methodology of the research, and also to obtain a synergistic effect in accumulation of arguments for co-evolutionary development of economy and ecology through institutional mapping matrices with logarithmic spirals and double helixes of the evolutionary cycles in nature. Results The symbol code of human survival at any scale and scope of human existence through the double helix of DNA visually represents the ideal kind of structural harmony as the goal of the mankind evolution in the triad of "quality of life ecological-economic security socio-economic development", for which the main motto is "priorities through parities". Environmental literacy programs within the framework of the national policy on environmental development of regions is one of the most important conditions for a natural, not imposed from the outside, preparation to use the paradigm of sustainable economy as the foundation of economic, political and ideological institutions of modern society. Conclusions and Relevance I emphasize that, if the creation of new institutions requires large initial costs, the proposed transformation of the basic institutions at the expense of priority development of additional environmental rules and regulations based on the onto-psychology approach will be burdened only by financing or co-financing of environmental awareness programs.

В данной статье раскрыты возможности изучения социальной справедливости в неолиберальной политической доктрине в рамках теоретического анализа. Исследовательской проблемой выступила теоретическая и практическая неопределенность основного консенсуса в отношении доктринальных принципов социальной справедливости в условиях высокой степени ее политической актуальности, наряду с множественностью ее социальных контекстов через призму реализации неолиберальных реформ в российском обществе. Ввиду неоднозначности доктрины неолиберализма автор выделяет три подхода, позволяющих осмыслить его как политический феномен и категорию политической науки. Во-первых, это неолиберализм кейнсианского типа, во-вторых, либертарианская разновидность неолиберализма, в-третьих, Вашингтонский консенсус как модель неолиберализма для современных обществ. Именно на ней и сделан акцент в данной статье. Автор предлагает понимать модель Вашингтонского консенсуса как сложное системное образование, имеющее либеральные теоретико-методологические истоки, представляющее собой определенного рода философию, в соответствии с которой выстраивается модель политики в современных условиях глобализации и взаимозависимости как реальных институтов государства и общества, так и идейно-политических парадигм. При этом российская модель неолиберализма носит синкретический характер, в частности и на основе принципа социальной справедливости. Исторически проблема справедливости привлекала значительное внимание исследователей: от Сократа до Д.С. Милля, Д. Роулза, Р. Дворкина и т.д. В отечественной политической мысли достаточное внимание было уделено и прочтению западных теорий справедливости, и поиску собственных: Т.А. Алексеева, А.А. Гусейнов, С.И. Григорьев, Л.Г. Гринберг, Г.Ю. Канарш, А.И. Новиков, Г.В. Мальцев. Особо следует выделить работы Н.А. Ведениной, Р.К. Шамилевой, Б.Н. Кашникова, В.С. Мартьянова и др. В результате анализа сделан вывод о необходимости определения фундаментального концепта социальной справедливости в современной политической ситуации в России на основе конвергенции базовых ее пониманий в консервативном и либеральном политических направлениях. Современное политическое «прочтение» и реализация принципов социальной справедливости в России выглядят противоречиво и непоследовательно. ; This article deals with the possibility of studying social justice in the neo-liberal political doctrine within the theoretical analysis. The research problem is theoretical and practical uncertainty of the main consensus concerning the doctrinal principles of social justice in the situation of its high political relevance, as well as the multiplicity of its social contexts through the prism of the implementation of neoliberal reforms in the Russian society. Due to the ambiguity of the neoliberal doctrine, the author identifies three approaches, which allows viewing it as political phenomenon and as the category of political science. Firstly, it is neoliberalism of Keynesian type; secondly, the libertarian kind of neoliberalism; thirdly, the Washington Consensus as a model of neoliberalism of modern societies. The author makes emphasis on the last one. He proposes understanding the model of Washington Consensus as a complex system with liberal theoretical and methodological roots and as a certain kind of philosophy, according to which the model of the politics is constructed in the contemporary context of globalization and interdependence of existing institutions of state and society and ideological and political paradigms. At the same time, the Russian model of neoliberalism is syncretic; in particular, it is based on the principle of social justice. Historically, the issue of justice attracted serious attention of researchers from Socrates to D.S. Mill, J. Rawls, R. Dvorkin, etc. The domestic political science pays enough attention to Western theories of justice, as well as develops own theory by T.A. Alekseeva, A.A. Guseynov, S. Grigoriev, L.G. Greenberg, G.Y. Kanarsh, A.I. Novikov, V. Maltsev. Works of N.A. Vedenina, R.K. Shamileva, B.N. Kashnikov, V.S. Martyanov and others are very notable. The author concludes about the need to define fundamental concept of social justice in the current political situation in Russia based on the convergence of its basic understanding in conservative and liberal political trends. Modern political "reading" and the implementation of the principles of social justice in Russia seems to be contradictory and inconsistent.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana struktur dan dinamika struktur pada sistem pemerintahan Ulu-Apad di Desa Pakraman Sukawana, Bangli, Bali. (2) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana fungsi sistem pemerintahan Ulu-Apad di Desa Pakraman Sukawana, Bangli, Bali dalam rangka pemertahanan filsafat Tri Hita Karana. (3) Untuk mengetahui bagaimana persepsi siswa dan guru terhadap pemanfaatan sistem pemerintahan Ulu-Apad sebagai sumber pengayaan IPS di SMP Negeri 7 Kintamani. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan langkah-langkah yaitu: (1) Teknik Penentuan Informan. (2) Teknik Pengumpulan Data (Observasi, Wawancara, Kuisioner/ Angket, Studi Dokumen). (3) Teknik Penjamin Keaslian Data (Triangulasi Data, Triangulasi Metode). (4) Teknik Analisis Data. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan, antara lain: (1) Struktur Sistem Pemerintahan Ulu-Apad di desa Pakeraman Sukawana berdasarkan konsep Rwabineda (Kiwa-Tengen) yang mengutamakan senioritas perkawinan, (2) Dinamika Struktur Sistem Pemerintahan Ulu-Apad berdasarkan urutan (senioritas), dimana untuk mencapai posisi utama dalam sistem pemerintahan harus melalui beberapa tahapan, diantaranya harus melangsungkan upacara Mapiuning Menek Madesa dan akhirnya tercatat sebagai anggota Krama Pamugbung dengan urutan mulai dari posisi paling bawah, hingga akhirnya jika ada Krama yang keluar maka secara otomatis urutan akan naik, (3) Fungsi Sistem Pemerintahan Ulu-Apad terhadap pemertahanan konsep Tri Hita Karana telah berjalan sesuai posisi masing-masing, diman Jero Kubayan bertindak di bidang Parahyangan, Jero Pengelanan bertindak di bidang Pawongan, dan Jero Mekel bertindak di bidang Palemahan, (4) persepsi guru dan siswa di SMP N 7 Kintamani sebagian besar menyatakan setuju dengan Sistem Pemerintahan Ulu-Apad dijadikan sebagai sumber pengayaan IPS.Kata Kunci : Ulu-Apad, Struktur, Fungsi, Persepsi, Sumber Pengayaan IPS This study aims to: (1) To determine how the structure and dynamics of the structure of the governance system in the Ulu-Apad Pakraman Sukawana, Bangli, Bali. (2) To determine how the system functions of government in the Ulu-Apad Pakraman Sukawana, Bangli, Bali in order preservation philosophy of Tri Hita Karana. (3) To determine how the perceptions of students and teachers to use the Ulu-Apad system of government as a source of enrichment IPS in SMP Negeri 7 Kintamani. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research method steps, namely: (1) Determination Technique informants. (2) Data Collection Techniques (Observation, Interview, Questionnaire, Study Document). (3) Data Authenticity Assurance Techniques (Data Triangulation, Triangulation Method). (4) Data Analysis Techniques. This research resulted in findings, among others: (1) Structure-Government System Ulu-Apad Pakeraman village Sukawana based concept Rwabineda (Kiwa-Tengen) that prioritizes seniority marriage, (2) Structural Dynamics Government Systems Ulu-Apad based sequence (seniority), in which to achieve their central position in the system of government has to go through several phases, of which should solemnize Mapiuning Menek Madesa and finally registered as a member of Krama Pamugbung the sequence starting from the bottom position, and finally if there Krama is out then the order will automatically go up, (3) Function Government System Ulu-Apad against the concept of Tri Hita Karana retention has aligned positions, respectively, Diman Jero Kubayan act in the field of Parahyangan, Jero Pengelanan Pawongan act in the field, and Jero Mekel Palemahan act in the field, (4) the perception of teachers and students in SMP N 7 Kintamani largely agreed with the Government System Ulu-Apad IPS used as a source of enrichment.keyword : Ulu-Apad, Structure, Function, Perception, Enrichment IPS Resources

This article is an attempt to form a methodological foundation to explore the process of symbolic constructioning of reality in the political systems in a state of democratic transition. From the author's point of view, such transit systems differ with the phenomenal features of transitional type of sign-symbolic context. There are the most significant of them: the confrontation of symbols of old and new, and the formation of public anxiety due to violation of the established values (significant symbols). The result of these processes is the emergence of the conditions for increasing capacity of perception of new symbols (re-symbolization), transmigration of symbolic forms, the appearance of spontaneous symbolic interactions in the community in the form of political protests, rallies, and panic. In this regard, it is necessary to understand the possibilities of the productive management of the collective consciousness in transit period to achieve mental solidarity of concrete society with democratic values. To perform this task, author develops the appropriate tools, which are based on the phenomenological theory, the Schutz's theory of the constitution of the multiple realities, the philosophy of symbolic forms of E. Cassirer, the theory of social construction of P. Berger and T. Luckmann, as well as Lotman's semiotic concept. It is concluded that in the collision of alternative symbolic projects of social order it is advisable to resort to controlled symbolization (the production of special symbolic codes of political legitimation). At the same time it is important to understand the mechanisms of auto- symbolization of the society (changing of mass consciousness by virtue of the progressive development of the political culture of people). Careless use of these technologies in the countries with non-consolidated democracy may become a factor of destabilization and formation of the conditions for authoritarian rollback. ; В данной статье предпринята попытка сформировать некий методологический фундамент, позволяющий предметно изучить процесс символического конструирования реальности в политических сис­темах, которые находятся в состоянии демократического транзита. С точки зрения автора, подобные транзитные системы отличаются рядом феноменальных особенностей знаково-символического контекста переходного типа, наиболее значительными из которых выступают конфронтация символов нового и старого и формирование общественного беспокойства в силу нарушения устоявшихся значений (значимых символов). Результатом этих процессов становится возникновение условий для повышения потенциала восприятия новых символов (ре-символизация), трансмиграция символических форм, появления спонтанных символических интеракций в обществе в виде политических протестов, митингов, паники. В связи с этим возникает необходимость понимания, каким образом может осуществляться продуктивное управление коллективным сознанием на этапе перехода, чтобы достичь ментальной солидаризации общества с демократическими ценностями. На выполнение этой задачи разрабатывается соответствующий инструментарий, в основу которого легли феноменологическая теория, теория конституирования множественных реальностей А. Шюца, философия символических форм Э. Кассирера, теория социального конструирования П. Бергера и Т. Лукмана, а также семиотическая концепция Ю. Лотмана. ; В данной статье предпринята попытка сформировать некий методологический фундамент, позволяющий предметно изучить процесс символического конструирования реальности в политических сис­темах, которые находятся в состоянии демократического транзита. С точки зрения автора, подобные транзитные системы отличаются рядом феноменальных особенностей знаково-символического контекста переходного типа, наиболее значительными из которых выступают конфронтация символов нового и старого и формирование общественного беспокойства в силу нарушения устоявшихся значений (значимых символов). Результатом этих процессов становится возникновение условий для повышения потенциала восприятия новых символов (ре-символизация), трансмиграция символических форм, появления спонтанных символических интеракций в обществе в виде политических протестов, митингов, паники. В связи с этим возникает необходимость понимания, каким образом может осуществляться продуктивное управление коллективным сознанием на этапе перехода, чтобы достичь ментальной солидаризации общества с демократическими ценностями. На выполнение этой задачи разрабатывается соответствующий инструментарий, в основу которого легли феноменологическая теория, теория конституирования множественных реальностей А. Шюца, философия символических форм Э. Кассирера, теория социального конструирования П. Бергера и Т. Лукмана, а также семиотическая концепция Ю. Лотмана.

В представленной статье автором на основе комплексного анализа источников и литературы исследован вопрос культурного наследия нежинского греческого братства и его влияние на развитие города. Первое появление греков в Нежине тесно связано с событиями Национально-освободительной войны украинского народа середины XVII века. Следствием военных действий стал экономический спад в украинских землях. Именно с этого времени, универсалом Б. Хмельницкого в мае 1657 г., пребывание греков-купцов в Украине было закреплено законодательно. Это способствовало быстрому количественному росту греков в Нежине, что привело к образованию греческого церковного братства в 1696 г. Основателем братства был отец Христофор. Греческие купцы почти сразу начали вкладывать средства в развитие города Нежина, и прежде всего в строительство православных храмов и образование. Наиболее значимые из них это три греческих храма, которые сохранились до настоящего времени и образуют историко-культурный комплекс греческого братства "Греческий квартал". Две церкви расположены в самом центре Нежина архангела Михаила и Всех Святых. Церковь Константина и Елены, расположенная на Троицком (греческом) кладбище. Нежинские греки всегда были сторонниками необходимости развития образования. Первым шагом в этом направлении стало основание Греческой общей школы. Основная цель, кроме обучения, лежала в воспитании детей по православным канонам. Кроме греческого языка в школе преподавались такие дисциплины как грамматика, пиитика, риторика, философия и богословие. Благодаря усилиям членов нежинского греческого братства было основано Александровское греческое училище. В середине XIX в. Греческое братство пережило упадок. Даже в сложных экономических условиях греки старались сохранить храмы и учебные заведения. В церковно-археологический музей при Киевской духовной академии были переданы редкие книги и рукописи из библиотеки, которая расположена при Михайловской церкви. Здание Александровского греческого училища и капитал греческой общественности были использованы для создания женской прогимназии в Нежине. ; In the present article the author on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of literature and sources explored the cultural heritage of Nizhyn Greek fraternity and its influence on the development of the city. The first appearance of the Greeks in Nizhyn city was closely related to the events of the Ukrainian National Liberation War which took place in the middle of the seventeenth century. Economic regression of Ukrainian lands was the consequence of military events. From that time the Greek merchants stay in Ukraine was enshrined in law by the order of B. Khmelnitsky in May 1657. It contributed to the rapid quantitative growth of the Greeks in Nizhyn, which led to the formation of the Greek Orthodox fraternity in 1696. Father Christopher was the founder of the fraternity. Greek merchants immediately began to invest money in the city Nizhyn, and especially in education and in the construction of Orthodox churches. The most significant of them are three Greek temples that reached to date and form a historical and cultural center of the Greek fraternity "Greek quarter." Two churches are located in the heart of Nizhyn archangel Michael Church and Church of All Saints. Constantine and Helen Church is located on the Trinity (Greek) cemetery. Nizhyn Greeks were always supporters of education development. The first step in this direction was the establishment of Greek general school. The main purpose of school was not only to give education but also to teach children according to the Orthodox canons. In addition to Greek language children were taught such subjects as grammar, rhetoric, philosophy and theology. Due to the efforts of members of Nizhyn Greek fraternity Aleksandr Greek School was founded. In the middle of the nineteenth century Greek fraternity experienced a regression. Even in difficult economic conditions, the Greeks tried to keep churches and schools. Rare books and manuscripts from the library located at St. Michael's Church were handed to the Church archaeological museum of Kiev Theological Academy. The building of Alexander Greek School and funds of the Greek community were used to create female preschools in Nizhyn.