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Humanities Open Book Program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation ; This pioneer study goes well beyond the subject of linguistics to encompass economic, sociological, political, and educational approaches to language change. In the context of the development of national resources, the book focuses on language planning--the deliberate change and promotion of language structure and language use. It outlines a theoretical approach to the study of language planning and includes selected case studies which demonstrate the possibilities of broadening and improving national planning by taking linguistic and human resources into explicit account to enhance forecasting. The contributors to this volume include highly renowned experts in their respective academic fields as well as actual language planners. They were brought together on the instigation of a study group on language-planning processes sponsored by the East-West Center, University of Hawaii, with Ford Foundation support. Can Language Be Planned? is one result of their joint studies. An on-going cross-national research project on language-planning processes at Stanford University is another.

Introduction:Language planning as an element in modernization /Joan Rubin and Björn H. Jernudd --[1.]The motivation and rationalization for language policy:The impact of nationalism on language planning: some comparisons between early twentieth-century Europe and more recent years in South and Southeast Asia /Joshua A. Fishman --Language as an aid and barrier to involvement in the national system /Herbert C. Kelman --Religion, language, and political mobilization /Jyotirindra Das Gupta --[2.]Case studies of language planning:Successes and failures in the movement for the restoration of Irish /John Macnamara --Spelling reform -Israel 1968 /Chaim Rabin --Language-planning processes and the language-policy survey in the Philippines /Bonifacio P. Sibayan --Some factors influencing language policies in Eastern Africa /Wilfred H. Whiteley --Language reform and social modernization in Turkey /Charles F. Gallagher --Some planning processes in the development of the Indonesian-Malay language /S. Takdir Alisjahbana --The development of Bengali since the establishment of Pakistan /Muhammad Abdul Hai --[3.]A general approach to language planning:Towards a theory of language planning /Björn H. Jernudd and Jyotirindra Das Gupta --Evaluation and language planning /Joan Rubin --Cost-benefit analysis in language planning /Thomas Thorburn --Notes on economic analysis for solving language problems /Björn H. Jernudd --A tentative classification of language-planning aims /Chaim Rabin --Instrumentalism in language planning /Einar Haugen --[4.]Research strategies and a view towards the future:Research outline for comparative studies of language planning /Joshua A. Fishman, Jyotirindra Das Gupta, Björn H. Jernudd, and Joan Rubin --A view towards the future /Joan Rubin --Some introductory references pertaining to language planning /Björn H. Jernudd and Joan Rubin.

The economic and social pressure has led many Indonesian to become migrant workers in some foreign countries for a better life. Their poor language proficiency due to their lack of preparation prior to their departure has hampered them from communicating well in the country of destination which they have lived. This paper presents the analysis of how the Indonesian migrant workers prepared their language proficiency in their country of origin,Indonesia, how they have acquired the language of the receiving country in which they have worked, and how they have maintained the acquired foreign language upon their return toIndonesiaas their social capital. This paper found out that language preparation, language acquisition and language maintenance play very important roles in the life of Indonesian migrant workers. Poorly planned language training has made the migrant workers face many problems in communication in the country of destination. This condition can be gradually solved by acquiring the language during their work in the country of destination and this language acquisition through immersion has become their social capital; however, such social capital is not well processed to empower the community in most areas of the country of origin,Indonesia. This fact is worsened by the reality that the formal government structure in the villages seems to neglect this self-empowered group of the community. Key words: Economic and social pressure, migrant workers, proficiency, acquired, social capital

This paper deals with the concepts of language planning and language standardization which are in direct relation with the concept language policy. In line with the said, the stands of several linguists about the a/s phenomena are presented as the subject of their studies and beneficial in giving an account of this issue. Language planning encompasses changes in the language, changes of the relations among languages as well as human acting upon the languages and their interrelations. Language standardization means design of or search for orthographic and grammar rules which are common for all the users of a language thus aiming at expansion of its use in as many areas of human life as possible. The standard language is a planned and designed unitary referential variant the purpose of which is to provide cultural, political, and social cohesion on the territory on which it is official. By elaborating these concepts, man's attempt to act upon the language and the effects are presented.

Change, planned and unplanned, can be the product of events (change by chance), new language (change from societal interaction), and practices (track-bound change), and can involve many different societal actors. To position planning as an activity within this broader context, we present a model that captures the interplay between these three sources of change, leading to a typology of change-inducing phenomena. Change, consequently, can be managed in an active and effective way rather than being viewed as an environment of fuzzy conditions and unpredictable dynamics. Our model may be helpful to planners, as an analytic tool, usable in educational curricula as well as in the practice of planning.

Is it possible to change the language in a group? And if so, how? In politics and business, conclusive answers to these questions are of great interest. Karolina Suchowolec finds them by analysing the current state of research on language planning, planned languages, controlled languages and terminology work, examining the findings for their possible generalisation and deriving from this language guidance as an overarching linguistic object of research. She has empirically investigated its practical implementation. As a result, she formulates an overview of the challenges of language control as well as the solution approaches postulated in the relevant literature - a solid basis for further theoretical research and support for practical language control. Karolina Suchowolec, *1984, studied Applied Linguistics and German as a Foreign Language in Dresden and earned her doctorate in Linguistics in Hildesheim. As a research assistant at the Institute for German Language in Mannheim, she is involved in terminological and applied linguistic projects. Her research interests include specialist communication, terminology management, controlled languages and knowledge modelling.

The neutral language The Universal Esperanto Association (UEA), founded in 1908, is an international NGO that unites speakers of the planned or constructed language Esperanto. During the two world wars and the cold war UEA faced a series of conflicts based on political or organisational questions: a) National Esperanto organisations saw themselves as competitors and tried to exert increasing influence on Esperanto at an international level. They complained about political issues discussed in the UEA monthly publication Esperanto. Reorganisation of the Esperanto movement made national organisations independent affiliates of the UEA. Part of the question was how to finance activities beneficial to the whole movement, e.g. public relations, lobbying and the collection and compilation of statistics. b) Particular problems arose in national organisations facing a specific political situation, as in communist countries or Hitler's Germany. Local organisations were either banned or forced to adapt to prevailing political circumstances. This could bring them into conflict with the UEA which wanted to preserve its neutrality and which, in turn, demanded neutrality from the national organisations. After 1980 the UEA required national organisations only to respect the neutrality of the UEA. c) Some members tried to link the UEA to political movements, such as pacifism. In the 1960s and 1970s members of the UEA youth section believed neutrality should become an 'active' neutrality. Active neutrality meant not just avoiding contact with all (non-neutral) NGOs but seeking contact with NGOs of various political persuasions. However this initiative, not widely supported by UEA members, did not prove successfully. In general the UEA managed to remain neutral in spite of its growing universality, as more and more national affiliates from communist countries and the so-called third world joined it. Nevertheless it had to accept that, for example, the Czech association referred in its constitution to the leading role of the communist party. In 1934, over the question whether Jews in Germany could be listed in the UEA yearbook as local contacts ('delegates'), the UEA asked them to resign 'voluntarily'. Reasons for ignoring non-neutrality could be not only the goal of universality but also the fact that national affiliates were a source of income. Previous historiography of Esperanto sometimes uncovered political motivation where none existed. The most important examples are the Stockholm 'nationalist putsch' of 1934 and the Hamburg 'communist putsch' of 1974. Political motivation can be eliminated: in both cases the 'putsch' centred on the personal ambitions of a leader relinquishing his position. The main source of this historical research was the UEA archive. Other material was found in books and periodicals of the Esperanto language community. In addition, interviews were conducted with Esperantists from fifteen countries.

Algeria has always been a multilingual country, due to its rich history of being colonized for centuries by different colonizers from the Romans to the Phoenicians to the French and many others. However, the French were the predominating colonizer in Algeria, since they adopted a nationalizing process to impose their language on the people. That has greatly influenced the spoken language in the country, and French was established for a long time as an official language in Algeria. The linguistic situation in Algeria has become quite complex, due to the mentioned reasons. As a result, many languages are spoken and coexist in the country. Standard Arabic, Algerian Arabic or as it is called "Darja", Berber which is the language of the indigenous people of Algeria. It is also called Tamazight and is still spoken in many areas in the country. French, which coexists with all the spoken Algerian dialects, is heavily present in the Algerian territory and plays a significant role in the political, social, and educational sectors. The global spread of English around the world also reached Algeria, and an increasing interest in the language has been noticed during the recent years in the country. In this respect, the present study pursues the goal of defining the status of English while examining the linguistic situation of the country. Hence, the aim of the present research is to explore the sociolinguistic profile of Algeria and highlight the role of each of the existent languages in the main domains in the country. What is more, the study investigates the emergence of English as a competing language and explores the potential consequences it can have on the other languages and on the Algerians in general. The present research consists of seven chapters. The data were collected online using main Social Media platforms, in addition to a collection of photographs of the linguistic landscape of the country. (shops, street names, buildings ….). Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were selected to conduct the research, with a total of 494 survey respondents and 10 interviewees, and more than 100 photographs. The tools for research were a questionnaire of 27 questions and a concise questionnaire for the semi-structured interview. Photographs highlighting the visibility of English in shops and in the streets of Algeria were gathered to add information on the presence of the language in the country. The results of the study indicate the intensity of the linguistic situation in Algeria and the continuous conflicts between the different language groups. The research explores the consequences of this conflicted situation and the effects of the misused language policies on the Algerian individual and on society. Further analysis reveals the increasing rate of the use of English, the results exhibit a noticeable development and a growing interest in the language especially among the younger generation. The qualitative data acquired from the photographs and the interviews extended this view and provided a more insightful view on the role of the languages on the Algerians and the society and the meaning of the potential spread of the English language in Algeria. In conclusion, the research makes a few recommendations to policymakers and educationalists on how to moderate the linguistic atmosphere in Algeria by applying the needed reforms in key domains like education, and highlight the important role of well-planned language policies in improving the educational system and contributing to the development of the country.

"This book examines language choice in contemporary Cambodia, and uses the case study to explore and evaluate competing explanations for the spread of English globally. Following the introduction, the multiple contexts in which Cambodians make individual and institutional language policy choices are considered. Chapters 2 and 3 examine the economic and political contexts for language choice, as Cambodia has transitioned from a planned economy and communism to a market economy and democracy. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 examine the assistance context for language choice, the bilateral, multilateral, and nongovernmental development agencies that have recently begun to work in Cambodia demand certain language skills of Cambodian employees and government counterparts, and support the learning of these languages in both nonformal and formal education. Individual and institutional languages choices Cambodians are making in economic, political, assistance, and educational contexts are described. Some Cambodians have chosen to learn French, making language policy decisions supportive of French language learning, in anticipation of education offered in French at universities locally and abroad. More Cambodians are studying and learning Chinese to procure jobs with firms owned or managed by Chinese speakers. A great many have chosen to learn English and to support English language learning in education. These decisions respond to the multiple demands and opportunities for employment with economic and assistance enterprises associated with virtually every nation or group of nations, for regional and international political communication, and for education in the global infrastructure of English-language universities. Having thus contextualized and described Cambodians contemporary language choices, the case study is applied to a theoretical debate in the field of language policy studies. The specifics of the Cambodian case fully confirm neither the ""language choice"" nor the ""linguistic imperialism"" explanation for the global spread of English. Rather, in Cambodia English is spreading as a result of both choice and promotion, it integrates with (though is not integral to) the contemporary global restructuring of the world, and has introduced results that, though aggregating toward amelioration, run the gamut from beneficial to exploitative for groups of Cambodians located variously along geographical, socioeconomic, ethnic, and other spectra."

This article presents a social-pragmatic account of the emergence of planned discourse in development. The central claim is that planned discourse is a product of interactive emergence, arising in development from the creation of discourse themes, and that these in turn are dependent on language, especially on the linguistic subsystem of <i>cohesion.</i> I propose that the emergence of discourse themes relies on children's use and elaboration, in spontaneous speech, of cohesive terms that are at first borrowed from adult sources. The extrasentential processes proposed to account for the development of discourse themes are parallel to those that have been proposed at an intrasentential level. The persistent influence of adult discourse patterns is illustrated with examples from a young child's spontaneous crib talk, especially from culturally packaged sources such as nursery rhymes, story books, and fairy tales.

In this article are discussed about the scientific assessments of the author by the policy of the language in Uzbekistan during the period of independence. According to the estimation of the experts that today there are about seven thousand languages in the world. Each of these languages is existence of particular nation or tribe, unbending throne of their eternal happiness which consists of their unity and integrity, a sketch of disciple of completely different thought and interpretation, a consistent perception of non-borrowing style. The nation or the people will live in this unimaginable world at the time from the diaper at the beginning of their life, to the white skull at the end of their life. The first-end luminary of untroubled and honorary way to acknowledge the person, the universe, and the God, is the language. The sense of identity of themselves in the world and the sense of protecting the dignity and liberty of their people, are stable due to the language. The truth which the mother tongue is the base of the human mental and spiritual-psychic world, is admitted by all of whom are at the forefront. In short, today there are so many different mental and spiritual bases in the human mindset. Naturally, in multinational countries, especially, there is a serious need for national politics, in particular its indirect component- the language policies. Obviously, it is difficult to solve the national issue at all levels without the normal language policy. That's why; every country has its own language policy irrespective of its huge and small. Language policy is a system of political, legal and administrative regulation of language issues in the country and the society, the complex of ideological principles and formal and practical measures by solving language problems, mechanisms of planned impact on the linguistic situation in the country.

In this article are discussed about the scientific assessments of the author by the policy of the language in Uzbekistan during the period of independence. According to the estimation of the experts that today there are about seven thousand languages in the world. Each of these languages is existence of particular nation or tribe, unbending throne of their eternal happiness which consists of their unity and integrity, a sketch of disciple of completely different thought and interpretation, a consistent perception of non-borrowing style. The nation or the people will live in this unimaginable world at the time from the diaper at the beginning of their life, to the white skull at the end of their life. The first-end luminary of untroubled and honorary way to acknowledge the person, the universe, and the God, is the language. The sense of identity of themselves in the world and the sense of protecting the dignity and liberty of their people, are stable due to the language. The truth which the mother tongue is the base of the human mental and spiritual-psychic world, is admitted by all of whom are at the forefront. In short, today there are so many different mental and spiritual bases in the human mindset. Naturally, in multinational countries, especially, there is a serious need for national politics, in particular its indirect component- the language policies. Obviously, it is difficult to solve the national issue at all levels without the normal language policy. That's why; every country has its own language policy irrespective of its huge and small. Language policy is a system of political, legal and administrative regulation of language issues in the country and the society, the complex of ideological principles and formal and practical measures by solving language problems, mechanisms of planned impact on the linguistic situation in the country.