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"U.S. Government Printing Office: 1959"--p. 119 ; "1 July 59" ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

Learn more about how climate change is responsible for changes in nature's calendar, the rise of plant pathogens and pests and what APHA are doing to protect the UK border, from one of Defra's Plant Health Scientists, Dominic Eyre.

1.4 Changes in Vm, Ca2+ influx and reactive oxygen intermediate generation are early cellular events induced in plants by insect feeding1.5 Shared signal transduction components in microbe and insect elicitor perception; 1.6 Regulation of phytohormone accumulation and signalling during insect feeding; 1.6.1 Jasmonic acid; 1.6.2 Ethylene; 1.6.3 Salicylic acid; 1.7 Interconnection of the phytohormone system in plants; 1.8 Conclusions and perspectives; Acknowledgements; References; 2 Herbivore Oral Secretions are the First Line of Protection Against Plant-Induced Defences; 2.1 Introduction.

The book about Endemism in Vascular Plants is the first comprehensive analysis of the macroecology and geobotany of endemic vascular plants with case-studies and analyses from different regions in the world. Endemism is a pre-extinction phenomenon. Endemics are threatened with extinction. Due to international nature conservation policies and due to the perception of the public the importance of the concept of endemism is increasing. Endemism can result from different biological and environmental processes. Depending on the process conservation measures should be adapted. Endemic vascular plant taxa, in the setting of their species composition and vegetation types are important features of landscapes and indicators of the quality of relating habitats. The book is an important basis for biologists, ecologists, geographers, planners and managers of nature reserves and national parks, and people generally interested in nature conservation and biogeography of vascular plants. Furthermore, the book provides an insight into biological phenomena which are related to evolutionary, genetical, ecological processes, and landscape history under climate change and anthropogenic impacts. 21 experts from all over the world are contributors of the book. The scientists describe and analyse distribution patterns and underlying evolutionary and ecological processes of mainland regions e.g. in Middle America, South America, Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia, and island regions of tropical and subtropical zones in the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Basin, Indic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean as well

This report contains the vascular plant Red List for Ireland. The threat status of native and archaeophyte (pre-1500 introductions) vascular plant species, subspecies and certain hybrids recorded from the wild on the island of Ireland is assessed, following current International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categories and criteria, and guidelines for their application. Vascular plants introduced since 1500 (neophytes) are not assessed. Assessments are based on records up to 2014 assembled by a group representing government organisations and biodiversity data centres in both jurisdictions on the island, the Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland and the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. Since publication of The Irish Red Data Book. 1 Vascular Plants nearly 30 years ago, Ireland has undergone considerable economic, social and cultural changes, which have affected, to a greater or lesser degree, the distribution, extent and quality of the semi-natural and other habitats that support its vascular plant flora. At the same time, this period has seen unprecedented levels of recording and study of the Irish vascular plant flora, at a variety of scales (Ireland, regional, county, 10 km x 10 km grid square, site and population) and these data are fully availed of for the current Red List assessments. In summary, a total of 1211 taxa, comprising 1047 species, 4 species aggregates, 157 subspecies and 3 interspecific hybrids, considered to be native, archaeophyte or of uncertain native/alien status in Ireland are assessed and, of these, 106 (8.8%) are assigned an IUCN Red List threat category: 20 (1.7%) are Critically Endangered, 25 (2.1%) are Endangered and 61 (5.0%) are Vulnerable; these comprise Ireland?s Red-listed taxa. 15 tax (1.2%) are Regionally Extinct, 98 (8.1%) are Near Threatened, 887 (73.2%) are Least Concern and 105 (8.7%) are assigned, for a variety of reasons, to a Waiting List of taxa for which assessments could not be made.

Many new plant varieties that are sold for livestock pasture pose a weed risk that jeopardizes their purpose — the sustainable intensification of agriculture — by increasing the environmental costs of food production. We urge governments to include potential environmental damage when screening new pasture varieties and to introduce a 'polluter pays' penalty system.

Many new plant varieties that are sold for livestock pasture pose a weed risk that jeopardizes their purpose — the sustainable intensification of agriculture — by increasing the environmental costs of food production. We urge governments to include potential environmental damage when screening new pasture varieties and to introduce a 'polluter pays' penalty system.

1 Introduction -- Virus characteristics -- 2 Symptomatology of Virus-Infected Plants -- External symptoms -- Internal symptoms -- 3 Physiology of Plant Virus Diseases -- Metabolism of virus-infected plants -- Translocation of the virus in the plant -- Interference between viruses -- Latent infections -- Resistance to infection -- 4 Isolation and Purification of Plant Viruses -- Elementary tests -- Purification methods -- 5 Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Virus Particles. Plant Viruses in situ in Plant and Vector -- 6 Chemistry of Plant Viruses -- 7 Infection and Replication. Assembly of the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particle. Incomplete Viruses. Satellite Viruses. Viroids -- 8 Transmission by Vectors -- Insecta -- Vectors outside the insecta -- 9 Transmission other than by Vectors -- Mechanical inoculation -- Grafting -- Vegetative propagation -- Seed transmission -- 10 Quantitative Assay. Virus Inhibitors. Virus Strains -- 11 Serology of Plant Viruses -- Preparation of the viruses (antigens) -- The precipitin reaction -- Some results of the application of serological methods -- 12 Tissue- and Cell-culture of Plant Viruses -- Plant tissue-culture -- Modes of infection of tissue-cultures -- Cell-culture -- Protoplast culture of plant-viruses -- 13 Testing for Viruses: Indicator Plants -- 14 Nomenclature and Classification. Control -- 15 Fungal and Algal Viruses -- Fungal viruses -- Algal viruses -- 16 Mycoplasma-like Organisms -- Index of Authors.