Suchergebnisse

Sebbene la campagna elettorale delle Politiche 2018 sia stata caratteriz-zata da una debolezza di contenuti e proposte programmatiche, alcuni te-mi più polarizzati hanno avuto un ruolo centrale nella discussione politi-co-elettorale, diventando terreno di confronto e scontro tra i principali lea-der italiani. Nello specifico, quelli che hanno influenzato maggiormente l'agenda pubblica durante la campagna si sono imposti a seguito di alcuni eventi che hanno offerto ai competitors l'opportunità di intervenire nel dibattito pubblico, sfruttandone i risvolti per conferire attenzione alle pro-prie proposte. Innanzitutto i fatti di Macerata, con le varie manifestazioni e polemiche che ne sono seguite, ma anche gli scandali relativi ai candida-ti impresentabili, alla questione dei rifiuti in Campania e alle diverse in-chieste politico-giudiziarie emerse nei giorni precedenti al voto. Legati a queste vicende, i temi dell'immigrazione e della sicurezza, la polemica ideologica tra fascismo e antifascismo, la corruzione e il malaffare della classe politica sono tra quelli che più hanno infiammato il dibattito eletto-rale. Temi, dunque, fortemente politicizzati, su cui si è concentrata un'intensa attività di comunicazione dei leader, i quali, specialmente at-traverso i propri account sui social media, hanno utilizzato retoriche inci-vili al fine di galvanizzare i followers e conquistare visibilità nelle reti di discussione online e nei media mainstream. Già in altri studi è stato ri-scontrato che in relazione a issues più controverse e partisan non solo au-menta il ricorso all'incivility da parte dei comunicatori (Chen 2017), ma si accresce anche la capacità di propagazione del messaggio che li contiene (Brady et al. 2017) e il livello di copertura giornalistica (Massaro, Stryker, 2012). Nelle discussioni online, in particolare, la natura controversa di un tema, attirando opinioni polarizzate e irremovibili (Chen, Berger 2013), favorisce la produzione di commenti incivili da parte degli utenti (Anderson, Huntington, 2017), compromettendo così il confronto e lo scambio informato sulle issues. Con l'obiettivo di approfondire queste dinamiche, il contributo analiz-za la comunicazione dei leader italiani su Facebook, il social network con il maggior numero di utenti in Italia (Reuters, 2018), durante la campagna per le elezioni politiche 2018 al fine di comprendere lo spazio che i temi polarizzati hanno avuto nelle loro attività di posting e la caratterizzazione di questi messaggi sul piano dell'incivility. Contemporaneamente, si ana-lizzeranno le reazioni dei pubblici/utenti ai contenuti postati dai leader in termini di engagement e, più in generale, le conseguenze di questi mes-saggi per la qualità della discussione politica.

As part of a broader Europeanization process, the general guidelines and principles of the European spatial planning documents have been uncritically overtaken in the last two decades in the Romanian spatial planning system. One of them is represented by the growth pole concept, which was widely used not only in the selection process of the cities as growth poles but in the delimitation of the metropolitan zones as well. The Regional Operational Program (ROP) 2007-2013 has incorporated the above logic, the priority axe 1 sustaining the urban growth poles with 30% of the budget allocated to the whole ROP. The future prospects for 2014-2020 are going in the same direction. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the process and outcome of establishing the urban growth poles as key elements of the new regional policy in Romania. In particular, we will address the process of establishing the urban growth poles as high priority development goal. The paper highlights the failure of regional policy in attaining its essential objective, the reduction of regional disparities. Driven by the growth of the capital region Bucharest-Ilfov, regional polarisation is at a historical high, as the regional policies applied in Romania being unable to influence this process. Although we have at this time no exact evaluation on their regional impact, we can assume that the urban growth poles program has rather contributed to the intensification of regional imbalances. DOI: http://dx.medra.org/10.19254/LaborEst.14.03

In this paper, we discuss implications that the lockdown experience had on goals, methodological approaches, and topics of interest of a longitudinal study that we are conducting on political opinion polarization among Italian citizens in the hybrid media system. We also present some of the data collected in the first wave of our survey, fielded in May 2020, after two months of media shock. We provide a preliminary snapshot of the "state" of polarization concerning some controversial issues about the protection of public health. Additionally, we discuss some relations between citizens' "older" and "newer" media experiences during the lockdown and the likelihood of assuming extreme positions on these topics. Lastly, we address some analytical choices to be taken in the next stages of our study ("phase 2").

Sophoclean Antigone powerfully represents the dicotomy between oikos and polis in ancient Greek. Through this polarization it is possible to mark the women subalternity in classical public space, so that there is a radical conflict between two different vision: Antigone respond to brotherhood, while Creon respond to nomos, that's the tragedy's peak.

Abstract. The article analyses the spatial polarization processes of innovative activities, with particular attention to the United States and Europe, assessing the economic and political effects in the regions left behind. The contribution is part of the research program launched by the essay "The revenge of the Places that don't matter" by Rodriguez-Pose (2018), which has attracted increasing attention. The article proposes a review of the international debate developed on this topic, adding two further elements: first of all, new keys to understanding the causes of spatial polarization processes such as proposed from the approaches of the Knowledge Economy; secondly, the discussion on post-Covid 19 spatial trends, which are reopening a window of opportunity in favour of a territorial rebalancing of location processes. The article also proposes a first review of case studies of "competitive peripheries", i.e. places outside the main metropolitan centres that have nevertheless been able to deploy effective development processes through the combination of endogenous factors and the attraction of external innovative resources.

'informazione costituisce, attualmente, una delle principali risorse economiche del processo produttivo e, di conseguenza, le attività di raccolta, selezione e monitoraggio dei dati personali assumono una fondamentale rilevanza poichè rivolte alla capillare targettizzazione e fidelizzazione del consumatore. In questa direzione, la privacy, da tutela individualistica del diritto ad essere lasciati soli, assume il significato di diritto al pieno controllo delle informazioni personali. L'analisi dei Big Data si spinge sino alla ricerca e all'esame di ogni possibile correlazione tra i dati e gli algoritmi impiegati nei processi decisionali. Se l'uso cooperativo e partecipato nella sfera pubblica di alcune tipologie di Big Data può rivestire un sicuro interesse sociale, in altri casi l'utilizzo di tali conoscenze solleva notevoli criticità concernenti la tutela dei dati personali, il loro sfruttamento economico, la presenza di un'effettiva consapevolezza e libertà nella manifestazione del consenso al loro trattamento. Ulteriori incognite, conseguite all'impiego dei Big Data, sono rappresentate dalla polarizzazione dell'informazione in capo a pochi intermediari digitali che palesa tutta l'asimmetria tra chi offre il servizio informativo e il suo fruitore, aggravata dall'intrasparenza e dalla selettività dei criteri posti alla base del funzionamento dell'algoritmo, problematiche che si riflettono sulla piena esplicazione dei diritti di libertà e sul futuro della democrazia. Si mostra, allora, tutta l'urgenza di un'efficace regolazione dei Big Data e, più in generale, delle informazioni personali circolanti online, ispirata ai valori costituzionalmente garantiti e diretta alla tutela dell'individuo dall'impiego improprio delle tecnologie informatiche, nella prospettiva di un'innovativa delineazione di modelli di cittadinanza digitale attiva, a fondamento di un'effettiva libertà di costruzione personale. ; Information is currently one of the main economic resources of the production process and, consequently, the collection, selection and monitoring of personal data assume a fundamental importance as they are aimed at capillary consumer targeting and retention. In this direction, privacy, from individualistic protection of the right to be left alone, takes on the meaning of the right to full control of personal information. The Big Data analysis goes as far as searching and examining any possible correlation between the data and the algorithms used in the decision-making processes. If the cooperative and participatory use in the public sphere of some types of Big Data can be of certain social interest, in other cases the use of such knowledge raises significant critical issues concerning the protection of personal data, their economic exploitation, the presence of an effective awareness and freedom in the manifestation of consent to their treatment. Further unknowns, resulting from the use of Big Data, are represented by the polarization of information by a few digital intermediaries that reveals all the asymmetry between those who offer the information service and its user, aggravated by the transparency and the selectivity of the criteria places at the base of the functioning of the algorithm, problems that are reflected on the full explanation of the rights of freedom and on the future of democracy. All the urgency of an effective regulation of Big Data and, more generally, of personal information circulating online, inspired by the constitutionally guaranteed values and directed to the protection of the individual from the improper use of information technology, is shown in the the prospect of an innovative delineation of models of active digital citizenship which are the foundation of an effective freedom of personal construction.

The Author considers some variables that seem to characterize contemporary Brazil as the strong class stratification, the marked socio-economic inequalities, as well as polarization, illiteracy, migration, corruption, efforts to change and social movements fluctuating between attempts of co-optation and resistance. Analysis that detects discontinuity/continuity in recent and past culture, history and politics. ; El Autor considera algunas variables que parecen caracterizar la historia contemporánea de Brasil, entre ellas, la fuerte estratificación de las clases sociales, las marcadas desigualdades, la polarización socioeconómica, el analfabetismo, las migraciones, la corrupción, los intentos de cambio, los movimientos sociales fluctuantes entre la evidencia de cooptación y la resistencia. Este análisis detecta discontinuidad/continuidad entre la historia, la cultura y la política, en el pasado y en el presente. ; L'Autore si sofferma a considerare alcune variabili che sembrano caratterizzare il Brasile contemporaneo come la forte stratificazione di classe, le marcate sperequazioni, le polarizzazioni socio-economiche, l'analfabetismo, le migrazioni, la corruzione, i tentativi di cambiamento e i movimenti sociali altalenanti tra prove di cooptazione e di resistenza. Un'analisi che rileva discontinuità/continuità tra storia, cultura e politica, recenti e passate.

The authors investigate the impact of direct democracy on aspects of the political process in Switzerland. They dwell in particular on the concrete use of the instruments of direct democracy by organized groups of citizens, and on the effects of this use on collective protest movements (or social movements) at the local level. The essay divides into three parts. The first briefly describes the institutions of direct democracy. The second deals with the concrete use of the instruments of direct democracy. The third examines the effects of direct democracy on the political process and on social movements. The authors highlight the paradox of direct democracy, at both the local and national level, between consensus and polarization with respect to the action of social movements.

In the last years, the number of working poor has substantially increased in self-employment. A polarization between genuine self-employed workers, with high annual income, and weak self-employed, with low annual income, has been observed. In this framework, the need to find new forms of collective representation has led to the development of new self-employed workers organizations, striving to provide adequate responses to increasing social and economic disparities. After an analysis of self-employed workers organizations, the paper focuses on collective action for the self-employed that can take three different forms: political and legislative, through lobbying, social alliances, and other institutional activities; economic, through the use of coercive measures such as strikes and collective bargaining; judiciary, through legal claims filed by the unions or by individual workers supported by the unions.

An ethical approach to migration has to face the complex reality of irregular immigration as a challenge to the protection of the borders by sovereign states. The situation in Europe since 2015 has led to a rise of populism and to a polarization of the political debate in many countries. On the other hand, the presence of asylum seekers has also triggered new expressions of solidarity. The article explores the levels of responsibility of persons and institutions concerned by the need for humanitarian aid and for the administration of applications for asylum according to the rule of law and international commitments. The ideal of hospitality can help to support just and fair procedures without being the answer to all questions. Individual and structural degrees of action have to be distinguished. Religious beliefs play a particular role in the ongoing European debate on strangers, borders and human rights. The ethics of migration urgently needs such inspirational resources in order to close the gap between theoretical argumentation and practical morality.An ethical approach to migration has to face the complex reality of irregular immigration as a challenge to the protection of the borders by sovereign states. The situation in Europe since 2015 has led to a rise of populism and to a polarization of the political debate in many countries. On the other hand, the presence of asylum seekers has also triggered new expressions of solidarity. The article explores the levels of responsibility of persons and institutions concerned by the need for humanitarian aid and for the administration of applications for asylum according to the rule of law and international commitments. The ideal of hospitality can help to support just and fair procedures without being the answer to all questions. Individual and structural degrees of action have to be distinguished. Religious beliefs play a particular role in the ongoing European debate on strangers, borders and human rights. The ethics of migration urgently needs such inspirational resources in order to close the gap between theoretical argumentation and practical morality.

The Southern Caucasus is a power competition arena, a regional chessboard where the challenge posed by the Russian Federation to the US primacy is both reflecting and being played out. The resulting fluid and uncertain regional competitive scenario impinges upon local actors' foreign policy by restricting their freedom to maneuver. That is, the increasing Russian-US strife requires minor powers to make a clearer "battlefield choice" which, in turn, reinforces the trend towards regional and sub-regional strategic polarization. However, by deepening its "balanced" course of foreign policy, Azerbaijan seems to offer an exception to this trend. Starting from the features of the regional power competition, the article aims to highlight the essential characteristics of Azerbaijan's "balanced" foreign policy, demonstrating how the increasing power resources translated into greater resilience to environmental conditioning and into increasing margins of regional influence.

In the last years the interest in the study and monitoring of the Earth has been gradually growing, and many institutions have planned missions for these purposes. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is one of the most promising approaches to acquire images of every part of the world in short time. The characteristics that make the SAR a very powerful instrument are its capability to operate independently of weather conditions, at day and night, and to reach target that are inaccessible to ground measurement. There are many fields of interest for Earth Observation (both civilian and military), such as the detection and surveillance of ships or marine traffic, monitoring of agricultural fields, study of the winds in tropical storms and study of oceanic current, monitoring the damage caused by earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, inundation or other natural disasters, and more over. Natural disasters, in particular landslides, frequently affect our country, Italy. The hydrogeological risk is very high during rainy periods, and a space observation can be useful as support to civil protection in times of emergency, but also in the next phase of damage assessment. The knowledge of soil moisture behaviour is critical in different environmental and land activities; for example is the basis for prediction of river floods, rainfalls, avalanches and landslides. Given the link between specific soil parameters (such as moisture and surface roughness) and permittivity, it is possible to accurately measure these parameters with SAR data, starting from the measurements of the dielectric constant. The main problem is to separate the individual effects of the various parameters on the backscattered signal. However, this is possible using polarimetric data, in fact this data permits to minimize the effect of vegetation and surface roughness by using polarization ratios: combining cross- and co- polarizations ratios it can be possible to determine the soil moisture regardless of surface roughness. This research is funded by the Italian Space Agency in the framework of Cosmo-SkyMed Seconda Generazione project; it is focused on soil moisture retrieval by using polarimetric data. I analysed some Cosmo-SkyMed first generation polarimetric data (provided by courtesy of Italian Space Agency), in order to demonstrate the capability of the new generation of high resolution SAR system, and to suggest some possible upgrades or improvements for the new generation of ASI satellites.

In the majority of European regions, territorial inequalities between main urban nodes and marginal territories are raising concerns and pose serious development challenges. Phenomena such as ageing, depopulation and impoverishment of inner areas, and the polarization of social, economic and cultural opportunities in urban areas are often the result of place-neutral, spatially-blind approaches and hinder the European objective of social, economic and territorial cohesion. Since a decade, the European Union is pushing towards more place-based approaches to development in order to face these challenges. The experiences of the River Agreements and the National Strategy for Inner Areas are relevant examples of the Italian take on the EU place-based logics, combining bottom-up and top-down logic within multilevel, multiactor and multifund context-sensitive processes. This contribution discusses the main features, potentials and limitations of the two approaches, aiming to contribute to the debate and policies for the sustainable reactivation of marginal areas and rebalance of territorial inequalities.

In the last fifteen years the Nordeste has become central to Brazilian politics, today characterized by a polarization on a regional basis. The author identifies the origins of this process, showing how is linked to inequality and how Pt's era represented a turning point for the development of the macro-region and the politicization of the northeast question. ; En los últimos quince años, el Nordeste se ha convertido en el centro de la política brasileña, hoy caracterizada por una polarización a nivel regional. El autor identifica los orígenes de este proceso, mostrando que está conectado a la desigualdad, y trata de mostrar cómo la era petista representó un punto de inflexión para el desarrollo de la región y la politización de la cuestión Noreste. ; Negli ultimi quindici anni il Nordeste è diventato centrale per la politica brasiliana, oggi caratterizzata da una polarizzazione su base regionale. L'autore identifica le origini di questo processo, mostrando un suo legame con le disuguaglian e, e come l'era petista abbia rappresentato una svolta per lo sviluppo della macroregione e la politicizzazione della questione Nordeste.

Il saggio si propone di analizzare il dibattito seguito all'adozione della Basic Law: Israel as the Nation Stat of the Jewish People. È opinione largamente condivisa che tale provvedimento, ultimo capitolo del progetto di "costituzionalismo progressivo" israeliano, costituisca un elemento di polarizzazione e profonda divisione tra le diverse anime che costituiscono il variegato ordinamento israeliano. Le pagine che seguono cercheranno, dunque, di ricostruire le complesse caratteristiche della nuova normativa e le contrastanti reazioni che essa ha suscitato, cercando di metterne in evidenza le più rilevanti conseguenze dal punto di vista giuridico e politico, e non mancando di sottolineare il contesto, decisamente inconsueto, della loro discussione e applicazione. ; The essay aims to analyze the debate following the adoption of the Basic Law: Israel as the Nation Stat of the Jewish People. It is widely expressed opinion that this document, last chapter of the Israeli 'progressive constitutionalism project', represents an element of polarization and profound division between the different 'souls' that constitute the variegated Israeli legal system. The paper will therefore try to reconstruct the complex characteristics of the new legislation and the contrasting reactions it has provoked, trying to highlight the most significant consequences from a legal and political point of view, and not failing to emphasize the context, very unusual, of their discussion and application.