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This chapter presents the successive stages to make changes in the Polish development policy after 1989. The national administration reform of 1990 in the Third Commonwealth of Poland restored the local government after 40 years of non-existence during the time of Polish People's Republic (1944-1989) that was a satellite state of the Soviet Union after the Second World War. Another reform took place in 1998 as a part of preparations for the country's membership in the European Union (EU) from 2004. Currently developed strategic documents are suggesting the use of the "polarization and diffusion model of the development." The authors also discuss the regional policy currently implemented in Poland, which was designed in years 2009-2014. The process of creation of new policy includes plans to reform the policy instruments and to update the strategic framework. Conclusions highlight a need for a clearer division of powers between the center and regional governments and the importance of strengthening the financial basis and institutional capacity building.

"New product growth models - also called innovation diffusion models - are used to describe and forecast the evolution in time of sales of new products. Commercial products are characterized by a finite life cycle, which follows a nonlinear path, namely birth, growth, maturity, and decline. Previously, traditional time series frameworks such as ARIMA models have been used, however, they do not prove a satisfactory choice. A growing need for quantitative marketing in today's market is driving the development of new product diffusion models to determine the life cycle of a new product. The statistical techniques involved in new model estimations combine time series analysis with nonlinear regression techniques, which this book shall explore. Innovation Diffusion Models: Theory and Practice fully assesses the main mathematical features of the models, discussing the meaning of the parameters from the marketing point of view with several real-data examples; presents and discuss the statistical aspects involved in model estimation and selection; presents and discusses forecasting and explanatory ability of the proposed models with real-data applications in several industrial and commercial sector and proposes new ideas for future achievements in research and commercial practice."--

Evaluates the relevance of top-down vs bottom-up modeling of diffusion for fashion. Changes in the relationships between fashion organizations & their publics have affected what is diffused, how it is diffused, & to whom. Originally, fashion design was centered in Paris, France; designers created clothes for local clients, but styles were diffused to many other countries. This highly centralized system has been replaced by a system in which fashion designers in several countries create designs for small publics in global markets, but their organizations make their profits from luxury products other than clothing. Trends are set by fashion forecasters, fashion editors, & department store buyers. Industrial manufacturers are consumer-driven, & market trends originate in many types of social groups, including adolescent urban subcultures. Consequently, fashion emanates from many sources & diffuses in various ways to different publics. 20 References. Adapted from the source document.